ÿWPC¿ KQª0«Ž]øÀ{ö¦¯]ÕæÀähúŸ‰fÙ ³kŒóÕpNŒò"à³!÷ûW0‡Þî…˜Aì-z&3rÓ""·ü»æx” ÈšàpÑË>þøLݼžŽ+˜q㫃å1©_m¿?îjbk®ã@f{ÞˆkvLÈñΜ´áQáœû}|QKìÙ{z›Ö°)2k—'ðYާ’éR¿Ïƒ.Ä€Ú'HïÄ8[o™œOÄ ZwE÷9=åZŒTÄoc}بÉÁ1\’¸"G‰”¹÷¶§`@䑹jÓjI(ëFEQ€ž•±¶:C€– gË:;E"µšZ¼ø»ë/V ¡_RMJ…ÐÇþúØoÂëö˜Þj0ðOÏŸV‘^6‡"Ç3ãÿm²9®l“` ¤}>ËÉ”ÈV¢"7ÄXº±‘ˆm´ñº‚]c®…#ÁF U> %E 0(K U:s s s ^ ­ w¹ 4½ Ñ à 0Dâ b& 0D. . br Ez m| N“ ô• • • U0‰ .¹ .ççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççç B 02˜HP LaserJet 5/5M - StandardÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0<èÀ( 9Z+&Courier RegularX($¡¡,°À`   "CG Times Bold=–Y-s IO-‚ ‚ÐHŠ3|x(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý- ù-(Ã$òòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó- ù-ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ êÝ ƒ„Fß$ÝÔ€X&XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€X&XXX&ÔHon.€John€R.€Gibson,€of€the€Eighth€Circuit,€sitting€byÐ ° Ðdesignation.<è\( 9Z+Courier  $Ý ƒ„Fß$ÝÔ€X&XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔArticle€V€reads,€in€relevant€part:€€"In€order€that€harmoniousÐ ° Ðrelations€shall€continue€unbroken€between€the€Parties,€any€disputeÐ †Ö Ðarising€from€the€interpretation€of€this€contract,€disputesÐ \¬ Ðregarding€discharges,€discipline,€wages€and€disputes€concerningÐ 2‚ Ðemployment€or€operating€conditions€[shall€be]€subject€to€grievanceÐ X Ðarbitration." $Ý ƒ„Fß$ÝÔ€X&XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòÔ_ÔLittonÔ_Ôóó,€the€Court€explained:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àA€post„expiration€grievance€can€be€said€to€arise€underÐ \¬ Ðthe€contract€only€where€it€involves€facts€and€occurrencesÐ 2‚ Ðthat€arose€before€expiration,€where€an€action€taken€afterÐ X Ðexpiration€infringes€a€right€that€accrued€or€vested€underÐ Þ. Ðthe€agreement,€or€òòwhere,€under€normal€principles€ofÐ ´  Ðcontract€interpretation,€the€disputed€contractual€rightÐ Š Ú Ðsurvives€expiration€of€the€remainder€of€the€agreementóó.Ð` °Ð Ð  ÐÌ501€U.S.€at€205„06€(emphasis€added). d(J2Fß$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X'¶XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€Xâ¶XXXÔÔ€°V°XXâ¶ÔÑ€ÑÑ8€&XXdÖdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÙ*ƒ!Ùà@4 4 ìàUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsˆÐ ° ÐÔ€„Aj„°°VÂÔà@   ìàFor€the€First€CircuitˆÐ „Ô Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌÔ€„‡¿„„„AjÔÔ€X&X„„‡¿ÔßA€y) °°` dE<C ` AßÐ D ” ÐÌÌNo.€01„2430Ð ÿ O ÐÌà@¨ ¨ ìàTHE€PROVIDENCE€JOURNAL€COMPANY,ˆÐ « û ÐÌà@ ìàPlaintiff,€Appellant,ˆÐ W§  ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ S  ÐÌà@˜ ˜ ìàPROVIDENCE€NEWSPAPER€GUILD,ˆÐ ¯ÿ  ÐÌà@<< ìàDefendant,€Appellee.ˆÐ [« ÐÌßA€y) °°` d³E<` AßÐ W ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ ì< ÐÌà@l l ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€RHODE€ISLANDˆÐ ˜è ÐÌà@Œ Œ ìà[Hon.€Mary€M.€Ô_ÔLisiÔ_Ô,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ D” ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<Å` AßÐ Æ ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ «û ÐÌà@ìàTorruella,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,ˆÐ W§ Ðà@ü ü ìàGibson,׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgeóó,ˆÐ -}  Ðà@Ô Ô ìàand€Howard,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó.ˆÐ  S! ÐÌßA€y) °°` dE<®!` AßÐ ¯!ÿ# ÐÌÓ  Óà  àòòLincoln€D.€Almondóó,€with€whom€òòWilliam€P.€Robinson€IIIóó€andÐ ”"ä% ÐòòEdwards€&€Ô_ÔAngellÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔLLPÔ_Ôóó€were€on€brief,€for€appellant.Ð j#º& Ðà  àòòBarbara€L.€Ô_ÔCamensÔ_Ôóó,€with€whom€òòBarr€&€Ô_ÔCamensÔ_Ôóó€and€òòRichardÐ @$' ÐHumphreyóó€were€on€brief,€for€appellee.Ð %f ( ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` dàE<—'` AßÐ ˜'è"+ ÐÌà@,,"ìàOctober€21,€2002ˆÐ }(Í#- ÐÌßA€y) °°` d E<(*` AßÐ  )*y%/( ÐÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓÓÙ*!ÙÑ8€&XXdÖXXdÖ8ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*ÓØØà ` àò òTORRUELLA,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó.ó ó€€This€is€an€appeal€from€aÐ ° Ðdistrict€court€order€to€arbitrate€a€post„expiration€grievance€thatÐ xÈ Ð"arose€under"€the€parties'€expired€collective€bargaining€agreement.€Ð $t ÐFor€the€reasons€stated€in€this€opinion,€we€affirm.Ð Ð  Ðà@tt)ìàò òI.ó óˆÐ | Ì Ðà ` àPlaintiff„appellant,€Providence€Journal€Company€(theÐ D ”  Ð"Journal"),€publishes€òòThe€Providence€Journalóó€and€òòThe€SundayÐ ð@  ÐJournalóó,€newspapers€of€general€circulation€in€the€State€of€RhodeÐ œì  ÐIsland€and€surrounding€areas.€€Defendant„appellee,€ProvidenceÐ H˜  ÐNewspaper€Guild€(the€"Guild"),€is€the€exclusive€collectiveÐ ôD Ðbargaining€representative€for€certain€Journal€employees.€€TheÐ  ð ÐJournal€and€the€Guild€entered€into€several€successive€collectiveÐ Lœ Ðbargaining€agreements,€the€last€of€which€expired€by€its€terms€onÐ øH ÐDecember€31,€1999.€€The€parties€later€extended€that€agreement€(theÐ ¤ô Ð"1994„1999€Contract")€through€January€31,€2000.€€Because€there€wereÐ P  Ðno€further€extensions,€both€parties€agree€that€the€Contract€expiredÐ üL Ðafter€January€31,€2000.Ð ¨ø  Ðà ` àArticle€V€of€the€Contract€generally€creates€a€grievanceÐ T!¤" Ðarbitration€procedure€for€the€resolution€of€contractual€disputes.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р#P$ ÐHowever,€the€Contract€is€silent€as€to€whether€the€parties€are€Ð ¬$ü& Ðobligated€to€submit€disputes€to€arbitration€after€the€expiration€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Contract.Ð \¬ Ðà ` àAfter€expiration€of€the€Contract,€in€a€letter€datedÐ X ÐFebruary€8,€2000,€the€Journal€notified€the€Guild€that€the€duesÐ ´  Ðcheckoff,€union€security,€and€arbitration€provisions€of€theÐ ` ° ÐContract€were€no€longer€valid.€€The€Guild€filed€a€grievance€withÐ  \  Ðthe€Journal€on€February€11,€2000,€eleven€days€after€the€expirationÐ ¸  Ðof€the€Contract,€asserting€violations€of€both€Article€II€of€theÐ d´  ÐContract€and€Memorandum€of€Agreement€No.€8€("MOA€8"),€a€sideÐ `  Ðagreement€incorporated€into€the€Contract.€€Specifically,€theÐ ¼  Ðgrievance€protested€the€Employerððs€unilateral€termination€of€theÐ h¸ Ðpartiesðð€union€security€and€dues€checkoff€procedures€following€theÐ d Ðexpiration€of€the€Guild€Contracts.Ð À Ðà ` àThe€union€security€clause,€detailed€in€Article€II,Ð l¼ ÐSection€5,€required,€as€a€condition€of€employment,€that€theÐ h ÐJournal's€employees€covered€by€the€Contract€be€Guild€members€"forÐ Ä Ðthe€duration€of€this€Agreement."€€By€the€terms€of€MOA€8,€€theÐ pÀ  Ðparties€negotiated€an€"evergreen€clause"€intended€to€ensure€theÐ !l" Ðuninterrupted€effectiveness€of€the€union€security€provision€throughÐ È"$ Ðthe€expiration€of€the€next€òòsucceedingóó€agreement.€€MOA€8€states€inÐ t$Ä& Ðrelevant€part€at€paragraph€11:Ð  &p!( ÐÓ™Óà8 ` àThe€provisions€of€Article€II,€Section€5€in€theÐ Ì'#* ÐNews€and€Advertising€Agreements€shall€beÐ ·($+ Ðcontinuously€in€force,€to€the€extent€permittedÐ ¢)ò$, Ðby€law,€from€the€date€of€this€Agreement€untilÐ *Ý%- Ðâ âexpiration€of€the€Collective€BargainingÐ x+È&. ÐAgreement€which€succeeds€the€currentÐ ° ÐCollective€Bargaining€Agreement.Лë` x` x Ðâ âÌÓ™ÓThe€Guild€argued€that€the€Journalððs€cancellation€of€union€securityÐ qÁ Ðduring€the€current€contractual€hiatus€was€a€violation€of€MOA€8.Ð  m Ðà ` àThe€Guild€further€protested€the€Journalððs€unilateralÐ É  Ðtermination€of€dues€checkoff,€asserting€a€violation€of€Article€II,Ð u Å  ÐSection€4€of€the€Contract.€€Appellees€argue€that€this€provision,€onÐ !q  Ðits€face,€contemplated€the€continued€effectiveness€of€dues€checkoffÐ Í  Ðfollowing€contract€expiration€because€dues€checkoff€requiredÐ yÉ  Ðrevocation€by€the€employee€and€not€the€employer.€€Specifically,Ð %u ÐArticle€II,€Section€4€provides€that€this€provision€"shall€remain€inÐ Ñ! Ðeffect€until€revoked€by€the€employee€.€.€.€but€shall€be€irrevocableÐ }Í Ðfor€a€period€of€one€(1)€year€from€the€date€of€the€assignment,€orÐ )y Ðuntil€the€termination€of€the€collective€bargaining€agreement,Ð Õ% Ðwhichever€occurs€sooner."Ð Ñ Ðà ` àThe€Guild€ultimately€invoked€arbitration€by€a€letterÐ -} Ðdated€March€9,€2000.€€The€Journal€refused€to€participate€in€theÐ Ù) Ðarbitration€of€the€Guildððs€grievance€and€instead€commenced€suit€inÐ … Õ! Ðthe€District€Court€of€Rhode€Island€to€enjoin€the€AmericanÐ 1"# ÐArbitration€Association€from€processing€the€matter.€€The€DistrictÐ Ý#-% ÐCourt€held€a€hearing€on€March€15,€2001,€on€the€parties'€cross„Ð ‰%Ù ' Ðmotions€for€summary€judgment.€€The€district€court€granted€theÐ 5'…") ÐGuild's€motion€for€summary€judgment€and€ordered€the€Journal€toÐ á(1$+ Ðarbitrate€the€dispute€in€accordance€with€the€Contract.€€The€JournalÐ *Ý%- Ðfiled€this€appeal.Ð 9,‰'/ Ðò òà@88)ìàII.ó óˆÐ ° Ðà ` àSummary€judgment€is€appropriate€where€"there€is€noÐ xÈ Ðgenuine€issue€as€to€any€material€fact€and€.€.€.€the€moving€party€isÐ $t Ðentitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law."€€Fed.€R.€Civ.€P.€56(c).€Ð Ð  ÐThis€Court€reviews€the€district€court's€entry€of€summary€judgmentÐ | Ì Ðòòdeóó€òònovoóó,€re„examining€the€facts€in€the€light€most€amiable€to€theÐ ( x  Ðunsuccessful€party.€€òòSeeóó€Fed.€R.€Civ.€P.€56(c);€òòNat'l€Tower€LLCóó€v.Ð Ô$  ÐòòPlainville€Zoning€Bd.€of€Appealsóó,€297€F.3d€14,€17€(1st€Cir.€2002).Ð €Ð  Ðà ` àThe€expiration€of€a€collective€bargaining€agreement€doesÐ ,|  Ðnot€necessarily€extinguish€a€party's€obligation€to€arbitrateÐ Ø( Ðgrievances.€€In€fact,€a€presumption€favors€arbitration€in€suchÐ „Ô Ðcircumstances.€€òòLitton€Fin.€Printing€Div.óó€v.€òòNLRBóó,€501€U.S.€190,Ð 0€ Ð204€(1991)€(finding€a€presumption€in€favor€of€post„expirationÐ Ü, Ðarbitration€of€matters€and€disputes€arising€out€of€the€relationÐ ˆØ Ðgoverned€by€the€contract€unless€"negated€expressly€or€by€clearÐ 4„ Ðimplication")€(hereinafter€òòLittonóó);€òòNolde€Bros.,€Inc.óó€v.€òòLocal€No.Ð à0 Ð358óó,€430€U.S.€243,€255€(1977)€(stating€that€"the€parties'€failureÐ ŒÜ  Ðto€exclude€from€arbitrability€contract€disputes€arising€afterÐ 8!ˆ" Ðtermination€.€.€.€affords€a€basis€for€concluding€that€they€intendedÐ ä"4$ Ðto€arbitrate€all€grievances").€€We€believe€that€the€district€courtÐ $à& Ðcorrectly€employed€this€presumption€in€the€present€case.Ð <&Œ!( Ðà ` àMuch€of€the€district€court's€decision€rests€on€theÐ è'8#* Ðprecise€language€of€the€three€provisions€at€issue€here.€€TheÐ ”)ä$, Ðdistrict€court€found€that,€on€their€face,€MOA€8€and€the€duesÐ @+&. Ðcheckoff€and€union€security€provisions€evidenced€the€parties'Ð ° Ðintent,€and€contractual€obligation,€to€arbitrate€all€disputes.€€AÐ \¬ Ðliteral€reading€of€these€provisions,€according€to€the€districtÐ X Ðcourt,€confirms€that€the€parties€intended€these€benefits€toÐ ´  Ðcontinue€after€expiration.€€They,€thus,€"arose€under€the€contract"Ð ` ° Ðand€satisfy€the€òòLittonóó€test€for€post„expiration€arbitrability.׃×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р \  Ð501€U.S.€at€205„06.€€After€further€examining€both€of€theseÐ ¸  Ðprovisions,€we€too€believe€that€they€survive€expiration€of€theÐ d´  Ðcollective€bargaining€agreement.Ð `  Ðò òà ` àA.€€Dues€Checkoffó óÐ ¼  Ðà ` àBecause€Article€II,€Section€4€clearly€contemplates€theÐ „Ô Ðcontinued€effectiveness€of€the€dues€checkoff€provision,€it€isÐ 0€ Ðproperly€subject€to€arbitration.€€While€employers€do€not€have€aÐ Ü, Ðstatutory€obligation€to€continue€such€dues€checkoff€once€collectiveÐ ˆØ Ðbargaining€agreements€have€expired,€such€obligations€may€be€imposedÐ 4„ Ðby€contract.€òòFrito„Lay,€Inc.óó,€243€N.L.R.B.€137,€139€(1979).€€Here,Ð à0 ÐJournal€employees€"voluntarily€executed€checkoff€authorizationsÐ ŒÜ  Ðwhich€expressly€contemplated€the€possibility€of€periods€when€noÐ 8!ˆ" Ðcontract€would€be€in€effect."€€òòIdóó.€€This€creates€a€contractualÐ ° Ðobligation.€€òòSeeóó€òòLowell€Corrugated€Container€Corp.óó,€177€N.L.R.B.Ð \¬ Ð169,€173€(1969).€€Furthermore,€"where,€under€normal€principles€ofÐ X Ðcontract€interpretation€the€disputed€contractual€right€survivesÐ ´  Ðexpiration€of€the€remainder€of€the€agreement,"€a€post€expirationÐ ` ° Ðgrievance€is€arbitrable.€€òòLittonóó,€501€U.S.€at€207„08.€Ð  \  ÐConsequently,€the€dues€checkoff€provision€continues€to€beÐ ¸  Ðarbitrable.Ð d´  Ðò òà ` àB.€€Union€Securityó óÐ `  Ðà ` àWhile€MOA€8's€evergreen€clause€clearly€provides€that€theÐ Ø( Ðunion€security€provision€remains€in€force€until€the€subsequentÐ „Ô Ðcontract€expires,€the€parties€dispute€whether€the€original€contractÐ 0€ Ðwas€the€one€which€expired€on€January€31,€2000€or€a€prior€contract.€Ð Ü, ÐThis€dispute€is€central€because€it€determines€whether€MOA€8€remainsÐ ˆØ Ðin€force€or€expired€on€January€31,€2000.€€Both€parties€agree€thatÐ 4„ Ðthey€enacted€MOA€8€during€the€1994„1996€contract.€€However,€theÐ à0 ÐJournal€argues€that€the€1994„1999€Contract€was€the€"succeeding"Ð ŒÜ  Ðagreement€contemplated€by€MOA€8,€and€as€such,€the€evergreen€clauseÐ 8!ˆ" Ðexpired€on€January€31,€2000.€€The€Guild,€on€the€other€hand,€arguesÐ ä"4$ Ðthat€the€1994„1999€Contract€was€a€contract€extension,€rather€thanÐ $à& Ða€distinct€successor€agreement.€€Under€this€argument,€the€evergreenÐ <&Œ!( Ðclause€does€not€come€into€effect€until€January€31,€2000,€when€itÐ è'8#* Ðâ âprovides€union€security€through€the€contractual€hiatus€and€anyÐ ”)ä$, Ðsuccessor€agreement.€€Since€the€parties€have€yet€to€agree€on€aÐ ° Ðsucceeding€contract,€it€remains€in€effect.Ð \¬ Ðâ âà ` àFortunately,€the€language€of€the€1994„1999€ContractÐ X Ðresolves€the€issue.€€The€title€page€of€the€1994„1999€ContractÐ ´  Ðinstructs€that€the€partiesðð€agreements€are€in€effect€fromÐ ` ° Ð"January1,€1994€through€December€31,€1996€òòas€amended€and€extendedóóÐ  \  ÐJanuary€1,€1997€through€December€31,€1999."€€(Emphasis€added.)€Ð ¸  ÐFurthermore,€the€preamble€of€the€1994„1999€Contract€further€states:Ð d´  ÐÓÓà8 ` àIt€is€agreed€that€the€Collective€BargainingÐ `  ÐAgreement€dated€April€25,€1995,€and€effectiveÐ æ6 ÐJanuary€1,€1994€through€December€31,€1996,€isÐ ¼  Ðòòextendedóó€in€all€its€terms€and€conditions,Ð ’â Ðincluding€Side€Letters€of€Agreement,€except€asÐ h¸ Ðprovided€hereinafter,€and€this€AGREEMENT€isÐ >Ž Ðmade€a€part€hereof.Ðd` x` x ÐÌÓÓ(Emphasis€added.)€€It€is€clear€from€this€language€that€the€partiesÐ À Ðintended€to€extend€their€existing€agreement€rather€than€create€aÐ l¼ Ðnew,€succeeding,€one.€€As€a€result,€MOA€8€continues€to€make€theÐ h Ðissue€of€union€security€arbitrable.Ð Ä Ðà@üü(ìàò òIII.ó óˆÐ pÀ  Ðà ` àFor€the€reasons€outlined€in€the€text€of€this€opinion,€theÐ 8!ˆ" Ðdistrict€court's€grant€of€summary€judgment€is€ò òaffirmedó ó.€€Costs€areÐ ä"4$ Ðtaxed€against€appellant.Ð ¬$ü& Ð