ÿWPC!* ß–(õ†²ùr´¡·2ªG§^®óÖrBÍ;d9ÇÆf÷E?§]0šüÖùö<Ù2DˆØ“?ˆ"¦Þøp~þCEáÞZ ºj@ôsËÇtóЋ‹Ðfó™H곋ŒáßEk¯³­D D½Rgå1BàÃÎW;4gr¸0^Z+1@”$ è8Ï/˜šº³ëú¨ {‘|4£(²D%ßN(§j¤o‚bÓÂà#‰¹?!»ÍúWQ¿[YÏ}©+7Ôœ¶àN‡wO8x­ss n5ÐZµa?¯b>ØOS§_.¦-ëë*í;C¬‘ }º¬£o5ôžò'¶Í±à®ŠG›9çúÈd·3n¹£r¼ä\Ä3}cƒdx%ô¾Á!ªêfˆ_O-]û%>›É? s“í…K9›_V$’²=E‘Q]×[*ï# Îxý„O°›$$çËígQZMªãëë +ðÒQNUÅ&!9mžÈ! ä5Mü>:¥Ô¹î²©h|´G÷Ž.h¤PSs$"ÁK ô81 L6YoI½›ž‘u;\O¬“AFÁªCÇ × ÜmÃ. €7pRn°§=h2Y>¸¼„N.<(ÿ ìê Ô ÝéVÅ,f\Ǹ1~ü2’Æ(#!0 %Q 0DW 0(›U:à 0 ‰ýUN†UFÔNU >NZ^ \w@h4¨¼ËEÍ mÏæfîaðNU BbH;P«‹ ü6 /2™a˜úÍ’X_È·"l˜%˜%˜%˜% B*˜HP LaserJet 4 LOCAL,ü,,,,,ü0X(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó($¡¡<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT(':2u³$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóvÖr Z‹6Times New Roman Regular´¾½Q 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular<èÀ( 9Z+&Courier RegularšžŒ)Æ JKO[P[QeReTEUVW|)À( rtyBarB…3|xWÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ øÀTABLE A<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi- ù- 1Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€The€others€were€Massachusetts€State€Trooper€Mark€Marron,Ð ° ÐU.S.€Customs€Agent€James€Burke,€and€Revere€Police€DepartmentÏDetective€Tony€Arcos. ¡Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€Campa€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€TrooperÐ ° ÐMarron€removed€the€license€from€his€wallet€without€his€consent,€butÏthe€district€court€"d[id]€not€find€Campa€credible€on€this€point."€ÏIn€the€absence€of€clear€error,€we€accept€the€district€court'sÏfactual€findings,€particularly€with€respect€to€the€credibility€ofÏwitnesses.€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòForbesóó,€181€F.3d€1,€7€(lst€Cir.€1999).€Ð ˜è ÐWe€find€no€such€error€here€and€therefore€assume€that€Campa€handedÏthe€license€to€Marron. òÝ ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€The€district€court€relied€on€the€"inevitable€discovery"Ð ° Ðdoctrine€to€conclude€that€the€officers€would€have€obtained€theÏlicense€regardless€of€the€nature€of€the€frisk,€holding€that€theÏofficers€could€have€taken€the€license€from€appellant€even€if€he€hadÏrefused€to€produce€it€voluntarily.€€We€have€been€pointed€to€noÏfederal€cases€supporting€such€an€"identity€search"€exception€to€theÏFourth€Amendment's€warrant€requirement,€but€find€it€unnecessary€toÐ ` °  Ðconsider€the€question€any€further€because€of€our€conclusion€thatÏappellant€turned€over€the€license€voluntarily.€€€€ %Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Appellant€seems€to€argue€that,€even€if€the€unlawful€friskÐ ° Ðhad€no€effect€on€his€producing€the€license,€it€could€haveÏinfluenced€his€decision€to€cooperate€in€the€search€of€the€HighlandÏStreet€apartment€because€his€"first€instinct,€given€that€theÏofficers€already€had€his€wallet,€may€have€been€to€cooperate€andÏconfess."€We€reject€the€suggestion€that€the€government€mustÐ ˜è ¤ Ðdisprove€this€highly€speculative€scenario.€€There€is€no€factualÏsupport€for€linking€the€post„arrest€cooperation€with€the€illegalÏfrisk.€€òòSeeóó€òòSeguraóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€468€U.S.€796,€815€(1984)Ð @ Ð("[O]ur€cases€make€clear€that€evidence€will€not€be€excluded€asÏ'fruit'€unless€the€illegality€is€at€least€the€'but€for'€cause€ofÏthe€discovery€of€the€evidence.€€Suppression€is€not€justified€unlessÏ'the€challenged€evidence€is€in€some€sense€the€product€of€illegalÏgovernmental€activity.'")€(citation€omitted). Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€Appellant€seems€to€argue€that,€even€if€the€unlawful€friskÐ ° Ðhad€no€effect€on€his€producing€the€license,€it€could€haveÏinfluenced€his€decision€to€cooperate€in€the€search€of€the€HighlandÏStreet€apartment€because€his€"first€instinct,€given€that€theÏofficers€already€had€his€wallet,€may€have€been€to€cooperate€andÏconfess."€We€reject€the€suggestion€that€the€government€mustÐ ˜è ¤ Ðdisprove€this€highly€speculative€scenario.€€There€is€no€factualÏsupport€for€linking€the€post„arrest€cooperation€with€the€illegalÏfrisk.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔSeguraÔ_Ôóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€468€U.S.€796,€815€(1984)Ð @ Ð("[Ô_ÔO]urÔ_Ô€cases€make€clear€that€evidence€will€not€be€excluded€asÏ'fruit'€unless€the€illegality€is€at€least€the€'but€for'€cause€ofÏthe€discovery€of€the€evidence.€€Suppression€is€not€justified€unlessÏ'the€challenged€evidence€is€in€some€sense€the€product€of€illegalÏgovernmental€activity.'"). ŽÝ ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€The€others€were€Massachusetts€State€Trooper€Mark€Ô_ÔMarronÔ_Ô,Ð ° ÐU.S.€Customs€Agent€James€Burke,€and€Revere€Police€DepartmentÏDetective€Tony€Ô_ÔArcosÔ_Ô. ÃÝ ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€Appellant€seems€to€argue€that,€even€if€the€unlawful€friskÐ ° Ðhad€no€effect€on€his€producing€the€license,€it€could€haveÏinfluenced€his€decision€to€cooperate€in€the€search€of€the€HighlandÏStreet€apartment€because€his€"first€instinct,€given€that€theÏofficers€already€had€his€wallet,€may€have€been€to€cooperate€andÏconfess."€We€reject€the€suggestion€that€the€government€mustÐ ˜è € Ðdisprove€this€highly€speculative€scenario.€€There€is€no€factualÏsupport€for€linking€the€post„arrest€cooperation€with€the€illegalÏfrisk.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔSeguraÔ_Ôóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€468€U.S.€796,€815€(1984)Ð @ Ð("[Ô_ÔO]urÔ_Ô€cases€make€clear€that€evidence€will€not€be€excluded€asÏ'fruit'€unless€the€illegality€is€at€least€the€'but€for'€cause€ofÏthe€discovery€of€the€evidence.€€Suppression€is€not€justified€unlessÏ'the€challenged€evidence€is€in€some€sense€the€product€of€illegalÏgovernmental€activity.'")€(citation€Ô_ÔomittiedÔ_Ô). NÝ ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€The€others€were€Massachusetts€State€Trooper€Mark€Marron,Ð ° ÐU.S.€Customs€Agent€James€Burke,€and€Revere€Police€DepartmentÏDetective€Tony€Arcos. ¾Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€Campa€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€TrooperÐ ° ÐMarron€removed€the€license€from€his€wallet€without€his€consent,€butÏthe€district€court€"d[id]€not€find€Campa€credible€on€this€point."€ÏIn€the€absence€of€clear€error,€we€accept€the€district€court'sÏfactual€findings,€particularly€with€respect€to€the€credibility€ofÏwitnesses.€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòForbesóó,€181€F.3d€1,€7€(lst€Cir.€1999).€Ð ˜è ÐWe€find€no€such€error€here€and€therefore€assume€that€Campa€handedÏthe€license€to€Marron. Ý ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€The€district€court€relied€on€the€"inevitable€discovery"Ð ° Ðdoctrine€to€conclude€that€the€officers€would€have€obtained€theÏlicense€regardless€of€the€nature€of€the€frisk,€holding€that€theÏofficers€could€have€taken€the€license€from€appellant€even€if€he€hadÏrefused€to€produce€it€voluntarily.€€We€have€been€pointed€to€noÏfederal€cases€supporting€such€an€"identity€search"€exception€to€theÏFourth€Amendment's€warrant€requirement,€but€find€it€unnecessary€toÐ ` °  Ðconsider€the€question€any€further€because€of€our€conclusion€thatÏappellant€turned€over€the€license€voluntarily.€€€€ bÝ ƒu³$ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=Ó€Appellant€seems€to€argue€that,€even€if€the€unlawful€friskÐ ° Ðhad€no€effect€on€his€producing€the€license,€it€could€haveÏinfluenced€his€decision€to€cooperate€in€the€search€of€the€HighlandÏStreet€apartment€because€his€"first€instinct,€given€that€theÏofficers€already€had€his€wallet,€may€have€been€to€cooperate€andÏconfess."€We€reject€the€suggestion€that€the€government€mustÐ ˜è  Ðdisprove€this€highly€speculative€scenario.€€There€is€no€factualÏsupport€for€linking€the€post„arrest€cooperation€with€the€illegalÏfrisk.€€òòSeeóó€òòSeguraóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€468€U.S.€796,€815€(1984)Ð @ Ð("[O]ur€cases€make€clear€that€evidence€will€not€be€excluded€asÏ'fruit'€unless€the€illegality€is€at€least€the€'but€for'€cause€ofÏthe€discovery€of€the€evidence.€€Suppression€is€not€justified€unlessÏ'the€challenged€evidence€is€in€some€sense€the€product€of€illegalÏgovernmental€activity.'")€(citation€omitted). dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRXà3Ø'Xà3Ø' Letter3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑ ? ÑÙ*ƒ !ÙÔ€XrcXXXÔÔ€°µD°XXrcÔò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÔ€„Ž„°°µDÔÐ ° ÐFor€the€First€Circuitó óÔ€„H„„„ŽÔÔ€XE°X„„HÔÐ „Ô ÐÓ÷ÓÌÌßA€') °°` dE< ` AßÐ  à ÐÌÌÔ€ XTXXXE°ÔNo.€00„1104Ð K › ÐÌà@ìàUNITED€STATES€OF€AMERICA,ˆÌÌà@ÐÐ&ìàAppellee,ˆÌÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÌÌà@àà$ìàÔ_ÔANDRESÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCAMPAÔ_Ô,ˆÌÌà@ ìàDefendant,€Appellant.ˆÌÌßA€') °°` dE<ª` AßÐ «û ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÌÌà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSˆÌÌà@$ $ ìà[Hon.€Richard€G.€Stearns,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ ¢ò ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<1` AßÐ 2‚ ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÌÌÓ  Óà@@((ìà€Ô_ÔSelyaÔ_Ô,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,Ð ™é ÐCoffin€and€Ô_ÔBownesÔ_Ô,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgesóó.Ð a±  ÐÌÌßA€') °°` dE<¸` AßÐ ¹ # ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àòòOwen€S.€Walkeróó,€Federal€Public€Defender,€with€whom€òòStephanieÐ  à% ÐA.€Ô_ÔJirardÔ_Ôóó,€Federal€Defenderððs€Office,€was€on€brief€for€appellant.Ð X!¨& Ðà  àòòNadine€Ô_ÔPellegriniÔ_Ôóó,€Assistant€U.S.€Attorney,€with€whom€òòDonaldÐ  "p' ÐK.€Sternóó,€United€States€Attorney,€was€on€brief€for€appellee.Ð è"8( ÐÌÌÔ*‹ƒ'ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ  @% + ‹‹ÐñWñÐ SI¤%ô , àâ@36871„„‰àâ@‰‹‹SÐñWññWñÐ 0&¤%ô , „„‹‹0ÐñWñÌñVñDecember€12,€2000ñVñÌÐ SID4'„"/" àâ@36871 àâ@ ‹‹SÐÐ(¤%ô 0  (ÐÓ  ÓÙ* !ÙÌÌÓ  ÓÌÐ  „*Ô%3? ÐÔ_ÔÔ‡XTXX XTÔÓÓÑ  ÑÑ€ÑÑ8€TXXdÈXXdÈ8ÑÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓñTñÓ=€JžÐXdÐd=ÓñTñà  àò òCOFFIN,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgeóó.ó ó€€Appellant€Andres€Campa€wasÐ ° Ðarrested€when€he€went€to€retrieve€a€package€of€counterfeit€alienÏwork€permits€("green€cards")€at€an€apartment€targeted€by€lawÏenforcement€authorities€because€a€series€of€suspicious€packages€hadÏbeen€delivered€there.€He€entered€a€conditional€plea€of€guilty€to€Ïcharges€relating€to€the€counterfeiting€and€fraudulent€use€ofÏvarious€identification€documents,€reserving€his€right€to€appeal€theÏdistrict€court's€denial€of€his€motion€to€suppress€all€evidence€andÏstatements€obtained€by€authorities€after€his€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€18€U.S.C.Ð €Ð  Ððððð€1028(a)(1),€(a)(5),€1546(a);€42€U.S.C.€ðððð€408(a)(7)(c).€€CampaÏnow€brings€that€appeal,€claiming€that€the€district€court€erred€in€Ïfailing€to€find€that€he€was€unlawfully€detained€and€searched€uponÏentering€the€apartment.€€Our€review€of€the€record€and€relevant€caseÏlaw€persuades€us€that€the€only€Fourth€Amendment€violation€thatÏoccurred€ð"ð€an€improper€frisk€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+ #ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€was€unrelated€to€appellant's€arrestÐ à0 Ðand€did€not€give€the€government€access€to€the€incriminatingÏevidence.€€We€therefore€affirm€the€denial€of€appellant'sÏsuppression€motion.Ìà@ ìàI.€òòFactual€BackgroundóóˆÐ  !p$ Ðà  àFor€nearly€a€year€before€March€1999,€the€United€States€PostalÏInspection€Service€had€been€investigating€suspicious€Express€MailÏpackages€addressed€to€74€Thornton€Street€in€Revere,€Massachusetts.€ÏOn€March€19,€Inspector€Michael€McCarran€posed€as€a€mailman€andÏâ âdelivered€the€latest€such€package.€€Three€other€law€enforcementÐ ð(@$. Ðofficers€accompanied€him,€but€initially€remained€in€the€postalÏtruck.ñQññUñ׃×ñUññUñ׃ ×ñUññQññQñ׃×ñQñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð @ Ðâ âà  àA€man€later€identified€as€Jose€Bullon€came€to€the€door,€statedÏthat€he€was€the€addressee,€"ñOñòòñOñFrancisco€ValenciañOñóóñOñ,"€and€signed€theÐ ` ° Ðname€"ñPñòòñPñFrancis€PalenciañPñóóñPñ"€on€the€delivery€mail€receipt.€€McCarranÐ ð @ Ðthen€summoned€the€other€officers.€€Bullon€agreed€to€speak€with€themÏand€consented€to€the€package€being€opened.€€Inside€were€forty€blankÏgreen€cards.€€Bullon€admitted€that€Valencia€was€a€fictitious€nameÏand€that€he€was€accepting€the€package€for€a€man€he€knew€asÏ"Gorrito."€€He€described€Gorrito€as€a€Hispanic€male€in€his€earlyÏtwenties€who€usually€wore€a€baseball€cap.€€Bullon€reported€thatÏGorrito€paid€him€$50€per€package€and€that€he€previously€hadÏaccepted€about€ten€packages.€Bullon€stated€that€GorritoÏmanufactured€the€fraudulent€documents€in€a€nearby€apartment€onÏHighland€Street.€€Expressing€fear€of€retaliation€if€Gorrito€learnedÏof€his€cooperation,€Bullon€nonetheless€disclosed€that€Gorrito€wasÏdue€at€the€Thornton€Street€apartment€at€about€2€p.m.€that€day,€andÏhe€agreed€to€go€with€one€of€the€officers€to€point€out€the€HighlandÏStreet€apartment.Ìà  à€At€about€2:30€p.m.,€shortly€after€Bullon€returned€to€theÏThornton€Street€location,€Bullon€and€McCarran€saw€two€HispanicÏmales€walking€down€the€street€toward€the€apartment.€€BullonÏidentified€one€of€the€men,€who€was€wearing€a€baseball€cap,€asÏGorrito.€€He€later€was€identified€as€appellant€Campa.€€AppellantÐ  (ð#. Ðand€the€other€man,€Enrique€Lara„Valirde,€entered€the€apartmentÏwithout€knocking€and€were€confronted€just€inside€the€door€by€threeÏofficers,€who€identified€themselves,€ordered€the€men€to€face€theÏhallway€wall,€and€then€conducted€a€pat„down€search.€€During€theÏfrisk€of€appellant,€Trooper€Marron€took€keys,€a€beeper€and€a€walletÏfrom€his€pockets,€dropping€the€items€to€the€floor€as€they€wereÏremoved.€€Appellant€and€Lara„Valirde€then€were€escorted€to€theÏkitchen,€where€they€sat€down€at€a€table.€€McCarran€gathered€theÏitems€removed€during€the€frisk€and€placed€them€on€the€table.Ìà  àAt€this€point,€the€officers€asked€for€identification.€€Lara„¼Valirde€admitted€that€he€had€no€identification€and€was€in€theÏUnited€States€illegally.€€€Marron,€a€non„Spanish€speaker,€attemptedÏto€communicate€with€appellant€by€saying€the€word€"identificacion"Ïtwo€or€three€times.€€In€response,€Campa€took€a€New€Jersey€driver'sÏlicense€from€his€wallet€and€handed€it€to€the€officer.ñUñ׃×ñUññUñ׃!×ñUñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€MarronÐ à Ðrecognized€the€license€as€a€counterfeit€and€placed€Campa€underÏarrest.€€About€one€minute€had€elapsed€since€the€men€entered€theÏkitchen.Ìà  àCampa,€who€spoke€little€or€no€English,€was€read€òòMirandaóóÐ Ð $ Ðwarnings€in€Spanish€and€immediately€signed€a€Spanish„language€formÏwaiving€his€rights.€€He€acknowledged€his€involvement€inÐ ð#@( Ðcounterfeiting€and€consented€to€a€search€of€his€Highland€StreetÏapartment.€€There,€he€identified€keys€to€open€the€front€door€and€aÏlocked€closet.€€In€the€closet,€officers€discovered€a€substantialÏquantity€of€counterfeit€documents€as€well€as€equipment€forÏmanufacturing€false€identification€materials.€€A€short€time€laterÏat€police€headquarters,€Campa€made€additional€incriminatingÏstatements€after€again€being€advised€of€his€rights.Ìà  àAppellant€subsequently€moved€to€suppress€the€counterfeitingÏmaterials€found€in€the€Highland€Street€apartment€and€his€statementsÏto€authorities€admitting€culpability.€€He€argued€that€the€officersÏdid€not€have€the€requisite€level€of€suspicion€to€justify€the€stopÏand€pat„down€search,€that€his€arrest€was€unlawful,€and€that€hisÏconfessions€and€all€physical€evidence€seized€should€be€suppressedÏas€"fruit€of€the€poisonous€tree,"€òòWong€Sunóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€371Ð P ÐU.S.€471,€487„88€(1963).Ìà  àAfter€a€two„day€evidentiary€hearing,€the€district€courtÏconcluded€that€the€officers€had€a€sufficient€basis€to€òòóódetain€CampaÐ °  Ðbriefly€for€the€purpose€of€exploring€his€relationship€to€theÏcounterfeit€green€cards,€but€that€the€accompanying€frisk€wasÏexcessive€in€scope€because€the€officers€removed€all€items€from€hisÏpockets€without€regard€to€whether€they€might€be€weapons.€€The€courtÏnonetheless€refused€to€suppress€any€of€the€challenged€evidence€onÏthe€theory€that€its€discovery€was€inevitable€given€the€authority€ofÏthe€police€to€determine€Campa's€identity.€€The€court€believed€that,Ïeven€with€a€more€limited€frisk,€Campa€either€would€have€providedÏthe€New€Jersey€license€voluntarily,€or€the€officers€could€and€wouldÐ À+'2 Ðhave€searched€him€to€obtain€it.€€On€appeal,€appellant€renews€hisÏclaim€that€the€officers€lacked€even€the€reasonable€suspicionÏnecessary€to€conduct€an€investigatory€stop€authorized€by€òòTerryóó€v.Ð Ð  ÐòòOhioóó,€392€U.S.€1€(1968),€and€he€maintains€that€the€actions€theyÐ ` ° Ðtook€constituted€a€de€facto€arrest€that€needed€to€be€supported€byÏthe€higher€standard€of€probable€cause.€€He€asserts€that€neither€theÏrecord€nor€case€law€supports€the€district€court's€inevitableÏdiscovery€theory.Ìà  àWe€review€the€district€court's€findings€of€fact€for€clearÏerror,€but€give€de€novo€consideration€to€its€legal€conclusions.€òòóóÐ À ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòCruzóó,€156€F.3d€22,€26€(lst€Cir.€1998).€€We€willÐ P  Ðuphold€a€district€court's€decision€to€deny€a€suppression€motion€ifÏthe€decision€is€supported€by€any€reasonable€view€of€the€evidence.€ÏòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòMcCarthyóó,€77€F.3d€522,€529€(lst€Cir.€1996).Ð P Ðà@¤¤#ìàII.€òòDiscussionóóˆÐ à Ðà  àThis€case€requires€us€to€examine€closely€two€differentÏinteractions,€minutes€apart,€between€law€enforcement€officers€andÏappellant.€€The€first€occurred€in€the€hallway€of€the€ThorntonÏStreet€apartment€when€officers€stopped€and€frisked€appellant€andÏLara„Valirde€immediately€after€their€entry€into€the€apartment.€€TheÏsecond€occurred€in€the€kitchen€when€the€officers€demandedÏidentification,€prompting€appellant€to€produce€the€false€New€JerseyÏdriver's€license.€€Appellant€contends€that€the€officers'€conductÏduring€the€first€encounter€was€unlawful,€and€he€asserts€that€theÏlicense€and€all€other€evidence€and€statements€subsequently€obtainedÏwere€fruits€of€that€illegality.€€He€specifically€maintains€that€theÐ À+'2 Ðunlawful€removal€of€his€wallet€from€his€pocket€in€the€hallway€ledÏto€his€turning€over€the€phony€New€Jersey€license€and,€consequently,Ïto€his€arrest.€€Though€we€agree€that€the€pat„down€was€flawed,€weÏdisagree€that€it€tainted€the€second€encounter.€€We€begin€ourÏanalysis€by€reviewing€relevant€Fourth€Amendment€jurisprudence.Ìà  àA.€òòThe€Terry€Stop„and„Frisk€StandardsóóÐ € Ð  Ðà  àA€warrantless€search€violates€the€Fourth€Amendment€unless€itÏfalls€within€one€of€the€few€carefully€limited€exceptions€to€thatÏimportant€constitutional€protection.€€òòMinnesotaóó€v.€òòDickersonóó,€508Ð 0€  ÐU.S.€366,€372€(1993);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòWoodrumóó,€202€F.3d€1,€6€(lstÐ À ÐCir.€2000)òòóó.€€A€consensual€search€is€one€such€exception.€Ð P  ÐòòSchnecklothóó€v.€òòBustamonteóó,€412€U.S.€218,€219€(1973);€òòUnited€StatesóóÐ à0 Ðv.€òòForbesóó,€181€F.3d€1,€5€(lst€Cir.€1999).€€Another€was€recognizedÐ pÀ Ðin€òòTerryóó,€òòóówhich€held€that€a€police€officer€with€reasonableÐ P Ðsuspicion€of€criminal€activity€may€detain€a€suspect€briefly€forÏquestioning€aimed€at€confirming€or€dispelling€his€suspicions.€€òòSeeóóÐ  p ÐòòDickersonóó,€508€U.S.€at€372„73;€òòWoodrumóó,€202€F.3d€at€6.€€The€officerÐ °  Ðmaking€the€stop€must€possess€"specific€and€articulable€facts€which,Ïtaken€together€with€rational€inferences€from€those€facts,Ïreasonably€warrant€that€intrusion."€€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€21;Ð `"°& ÐòòWoodrumóó,€202€F.3d€at€6.Ð ð#@( Ðà  àIn€addition€to€the€stop€for€questioning,€òòTerryóó€permits€a€pat„Ð €%Ð * Ðdown€search€for€weapons€based€on€an€objectively€reasonable€beliefÏthat€the€suspicious€individual€is€armed€and€presently€dangerous.€Ð  (ð#. ÐòòDickersonóó,€508€U.S.€at€373.€€Such€a€protective€search,€designed€toÐ 0*€%0 Ðallow€the€officer€to€conduct€his€investigation€without€fear€ofÐ À+'2 Ðviolence,€must€be€"strictly€'limited€to€that€which€is€necessary€forÏthe€discovery€of€weapons.'"€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€26);Ð @ Ðòòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòAdamsóó€v.€òòWilliamsóó,€407€U.S.€143,€146€(1972).€€Typically,Ð Ð  Ðthis€will€be€"a€limited€patting€of€the€outer€clothing€of€theÏsuspect€for€concealed€objects€which€might€be€used€as€instruments€ofÏassault."€€òòSibronóó€v.€òòNew€Yorkóó,€392€U.S.€40,€65€(1968).€€If€theÐ € Ð  Ðfrisk€goes€beyond€what€is€necessary€to€determine€if€the€suspect€isÏarmed,€its€fruits€will€be€suppressed.€€òòDickersonóó,€508€U.S.€at€373,Ð  ð  Ð378„79;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSchiavoóó,€29€F.3d€6,€9€(lst€Cir.Ð 0€  Ð1994)€(affirming€suppression€where€officer's€continued€explorationÏof€a€bulging€paper€bag€in€suspect's€pocket€"'after€having€concludedÏthat€it€contained€no€weapon€was€unrelated€to€the€sole€justificationÏof€the€search€under€òòTerryóó'")€(quoting€òòDickersonóó,€508€U.S.€at€378).Ð pÀ Ðà  àB.€òòThe€Hallway€EncounteróóÐ P Ðà  àAppellant€contends€that€the€hallway€encounter€was€not€a€lawfulÏòòTerryóó€stop€because€it€was€not€justified€by€sufficiently€concreteÐ  p Ðand€reasonable€suspicion€of€criminal€activity.€€He€further€arguesÏthat,€in€any€event,€the€seizure€and€search€exceeded€the€bounds€ofÏa€permissible€òòTerryóó€stop€and€thus€constituted€a€òòdeóó€òòfactoóó€arrestÐ Ð $ Ðunsupported€by€probable€cause.Ìà  à€€€1.€òòThe€Stopóó.€€We€have€little€difficulty€in€concluding€thatÐ ð#@( Ðthe€hallway€stop€fit€comfortably€within€the€òòTerryóó€framework.€€TheÐ €%Ð * Ðofficers€knew€that€a€package€containing€fraudulent€documents€hadÏbeen€delivered€to€the€apartment€and€that€a€series€of€similarÏdeliveries€had€occurred€over€the€last€year.€€Bullon€reported€thatÏan€individual€known€as€Gorrito€was€the€intended€recipient€of€theÐ À+'2 Ðpackage€that€day€and€that€he€previously€had€received€about€tenÏsimilar€packages.€€Bullon€further€disclosed€that€Gorrito,€whoÏcustomarily€wore€a€baseball€cap,€would€be€returning€to€theÏapartment€at€about€2€p.m.€€Although€Bullon's€credibility€wasÏpreviously€untested,€the€officers€had€the€opportunity€to€assess€hisÏtruthfulness€in€an€extended€face„to„face€encounter,€and€theyÏremained€with€him€until€his€information€was€partially€corroboratedÏby€events.€€Bullon's€own€admission€of€complicity,€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòUnitedÐ  ð  ÐStatesóó€v.€òòShaeferóó,€87€F.3d€562,€566€(lst€Cir.€1996),€and€the€riskÐ 0€  Ðof€police€retaliation€for€giving€false€information,€òòseeóóÐ À ÐòòCommonwealthóó€v.€òòMelendezóó,€407€Mass.€53,€57,€551€N.E.2d€514,€516Ð P  Ð(1990),€added€to€the€likelihood€of€his€veracity.€€Consistent€withÏBullon's€report,€appellant,€wearing€a€baseball€cap,€arrived€at€theÏapartment€at€about€2:35€p.m.,€and€was€identified€by€Bullon€as€heÏapproached€the€building.€€These€factual€circumstances,€Ïspecifically€pointing€to€appellant,€gave€officers€ample€basis€forÏa€reasonable€suspicion€that€he€was€involved€in€illegal€activity€andÏjustified€a€brief€detention€to€investigate€whether€those€suspicionsÏwere€correct.Ìà  à€€2.€òòThe€Detentionóó.€€We€also€reject€the€contention€that€theÐ `"°& Ðhallway€encounter€evolved€into€a€de€facto€arrest.€€The€detentionÏwas€brief€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+}#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€a€few€minutes€from€the€time€the€men€arrived€in€theÐ €%Ð * Ðapartment€until€they€were€moved€to€the€kitchen€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+WC#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€and€theÐ '`", Ðcircumstances€were€nearly€the€least€intrusive€possible€for€a€stopÏand€frisk.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSowersóó,€136€F.3d€24,€27Ð 0*€%0 Ð(lst€Cir.€1998)€(courts€must€examine€the€totality€of€theÐ À+'2 Ðcircumstances€"to€locate€a€particular€sequence€of€events€along€theÏcontinuum€of€detentions");€òòseeóó€òògenerallyóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòAcosta„Ð @ ÐColonóó,€157€F.3d€9,€14„15,€21€(lst€Cir.€1998)€(describingÐ Ð  Ðdistinctions€between€investigatory€stops€and€more€coerciveÏdetentions);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòZapataóó,€18€F.3d€971,€975€(lst€Cir.Ð ð @ Ð1994)€(same).€€Although€appellant€emphasizes€that€the€two€menÏraised€their€hands€when€asked€to€face€the€wall€for€the€frisk,€thisÏform€of€compliance€with€the€officers'€instructions€does€not€makeÏthe€interaction€tantamount€to€an€arrest.òòóó€€The€officers€did€notÐ 0€  Ðdisplay€weapons,€use€handcuffs€or€exert€any€physical€force€on€theÏtwo€men.€€Directing€them€to€move€the€few€steps€from€the€hallway€toÏthe€kitchen,€presumably€a€larger€space€and€thus€a€more€naturalÏsetting€for€conversation,€in€all€likelihood€defused€some€of€theÏtension€surrounding€the€hallway€frisk;€òòóóit€certainly€was€not€aÐ P Ðdramatic€change€in€the€officer„suspect€relationship€that€convertedÏa€òòTerryóó€stop€into€an€arrest.€òòóóÐ  p Ðà  àIt€may€be€that€the€restriction€on€appellant's€liberty€feltÏmore€severe€in€this€private€apartment€than€it€would€have€felt€in€anÏopen€public€setting,€òòseeóó€òòZapataóó,€18€F.3d€at€975€(among€factorsÐ Ð $ Ðindicating€òòTerryóó€detention€rather€than€de€facto€arrest€was€thatÐ `"°& Ðencounter€occurred€in€a€public€place),€but€appellant€was€neitherÏisolated€nor€in€a€law„enforcement€environment,òòóó€and€his€movementsÐ €%Ð * Ðwere€restrained€no€more€than€was€minimally€necessary€for€officersÏto€conduct€investigative€questioning.€€We€note€that,€in€addition€toÏthe€two€newly€arrived€suspects€and€the€law€enforcement€officers,Ïthere€were€four€other€individuals€in€the€apartment.€€òòCf.óó€òòFloridaóó€v.Ð À+'2 ÐòòRoyeróó,€460€U.S.€491€(1983)€(suspect€placed,€with€two€officers,€inÐ ° Ða€closet„sized€room€approximately€40€feet€from€the€originalÏencounter);€òòAcosta„Colonóó,€157€F.3d€at€16€(suspect€was€handcuffedÐ Ð  Ðand€taken€to€an€interrogation€room€in€a€secured€area€"much€fartherÏthan€40€feet"€from€where€he€was€stopped).€€The€circumstances€of€theÏhallway€inquiry,€conducted€very€quickly€in€this€non„custodialÏsetting,€fell€well€short€of€an€arrest.Ìà  à3.€òòThe€Pat„down€Searchóó.€€We€agree€with€appellant€and€theÐ  ð  Ðdistrict€court,€however,€that€the€pat„down€search€conducted€by€theÏofficers€exceeded€the€permissible€scope€of€a€òòTerryóó€detention.€€WeÐ À Ðare€satisfied€with€the€officers'€judgment€that€a€pat„down€wasÏjustified,€in€light€of€Bullon's€expression€of€concern€for€hisÏsafety€if€he€betrayed€Gorrito€and€the€uncertainties€of€confrontingÏthe€two€men€in€an€apartment€where€at€least€three€other€individualsÏof€unknown€allegiance€were€present.€€The€officer€who€friskedÏappellant,€Trooper€Marron,€acknowledged,€however,€that€he€made€noÏattempt€to€distinguish€between€bulging€items€that€could€be€weaponsÏand€other€types€of€concealed€objects,€reaching€into€appellant'sÏpockets€whenever€he€felt€a€protrusion€and€emptying€all€items€ontoÏthe€floor.€€If€this€indiscriminate€removal€of€items€embracedÏobjects€that€were€readily€identifiable€by€touch€as€òònonóó„weapons,Ð ð#@( Ðthen€the€further€invasion€of€appellant's€privacy€occasioned€byÏremoving€them€from€his€pockets€was€unnecessary€and€thus€unlawful.Ð '`", ÐòòSeeóó€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€29€(protective€search€for€weapons€"must€.€.Ð  (ð#. Ð.€be€confined€in€scope€to€an€intrusion€reasonably€designed€toÏdiscover€guns,€knives,€clubs,€or€other€hidden€instruments€for€theÐ À+'2 Ðassault€of€the€police€officer");€4€Wayne€R.€LaFave,€òòSearch€andÐ ° ÐSeizureóó€ðð€9.5(c)€(3d€ed.€1996)€(discussing€"what€tactile€sensationsÐ @ Ðproduced€by€the€pat„down€will€justify€a€further€intrusion€into€theÏclothing€of€the€suspect");€òòcf.óóñIñ€ñIñòòñIñgenerallyñIñóóñIñ€ñIññJñ€ñJñòòDickersonóó,€508€U.S.€at€375„76Ð ` ° Ð("plain€feel"€doctrine€allows€seizure€of€contraband€detected€duringÏweapons€frisk€when€"a€police€officer€lawfully€pats€down€a€suspect'sÏouter€clothing€and€feels€an€object€whose€contour€or€mass€makes€itsÏidentity€immediately€apparent").Ìà  àAlthough€we€recognize€that€searching€by€means€of€a€pat„down€isÏnot€an€exact€science,€the€government€does€not€even€argue€thatÏTrooper€Marron€thought€appellant's€wallet€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+D#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€the€item€particularlyÐ P  Ðat€issue€here€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+W#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€could€be€a€weapon.€€He€simply€removed€every€bulgingÐ à0 Ðobject€as€he€searched,€undoubtedly€a€convenient€method€forÏdetecting€weapons,€but€one€that€goes€beyond€the€limited€invasion€ofÏprivacy€authorized€by€òòTerryóó€and€its€progeny.€€That€the€items€wereÐ à Ðnot€actually€"seized"€and€retained€by€the€officers€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+X#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€and,€indeed,€Ð  p Ðmight€have€been€returned€to€appellant€had€he€asked€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+Y#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€minimizes€theÐ °  Ðviolation€but€does€not€erase€it.€€We€therefore€conclude€thatÏappellant€was€subjected€to€an€unlawful€frisk.Ìà  àC.€òòThe€Kitchen€EncounteróóÐ `"°& Ðà  àWe€differ€with€appellant,€however,€in€our€assessment€of€theÏimpact€of€that€constitutional€violation.ñUñ׃×ñUññUñ׃"×ñUñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€claims€that,€once€theÐ €%Ð * Ðofficers€had€removed€the€wallet€from€his€pocket€and€placed€itÏwithin€sight€on€the€kitchen€table,€he€was€deprived€of€the€choice€toÏwithhold€its€contents€and€thus€was€coerced€into€turning€over€theÏlicense.€€The€illegality€of€the€pat„down,€however,€rests€on€theÏassumption€that€the€officers€unquestionably€knew€that€certain€ofÏthe€items€they€removed€from€his€pockets€were€not€weapons.€€TheÏwallet,€in€particularòòóó,€was€most€easily€identified€as€a€non„weapon,Ð `  Ðand€was€almost€certain€to€have€been€accurately€recognized€by€feel.€ÏWe€are€unpersuaded€that€the€difference€between€the€officers'Ïvirtual€certainty€that€he€carried€a€wallet€and€the€wallet'sÏpresence€on€the€kitchen€table€is€so€significant€that€appellant'sÏyielding€of€the€license€in€the€former€case€would€be€voluntary€whileÏin€the€latter€it€would€be€involuntary.€€Indeed,€we€reached€aÏsimilar€conclusion€as€to€the€coerciveness€of€taking€a€wallet€inÏòòForbesóó,€181€F.3d€at€6€n.6,€where€we€rejected€the€contention€that€anÐ à Ðofficer's€illegal€removal€of€a€wallet€during€a€òòTerryóó€frisk€"wouldÐ  p Ðso€overbear€[the€suspect's]€will€that€his€failure€to€withdraw€hisÏconsent€[to€a€search]€should€be€deemed€involuntary."€€Here,€whereÏthe€officers€never,€in€fact,€took€possession€of€the€wallet€ð!ðÐ Ð $ Ðplacing€it€on€the€floor€and€then€on€the€table€ð!ð€we€are€similarlyÐ `"°& Ðunconvinced€that€the€exposure€of€the€wallet€influenced€appellant'sÏdecision€to€respond€to€the€demand€for€identification.Ìà  àThis€is€not€to€say,€of€course,€that€the€circumstances€wereÏentirely€free€of€compulsion.€€The€reality€is€that€police€officersÐ  (ð#. Ðseeking€to€obtain€information€from€a€suspect€in€a€òòTerryóó€stop€areÐ ° Ðlikely€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+9Z#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€and€expected€ð"ðÔ#† X–+XXX–+ec#ÔÔ‡X–+XX X–+Ô€to€use€one€or€more€techniques€with€coerciveÐ @ Ðimpact,€òòseeóó€òòKolenderóó€v.€òòLawsonóó,€461€U.S.€352,€364,€366€(1983)Ð Ð  Ð(Brennan,€J.,€concurring);€òòZapataóó,€18€F.3d€at€976„77,€and€they€areÐ ` ° Ðpermitted€to€ask€their€questions€"in€a€way€calculated€to€obtain€anÏanswer,"€òòKolenderóó,€461€U.S.€at€366€(Brennan,€J.,€concurring).€Ð € Ð  ÐAlthough€officers€"may€not€òòcompelóó€an€answer,"€òòid.óó€(emphasis€inÐ `  Ðoriginal);€òòMcCarthyóó,€77€F.3d€at€531,Ð  ð  ÐÓÓà8  à[d]uring€such€an€encounter,€few€people€will€ever€feelÏfree€not€to€cooperate€fully€with€the€police€by€answeringÏtheir€questions.€.€.€.€Our€case€reports€are€replete€withÏexamples€of€suspects'€cooperation€during€òòTerryóóÐ ˆØ Ðencounters,€even€when€the€suspects€have€a€great€deal€toÏlose€by€cooperating.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÓÓKolenderóó,€461€U.S.€at€364€(Brennan,€J.,€concurring).€€We€areÐ ¨ø Ðconfident€that€this€was€just€such€a€situation.€€Faced€with€anÏofficer€pressing€him€for€"identificacion,"€we€think€it€unsurprisingÏthat€appellant€responded€with€his€driver's€license,€just€as€Lara„¼Valirde€answered€with€the€incriminating€information€that€he€was€anÏillegal€alien€and€had€no€identification.€€Indeed,€there€is€no€basisÏfor€concluding€that€appellant€knew€that€the€license€was€faciallyÏidentifiable€as€a€fake,€and€he€may€well€have€thought€he€could€avoidÏgreater€difficulty€by€presenting€it.€€But€whatever€his€preciseÏmotivation,€we€conclude€that€disclosure€of€the€license€was€notÏtainted€by€the€earlier€unlawful€frisk.ñKññRññUñ׃×ñUññUñ׃#×ñUññRññRñ׃×ñRññKññKñ׃×ñKñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð H&˜!+ Ðà  àWe€therefore€affirm€the€district€court's€denial€of€appellant'sÏmotion€to€suppress€the€evidence€of€counterfeit€document€productionÏthat€was€obtained€following€his€arrest.Ìà  àòòAffirmed.óóÐ ` ° Ðà  àÌÔ#† X–+XXX–+¹c#Ô