ÿWPCý% U‚GI–<F×£ôä!÷kR™ÿ/2˜ÖßJp#Ÿ×=`/MGI–<`Ð:þ,yg#¶os…ÿ-S……å\Òš¡ty4Érã€bàÃÓ…Ë¢¡”©ÞºR]JÀ!HŸ™î(ƒíFfÇdú‰ ‰ô,ÅÑ ˜ÍˆÃ=¢)"ëc¬{ú½´ëȉ0«/Æ#y¡¯«0¯&ÄaSŠ~D°?]sÍÊ ˜íaáÝß×yÏN§unèýdéï± 9ökæ’§¸…f Öƒâ†a$BÝF˜Y¨¹¦a†]ýwv"šo¤€°v©¾ÃpŸ¬iþÉgI¼Á0w˜Ä#Ï€ÃFR†ôîZ(þ2Si 3Õ«˜«¥’³¹¡ºK Áz‹ý‚¡ãýáFö𜧣‹³®˜§Öžê˜é«kÿWØU»J¼`f¹¥Ë‡ý5— ÎgBÍö¨n+.ì ôèbd•+¿6Ÿ.dü‰f› ¼qwòàM~ÕÖé“?ÈA¤²z¤È@?Ò¥yDB'g á•`_Œ6KÍÈáÍ«éêý°Ô"¨èú1OhàPÆÌÿ–;↺“M{å. -°³H9´Ý.ñ¹)3 óÌõ³E Áêûul®À,º‘ñæÈOò±Q ìòNk~†…#!F U>g %¥ 0(« ^ Ó w@ß 4 3 B mD U:[ ·• 0DL b 0 D˜ ˜ bÜ Eä Næ æ æ æ æ Æè Ý®ï‹ZzEÔ H"òa$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$a$ BS%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S% 0 p%˜HP LaserJet 4 LOCAL,ü,,,,,ü0<èÀ( 9Z+&Courier RegularX($¡¡çyM*Æ ¤¥¦D§D¨€©ªE«¬E­ê†0*Barô͉3|x­ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ,°À`   "CG Times Bold ­Ý ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿¶XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔOf€the€District€of€Massachusetts,€sitting€by€designation.(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý- ù-(Ã$òòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó- ù- ¼Ý ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔA€"strip€search"€involves€a€visual€inspection€of€the€naked€bodyÐ ° Ðof€an€inmate.€€A€"visual€body€cavity€search"€is€a€strip€search€thatÏincludes€the€visual€examination€of€the€anal€and€genital€areas.€ÏòòSecurity€&€Law€Enforcement€Employeesóó€v.€òòCareyóó,€737€F.2d€187,€192Ð X Ð(2d€Cir.€1984). ÓÝ ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔUnder€R.I.€Gen.€Laws€ðð€8„10„3.1(c)(8),€a€magistrate€has€theÐ ° Ðpower€to€issue€a€"body€attachment"€upon€the€failure€of€a€party€toÏappear€for€a€judicial€proceeding.€€Such€a€writ€allows€officers€toÏtake€the€defendant€into€custody€if€the€family€court€is€not€inÐ X  Ðsession.€€òòSeeóó€òòRobertsóó,€slip.€op.€at€3. åÝ ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€first€policy,€Operational€Memorandum€5.15.05„2€Part€Ô_ÔV.B.Ô_ÔÐ ° Ð(dated€June€15,€1984),€provides€(in€relevant€part)€that:ÌÌà8  àà ` àEach€new€commitment's€person,€clothing,€and€personalÏbelongings€shall€be€thoroughly€searched€for€contraband.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à1.€The€commitment€officer€shall€thoroughly€search€theÏinmate's€body€to€include€examination€of€hair,€arms,Ïhands,€ears,€mouth,€nose;€visual€examination€of€groin€andÏrectum;€toes€and€soles€of€feet.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€Any€artificial€limbs,€dentures,€or€bandagesÏshall€be€carefully€examined.Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  à2.€The€new€commitment's€clothing€and€belongings€shall€beÏthoroughly€searched€to€include€examination€of€allÏpockets,€cuffs,€seams,€hat€bands,€waistbands,€zippers,Ïand€collars;€all€clothing€shall€be€turned€inside„out€andÏlinings€checked;€soles,€heels,€socks,€and€inside€of€allÏshoes€shall€be€examined;€the€contents€of€any€and€allÏluggage,€packages,€bags,€etc.€shall€be€thoroughlyÏexamined.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€second€policy,€Policy€and€Procedure€9.14„1€Part€III.B.2.Ï(dated€January€27,€1997),€provides€that:ÌÌà8  àa.€Strip€searches€of€inmates€will€always€be€conducted€forÏobjective€purposes€only€and€will€always€be€carried€out€inÏan€expeditious€and€efficient€manner.€€They€will€never€beÏdone€for€punitive€purposes€or€as€a€form€of€harassment.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(1)€Strip€searches€shall€be€conducted€under€the€directionÏof€the€Shift€Supervisor€or€other€Superior€Officer,€or€asÐ °   Ðrequired€by€policy.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(2)€Two€Correctional€Officers€shall€be€assigned€toÏconduct€a€strip€search.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(3)€Strip€searches€shall€be€conducted€by€officers€of€theÏsame€sex€as€the€inmates€being€searched,€except€duringÏemergencies.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(4)€The€following€search€plan€shall€be€followed€whenÏconducting€a€strip€search.€€The€officer€will€examine:Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(a)€All€pockets;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(b)€Run€fingers€over€linings,€seams,€collars,Ïcuffs,€waistbands€and€fly;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(c)€Shoes,€inside€soles€and€heels;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(d)€Socks,€turning€them€inside€out;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(e)€False€teeth,€artificial€limbs,€plaster€casts;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(f)€Inmates€will€run€their€fingers€through€theirÏhair.€€Officers€will€check€for€wigs€and€hairpieces;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(g)€Inmates€ears€[sic]€will€be€checked€inside€andÏout;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(h)€The€officer€will€look€inside€the€inmate's€nose;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€Inmates€will€open€their€mouths,€lift€theirÏtongues,€and€roll€each€lip,€for€the€officer's€view;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(j)€Inmates€will€lift€their€penises€and€testiclesÏon€the€officer's€command€to€provide€a€clear€view€ofÏthe€groin€area;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(k)€Inmates€will€then€lift€their€feet€so€that€theÏofficer€can€clearly€see€between€the€toes€and€theÏsoles;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(l)€Inmate's€hands€will€be€visually€inspected;Ð ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(m)€Inmates€will€be€required€to€bend€over€andÏspread€the€rectum€to€provide€a€clear€view€of€theÏarea. PÝ ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔNo€inmate€is€sent€to€Intake€without€judicial€authority,€i.e.,Ð ° Ðwithout€an€outstanding€warrant€or€other€judicial€action.€€MostÏarrestees€charged€with€minor€offenses€are€committed€briefly€toÏlocal€jails. ;Ý ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔMoreover,€this€assessment€does€not€even€account€for€the€factÐ ° Ðthat€in€Roberts'€specific€case,€the€body€attachment€had€beenÏrevoked€and€his€incarceration€was€apparently€unwarranted. >Ý ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAttached€to€the€Affidavit€of€A.€T.€Wall€II,€the€Interim€DirectorÐ ° Ðof€the€Rhode€Island€DOC,€are€numerous€incident€reports€ofÏcontraband€discovery€during€the€Intake€admission€process.€€WithÏonly€one€exception€(where€the€inmate€had€hidden€cocaine€in€hisÏmouth),€all€the€contraband€was€found€in€the€inmate's€clothing.€ÏAppellants€have€adduced€no€evidence€of€contraband€that€would€notÏhave€been€discovered€without€the€visual€body€cavity€search. èÝ ƒ„þß$ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€DOC€policy€provides€for€searches€to€be€"conducted€in€aÐ ° Ðprivate€area,€away€from€public€view." d(J2þß$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X¿öXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ XŸÂXXXÔÔ€ °?ȰX XŸÂÔÑ€ÑÑ8€¿¶XXdÈdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÙ*ƒ!Ùà@p p ìàUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsˆÐ ° ÐÔ€ „pZ„° °?ÈÔà@ÀÀ ìàFor€the€First€CircuitˆÐ à ÐÔ€„•„„ „pZÔÔ€X¿¶X„„•ÔßA€y) °°` dE<÷` AßÐ øH ÐÌNo.€00„1752ÌÌà@ÄÄìàCRAIG€L.€ROBERTS,€SR.,ˆÌÌà@<< ìàPlaintiff,€Appellee,ˆÌÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÌÌà@øøìàSTATE€OF€RHODE€ISLAND,€GEORGE€VOSE,€IN€HIS€CAPACITYˆÌà@¨ ¨ ìàAS€DIRECTOR€OF€THE€RHODE€ISLANDˆÌà@Ô Ô ìàDEPARTMENT€OF€CORRECTIONS,ˆÌÌà@ˆˆìàDefendants,€Appellants.ˆÌÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<†` AßÐ ‡× ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÌÌà@l l ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€RHODE€ISLANDˆÌÌà@Œ Œ ìà[Hon.€Mary€M.€Ô_ÔLisiÔ_Ô,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ ~Î ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<Õ` AßÐ Ö& ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÌÌà@ˆˆìàÔ_ÔTorruellaÔ_Ô,€òòChief€Judgeóó,ˆÐ =  ÐÌà@ ìàÔ_ÔBownesÔ_Ô,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgeóó,ˆÐ Í" ÐÌà@° ° ìàand€Saris,׃ ×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòDistrict€Judgeóó.ˆÐ ] ­$ ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` dE<´"` AßÐ µ"' ÐÌÓ  Óà  àòòRebecca€Ô_ÔTedfordÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPartingtonÔ_Ôóó,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€withÐ Œ#Ü) Ðwhom€òòSheldon€Ô_ÔWhitehouseÔ_Ôóó,€Attorney€General,€was€on€brief,€forÐ T$¤* Ðappellants.Ìà  àòòGregory€A.€Ô_ÔBlzleÔ_Ôóó,€with€whom€òòBrown,€Todd€&€Ô_ÔHeyburnÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔPLLCÔ_Ôóó€andÐ ä%4!, ÐòòThomas€W.€Kellyóó,€were€on€brief,€for€appellee.Ð ¬&ü!- ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` dàE<)` AßÐ )T$0 ÐÌñ¨ñà@ðð"ìàñ¨ññªññ©ñJanuarñ©ññªññ«ñFebruary€13ñ«ññ¬ññ«ñ,€ñ«ññ¬ññ­ñ,€Ô_Ô2001ñ­ññ¬ññ«ñ299ñ«ññ¬ñÔ_ÔˆÌÌßA€y) °°` d E<j+` AßÐ  k+»&4 Ðñ§ñÓ=€# ÐXdÐd=Óñ§ñÑ  ÑÓÓÙ*!ÙØØÑ8€¿öXXdÈXXdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*Óà ` àò òÔ_ÔTORRUELLAÔ_Ô,€òòChief€Judgeóó.ó ó€€Two€Rhode€Island€Department€ofÐ ° ÐCorrections€("DOC")€policies€provide€that€all€males€committed€toÏthe€state€prison€be€subject€to€a€strip€search€and€a€visual€bodyÏcavity€search׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€upon€incarceration€as€a€matter€of€routine€procedure.€Ð °  ÐAppellee€Craig€Roberts€challenged€these€policies€asÏunconstitutional.€€The€district€court€agreed€that€the€policies€wereÏunconstitutional,€holding€that€this€Court's€decision€in€òòSwainóó€v.Ð `°  ÐòòSpinneyóó,€117€F.3d€1€(1st€Cir.€1997),€required€that€correctionsÐ ð@  Ðofficers€have€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€an€individual€wasÏconcealing€contraband€prior€to€conducting€a€strip€and€visual€bodyÏcavity€search.€€òòRobertsóó€v.€òòRhode€Islandóó,€No.€99„259ML,€slip€op.€atÐ  ð Ð13„17€(Ô_ÔD.R.I.Ô_Ô€March€16,€2000).€€Rhode€Island€now€appeals.€€BecauseÏwe€find€that€the€Rhode€Island€policy€does€not€meet€theÏreasonableness€test€of€òòBellóó€v.€òòWolfishóó,€441€U.S.€520,€559€(1979),Ð P  Ðwe€affirm€the€holding€of€the€district€court.Ìà@””%ìàò òBACKGROUNDó óˆÐ pÀ Ðà ` àOn€April€20,€1999,€Roberts€was€a€passenger€in€a€carÏstopped€for€expired€registration€stickers.€€After€a€computer€checkÏrevealed€that€Roberts€was€the€subject€of€an€"outstanding€bodyÏattachment,"׃x×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€officers€performed€a€pat„down€frisk€and€placedÐ #P& ÐÔ_Ôhim€in€custody.€€Although€Roberts€produced€a€September€1,€1998Ïorder€withdrawing€the€attachment,€he€was€not€released.€€Instead,€heÏwas€transported€to€the€Intake€Services€Center€("Intake")€at€theÏAdult€Correctional€Institution€("ACI")€in€Cranston,€Rhode€Island.Ìà ` àUpon€reaching€Intake,€Roberts€was€photographed,Ïfingerprinted,€and€asked€to€submit€to€a€blood€test,€which€heÏrefused.€€Officers€then€performed€a€strip€search€and€visual€bodilyÏcavity€search,€pursuant€to€two€DOC€policies.׃X×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€As€part€of€theÐ  ð  Ðsearch,€corrections€officers€inspected€the€inside€of€Roberts'€mouthÏand€nose€and€the€soles€of€his€feet.€€Roberts€was€also€ordered€toÏspread€his€buttocks,€at€which€time€officers€visually€inspected€hisÏbody€cavity.€€At€no€time€during€the€search€did€an€officer€touchÏRoberts.€€No€contraband€was€found€on€Roberts'€person.€€Roberts€wasÏsubjected€to€a€second€similar€search€the€same€day€before€beingÏâ âtransferred€and€ultimately€released€from€police€custody.Ð `  Ðà ` àAppellants€argue€that€the€strip€and€visual€body€cavityÏâ âsearch€is€necessary€because€of€the€unique€nature€of€the€IntakeÏfacility.€€Unlike€many€jurisdictions,€Rhode€Island€does€not€haveÏregional€facilities€to€house€pretrial€detainees€prior€to€trial€andÏsentencing.€€Intake€acts€as€the€receiving€facility€for€all€maleÏinmates€committed€to€the€care€and€custody€of€the€DOC,€includingÏthose€arrested€on€an€outstanding€warrant,€ordered€held€withoutÏbail,€or€unable€to€post€bail.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Because€Rhode€Island€has€a€unifiedÐ  ð  Ðprison€system,€pretrial€detainees€held€at€Intake€mix€with€theÏgeneral€prison€population.€€Intake€is€itself€considered€a€maximumÏsecurity€prison.Ìò òà@””%ìàDISCUSSIONó óˆÐ à0 Ðà ` àBoth€convicted€prisoners€and€pretrial€detainees€retainÏconstitutional€rights€despite€their€incarceration,€including€basicÏFourth€Amendment€rights€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.€ÏòòBellóó,€441€U.S.€at€545.€€However,€those€rights€may€be€subject€toÐ pÀ Ðrestrictions€and€limitations€based€on€the€fact€of€confinement,€theÏlegitimate€goals€and€policies€of€the€penal€institution,€and€theÏneed€of€the€institution€to€maintain€security€and€internal€order.€Ð  !p$ ÐòòId.óó€at€545„46.€€"When€an€institutional€restriction€infringes€aÐ °"& Ðspecific€constitutional€guarantee,"€„€here,€the€Fourth€AmendmentÏright€against€unreasonable€searches,€„€"the€practice€must€beÏevaluated€in€the€light€of€the€central€objective€of€prisonÐ `'°", Ðadministration,€safeguarding€institutional€security."€€òòId.óó€at€546.€Ð ° ÐThis€evaluation€is€a€deferential€one,€giving€due€regard€to€theÏ"professional€expertise€of€corrections€officials,"€òòid.óó€at€548Ð Ð  Ð(citing€òòPellóó€v.€òòProcunieróó,€417€U.S.€817,€827€(1974)),€and€theÐ ` ° Ðlimited€role€of€the€judiciary€in€operating€and€supervisingÏcorrectional€facilities,€òòseeóó€òòid.óó€(citing€òòProcunieróó€v.€òòMartnezóó,€416Ð € Ð  ÐU.S.€396,€405€(1974)).Ìà ` àIn€òòBellóó,€the€Supreme€Court€specifically€addressed€a€stripÐ  ð  Ðand€visual€body€cavity€search€conducted€of€all€inmates€after€everyÏcontact€with€an€outside€visitor.€€òòId.óó€at€558.€€Although€the€CourtÐ À Ðadmitted€that€the€practice€of€examining€inmates'€body€cavitiesÏ"instinctively€[gave€it]€the€most€pause,"€the€Court€upheld€theÏsearch.€€òòId.óó€€In€determining€that€the€search€was€reasonable,€theÐ pÀ ÐCourt€balanced€"the€need€for€the€particular€search€against€theÏinvasion€of€personal€rights€that€the€search€entails."€€òòId.óó€at€559.€Ð à ÐMore€specifically,€the€Court€instructed€courts€to€"consider€theÏscope€of€the€particular€intrusion,€the€manner€in€which€it€isÏconducted,€the€justification€for€initiating€it,€and€the€place€inÏwhich€it€is€conducted."€€òòId.óó€€After€weighing€these€considerations,Ð Ð $ Ðthe€Court€found€that€"visual€body€cavity€searches€[in€the€prisonÏcontext]€can€'be€conducted€on€less€than€probable€cause.'"€€òòSwainóó,Ð ð#@( Ð117€F.3d€at€6€(quoting€òòBellóó,€441€U.S.€at€560).Ð €%Ð * Ðà ` àThis€Court€held€in€òòSwainóó€that,€at€least€in€the€context€ofÐ '`", Ðprisoners€held€in€local€jails€for€minor€offenses,€the€òòBellóó€balanceÐ  (ð#. Ðrequires€officers€to€have€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€a€particularÏdetainee€harbors€contraband€prior€to€conducting€a€strip€or€visualÐ À+'2 Ðbody€cavity€search.€€òòSwainóó,€117€F.3d€at€7.€€Appellants€argue€thatÐ ° Ðthe€heightened€security€concerns€of€the€Intake€facility€allow€forÐ @ Ðòòperóó€òòseóó€searches€of€committed€inmates€even€absent€individualizedÐ Ð  Ðsuspicion.€€Appellants€also€suggest€that€the€requirement€ofÏjudicial€intervention€(i.e.,€either€an€outstanding€warrant€or€aÏjudicial€order)€to€commit€an€inmate€to€Intake€changes€the€òòBellóóÐ € Ð  Ðcalculation.€€We€reconsider€the€òòBellóó€factors€in€light€of€theseÐ `  Ðdistinctions€to€determine€if€the€Rhode€Island€policies€areÏunreasonable€searches€prohibited€by€the€Fourth€Amendment.Ìà ` àWe€begin€with€the€"scope€of€the€particular€intrusion."€Ð À ÐòòBellóó,€441€U.S.€at€559.€€In€òòSwainóó,€we€recognized€that€visual€bodyÐ P  Ðcavity€searches€"impinge€seriously€upon"€Fourth€Amendment€values.€Ï117€F.3d€at€7.€€We€had€previously€termed€such€searches€a€"severe€ifÏnot€gross€interference€with€a€person's€privacy."€€òòArrudaóó€v.€òòFairóó,Ð P Ð710€F.2d€886,€887€(1st€Cir.€1983).€€And€although€our€language€hasÏnot€been€as€strident€as€that€of€the€Seventh€Circuit,€òòseeóó€òòMary€BethÐ  p ÐG.óó€v.€òòCity€of€Chicagoóó,€723€F.2d€1263,€1272€(7th€Cir.€1983)Ð °  Ð(describing€such€searches€as,€among€other€things,€"demeaning,Ïdehumanizing,€undignified,€embarrassing€and€repulsive"),€weÏconsider€such€searches€an€"extreme€intrusion"€on€personal€privacyÏand€"an€offense€to€the€dignity€of€the€individual,"€òòWoodóó€v.€òòClemonsóó,Ð ð#@( Ð89€F.3d€922,€928€(1st€Cir.€1996).€€The€search€required€by€RhodeÏIsland€DOC€policy€is€no€exception:€although€Roberts€was€admittedlyÏnot€touched€by€corrections€officials,€he€was€forced€to€display€hisÏgenitals,€as€well€as€to€spread€his€legs€so€that€officials€couldÏobserve€his€body€cavity.Ð À+'2 Ðà ` àWe€next€turn€to€the€government€interest€at€stake€here,Ïthat€is,€the€"justification€for€initiating"€the€search.€€òòBellóó,€441Ð @ ÐU.S.€at€559.€€In€this€case,€that€interest€is€primarily€a€concernÏfor€institutional€security.€€This€Court€has€recognized€thatÏinstitutional€security€is€a€legitimate€need€of€law€enforcement,€andÏmay€provide€a€compelling€reason€for€a€warrantless€strip€searchÏabsent€reasonable€suspicion€of€individual€wrongdoing.€€òòSwainóó,€117Ð `  ÐF.3d€at€7.€€Indeed,€in€òòBellóó,€the€Supreme€Court€allowed€searches€ofÐ  ð  Ðòòallóó€inmates€who€had€entertained€visitors,€even€if€there€was€noÐ 0€  Ðsuspicion€that€an€individual€inmate€had€received€contraband€from€aÏvisitor.€€In€òòArrudaóó,€we€upheld€a€search€of€all€inmates€returningÐ P  Ðfrom€the€law€library€and€infirmary,€as€well€as€those€inmatesÏreceiving€visitors.€€710€F.2d€at€888.€€We€focused€on€the€fact€thatÏthe€prison€was€a€maximum„security€one,€that€the€inmate€in€questionÏhad€been€confined€to€a€"special€security€area"€for€particularlyÏdangerous€inmates,€and€that€the€"record€[contained]€a€lengthyÏhistory€of€prison€contraband€problems."€€òòId.óó€€€In€contrast,€we€wereÐ °  Ðunconvinced€by€institutional€security€concerns€in€òòSwainóó,€becauseÐ @" Ðthe€arrestee€there€was€held€in€a€local€jail€and€posed€"no€risk"€ofÏcontact€with€other€prisoners.€€117€F.3d€at€8.Ìà ` àThe€institutional€security€concerns€in€play€here€fallÏsomewhere€between€those€exhibited€in€òòSwainóó,€which€were€insufficientÐ €%Ð * Ðto€support€a€search,€and€those€in€òòArrudaóó€and€òòBellóó,€which€madeÐ '`", Ðbroad„based€searches€without€individual€suspicion€reasonable.€€ForÏthe€reasons€detailed€below,€we€think€that€the€Rhode€Island€policiesÏfall€on€the€òòSwainóó€side€of€the€constitutional€line.Ð À+'2 Ðà ` àFirst,€unlike€in€òòBellóó€or€òòArrudaóó,€Rhode€Island€does€notÐ ° Ðlimit€its€searches€to€prisoners€who€have€had€contact€with€outsideÏvisitors.€€Courts€have€given€prisons€far€more€leeway€in€conductingÏsearches€of€inmates€with€outside€contact€than€in€searchingÏeveryone,€simply€because€such€visits€often€allow€smuggling€ofÏcontraband.€€òòSeeóó€òòBellóó,€441€U.S.€at€558;€òòMastersóó€v.€òòCrouchóó,€872€F.2dÐ € Ð  Ð1248,€1253€(6th€Cir.€1989)€(citing€the€"obvious€risk"€that€visitsÏmay€be€used€to€introduce€contraband);€òòArrudaóó,€710€F.2d€at€888.€Ð  ð  ÐAlthough€inmates€such€as€Roberts€certainly€have€the€opportunity€toÏintroduce€contraband€to€the€prison,€and€may€have€even€done€so€inÏthe€past,€it€is€far€less€likely€that€smuggling€of€contraband€willÏoccur€subsequent€to€an€arrest€(when€the€detainee€is€normally€inÏhandcuffed€custody)€than€during€a€contact€visit€that€may€have€beenÏarranged€solely€for€the€purpose€of€introducing€contraband€to€theÏprison€population.€€Furthermore,€after€an€arrest€the€Rhode€IslandÏauthorities€should€be€able€to€detect€contraband€on€the€person€of€aÏdetainee€without€the€need€for€a€body€cavity€inspection.€€InÏaddition,€the€deterrent€rationale€for€the€òòBellóó€search€is€simplyÐ @" Ðless€relevant€given€the€essentially€unplanned€nature€of€an€arrestÏand€subsequent€incarceration.€€òòSeeóó€òòGilesóó€v.€òòAckermanóó,€746€F.2d€614,Ð `"°& Ð617€(9th€Cir.€1984).Ìà ` àSecond,€although€the€Intake€facility€is€maximum€security,Ïit€is€not€a€"prison€within€a€prison"€like€that€where€Arruda€wasÏheld.€€òòArrudaóó,€710€F.2d€at€887.€€Prison€officials€had€no€reason€toÐ  (ð#. Ðbelieve€that€Roberts€was€one€of€the€"most€dangerous€inmatesÏ...whose€continued€retention€in€the€general€institutionÐ À+'2 Ðpopulation€is€detrimental€to€the€program€of€the€institution,"€òòid.óóÐ ° Ðat€887€(quoting€Mass.€Gen.€Laws€ch.€127€ðð€39),€nor€did€Rhode€IslandÏdifferentiate€its€search€to€focus€on€such€inmates.€€Unlike€inÏòòArrudaóó,€everyone€at€Intake€was€searched€upon€admission€to€theÐ ` ° Ðfacility.€€While€it€is€a€reasonable€approach€to€safeguardingÏinstitutional€security€to€engage€in€extra€efforts€to€ensure€thatÏthe€most€dangerous€inmates€do€not€have€access€to€weapons€orÏcontraband,€the€extension€of€the€intrusion€to€far€less€dangerousÏinmates€(such€as€Roberts)€is€a€severe€incursion€on€privacy€frownedÏupon€by€the€òòBellóó€balancing€test.€€The€fact€that€it€requires€someÐ À Ðtype€of€judicial€order€for€an€inmate€to€be€committed€to€Intake€doesÏnot€change€this€assessment:€the€temporary€incarceration€of€RobertsÏfor€his€failure€to€appear€indicates€that€both€highly€dangerous€andÏrelatively€harmless€offenders€may€be€incarcerated€with€judicialÏapproval.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð à Ðà ` àThird,€courts€have€given€prisons€latitude€to€premiseÏsearches€on€the€type€of€crime€for€which€an€inmate€is€convicted€orÏarrested.€€The€reasonable€suspicion€standard€may€be€met€simply€byÏthe€fact€that€the€inmate€was€charged€with€a€violent€felony.€€òòSeeóóÐ Ð $ ÐòòDufrinóó€v.€òòSpreenóó,€712€F.2d€1084,€1087€(6th€Cir.€1983).€€However,Ð `"°& Ðwhen€the€inmate€has€been€charged€with€only€a€misdemeanorñ¤ñ€involvingÏminor€offensesñ¤ñ€or€traffic€violations,€crimes€not€generallyÏassociated€with€weapons€or€contraband,€courts€have€required€thatÏofficers€have€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€the€individual€inmate€isÐ  (ð#. Ðconcealing€contraband.€€òòSeeóó€òòWeberóó€v.€òòDellóó,€804€F.2d€796,€802€(2dÐ ° ÐCir.€1986)€(misdemeanors);€òòStewartóó€v.€òòCounty€of€Lubbockóó,€767€F.2dÐ @ Ð153,€156„57€(5th€Cir.€1985)€(misdemeanors);€òòGilesóó,€746€F.2d€at€617Ð Ð  Ð(traffic€violations€and€other€minor€offenses);€òòHillóó€v.€òòBogansóó,€735Ð ` ° ÐF.2d€391,€394€(10th€Cir.€1984)€(traffic€violations);€òòMary€Beth€G.óó,Ð ð @ Ð723€F.2d€at€1272„73€(misdemeanors);€òòLoganóó€v.€òòShealyóó,€660€F.2d€1007,Ð € Ð  Ð1013€(4th€Cir.€1981)€(DWI).€€Roberts€was€picked€up€on€anÏoutstanding€warrant€from€a€family€court;€no€evidence€was€adduced€toÏindicate€that€his€offense€was€the€type€normally€associated€withÏweapons€or€contraband.€òòóó€Moreover,€Rhode€Island€has€made€no€effortÐ À Ðto€engage€in€this€sort€of€particularized€approach,€preferring€toÏsearch€all€entrants€to€Intake.Ìà ` àFourth,€a€policy€of€searching€all€inmates€is€moreÏreasonable€when€the€record€indicates€a€"lengthy€history€ofÏcontraband€problems."€€òòArrudaóó,€710€F.2d€at€887.€€Although€theÐ à Ðrecord€here€does€indicate€a€lengthy€history€of€contraband€problems,Ïa€close€examination€of€that€record€indicates€that€a€body€cavityÏsearch€was€(with€possibly€one€exception)€entirely€unnecessary€toÏdiscover€that€contraband.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòCf.óó€òòMary€Beth€G.óó,€723€F.2d€at€1272„73Ð Ð $ Ð(only€a€few€items€recovered€from€body€cavities).€€The€lack€of€Ïspecific€instances€where€a€body€cavity€search€was€necessary€toÏdiscover€contraband€supports€a€finding€that€the€policy€of€searchingÐ €%Ð * Ðall€inmates€is€an€unreasonable€one.€€Furthermore,€the€recordÏindicates€that€less€invasive€(and€less€constitutionallyÏproblematic)€searches€would€have€been€equally€as€effective€inÏrevealing€contraband.€€For€example,€lacking€reasonable€suspicionÏthat€an€individual€is€hiding€contraband,€Rhode€Island€could€stillÏsearch€that€person's€clothes,€a€far€less€intrusive€procedure€thanÏa€full„scale€strip€and€body€cavity€search.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€1271.Ð `  Ðà ` àIn€short,€although€appellants€have€cited€"institutionalÏsecurity"€as€a€sufficient€reason€not€to€require€reasonableÏsuspicion€for€inmate€body€cavity€searches,€their€only€justification€Ïfor€this€severe€invasion€is€that€Intake€is€a€maximum€securityÏfacility€where€arrestees€mingle€with€the€general€population.€ÏIntermingling€of€inmates€is€a€serious€security€concern€that€weighsÏin€favor€of€the€reasonableness,€and€constitutionality,€of€theÏsearch.€€òòSeeóó€òòDobrowolskyjóó€v.€òòJefferson€Countyóó,€823€F.2d€955,€959Ð à Ð(6th€Cir.€1987)€(upholding€"a€more€narrowly€drawn€policy"€ofÏsearching€those€to€be€moved€into€the€general€jail€population);ÏòòDufrinóó,€712€F.2d€at€1087€(inmate€would€come€into€contact€withÐ @" Ðgeneral€population);€òòLoganóó,€660€F.2d€at€1013€(noting€lack€ofÐ Ð $ Ðintermingling).€€Several€courts,€however,€have€held€thatÏintermingling€alone€is€insufficient€to€justify€a€search€withoutÏreasonable€suspicion.€€òòChapmanóó€v.€òòNicholsóó,€989€F.2d€393,€396€(10thÐ €%Ð * ÐCir.€1993);€òòMastersóó,€872€F.2d€at€1254.€€Another€has€noted€thatÐ '`", Ðintermingling€is€a€dubious€reason€for€a€strip€search€because€it€isÏinherently€"limited€and€avoidable."€€òòGilesóó,€746€F.2d€at€619€(citingÐ 0*€%0 ÐòòSmithóó€v.€òòMontgomery€Countyóó,€547€F.€Supp.€592,€598„99€(D.€Md.Ð À+'2 Ð1982)).€€We€agree€with€these€courts€that€the€unified€nature€of€theÏRhode€Island€prison€system€is€not,€in€itself,€dispositive€of€theÏreasonableness€of€the€search.€€To€place€so€much€weight€on€oneÏ(potentially€alterable)€characteristic€of€the€state€prison€systemÏwould€gut€the€balancing€approach€endorsed€by€the€Supreme€Court€inÐ ð @ ÐòòBellóó€and€applied€by€this€Court€in€òòSwainóó€and€òòArrudaóó.Ð € Ð  Ðà ` àThe€òòBellóó€balancing€test€also€instructs€us€to€consider€theÐ `  Ðplace€in€which€the€search€is€conducted€and€the€manner€in€which€itÏis€conducted.€€441€U.S.€at€559.€€Neither€aspect€of€this€search€isÏproblematic.€€The€policy€requires€the€search€to€be€conducted€byÏofficers€of€the€same€sex€of€the€inmate.€€It€appears€from€the€recordÏthat€the€search€is€generally€conducted€in€private.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Moreover,€theÐ à0 Ðsearch€is€entirely€visual€and€there€have€been€no€accusations€ofÏabuse.€€Given€the€intrusive€nature€of€a€strip€and€visual€bodyÏcavity€search,€Rhode€Island€has€endeavored€to€perform€theseÏsearches€in€a€relatively€private€manner.€€òòSeeóó€òòJusticeóó€v.€òòCity€ofÐ  p ÐPeachtree€Cityóó,€961€F.2d€188,€193€(11th€Cir.€1992).Ð °  Ðà@””%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ @" Ðà ` à"òòBellóó€has€not€been€read€as€holding€that€the€securityÐ  !p$ Ðinterests€of€a€detention€facility€will€always€outweigh€the€privacyÏinterests€of€the€detainees."€€òòDobrowolskyjóó,€823€F.2d€at€957.€€OurÐ @$( Ðprevious€decisions€have€also€indicated€that€the€Fourth€AmendmentÏbalance€cannot€be€shifted€so€quickly.€€òòSeeóó€òòSwainóó,€117€F.3d€at€7„8.€Ð `'°", ÐThis€is€not€to€say€that€prison€officials€are€hamstrung€in€theirÐ ð(@$. Ðefforts€to€protect€the€security€of€penal€institutions.€€Both€theÏSupreme€Court€in€òòBellóó€and€this€Court€in€òòArrudaóó€have€suggested€thatÐ @ Ðan€individualized€reasonable€suspicion€is€not€necessary€to€searchÏcertain€groups€of€inmates,€such€as€those€who€receive€visitors;Ïother€circuits€have€suggested€that€broad„based€strip€searchÏpolicies€may€be€appropriate€in€other€circumstances.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,Ð € Ð  ÐòòGilesóó,€746€F.2d€at€617.€€Of€course,€officers€may€meet€theÐ `  Ðreasonable€suspicion€standard€based€on€their€observations€of€aÏparticular€inmate€during€a€less€invasive€pat„down€frisk€andÏclothing€search,€or€based€on€contraband€found€during€that€search.€ÏHowever,€"[a]n€indiscriminate€strip€search€policy€routinely€appliedÏ...can€not€be€justified€simply€on€the€basis€of€administrativeÏease€in€attending€to€security€considerations."€€òòLoganóó,€660€F.2d€atÐ pÀ Ð1013.€€Standing€alone,€the€security€concerns€of€the€Intake€facilityÏcannot€support€the€search€policy€hereñ¥ñ€as€it€applies€to€minorÏoffensesñ¥ñ.€€The€policy€is€ñ¦ñ€ñ¦ñunconstitutional€under€the€FourthÏAmendment.Ìà ` àò òAffirmed.ó óÐ @" Ð