ÿWPCoH !\âi»,:PæoMæN’çJ£Oæ‡_5DR¼Ìë\ÝÕâi»,°ˆiÔGuchÓ§£¤¾ûotŒá¥ÑhœK`¾ÁÔsò~ˆ} Çoò‡Ú@%ï±0  ]3Ýõ¨ -íÈzâÄå„O„F’§Z²°V*”Lc›( ¼KI°âB¤ÜžŸ'³ ÷`ðŽF×!ׇ[SÁ½ì½„Œ¢tÁÑšàÒt°÷ŸãQÚ‰hW¤¢Ã´JKôb §ƒÊ˜ž™&HH¶SÒý˜ÛUt’bN ¢˜ûôíq;¦·µ6ÆÌísÏœ¿óT‹|ý „ÿwƒìÖò5ù`¹w&?¹º?0 îâI=MÌ‹œVj} 1Y®Ž:ì!¢5v5Pק‹wtæAš%†&í®ÆfiÓ_Ž‡˜îõ ,v¾«(¶=#†’â¦pÿém¦9'vB’føÝXþ¹Š¹&û«¹¸,:fÆ C µ æó ^ Ù wå 4é ý  E f a m& = NE 1‡G 72Î 1u 72u 0'c§ 1‡  72‘ 0!wà 0Š: 1‡Ä 72K 1‡} 72 1‡6 72½ 0 ï B 0´¬ 0Ç` 0Û' 0ï 0Dñ 1‡5 72¼ 1‡î 72u 1‡§ 72. 1‡` 72ç 1‡ 72 UBÒb…"¡ 1‡Ã!ãJ" 1‡-$ 72´$ 1‡æ$ 72m%m%lŸ% ( 1‡!( 1‡¨(õ/)Ã$+ 1‡ç- 1‡n.(õ. 1‡2¤2 72¸7 0Dê7 1‡.8 72µ8ç8"?/$@nSA"ÁB#ãC#E#)F#LG˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0X(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó($¡¡<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT(d:2^X$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€#MX‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóvÖr Z‹6Times New Roman Regular´¾½Q 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular<è\( 9Z+&Courier Regular ÜÝ ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOf€the€Eighth€Circuit,€sitting€by€designation.%‡8-s 2{)-Æ<ö„3|xøÀTABLE AÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ (5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à0@™CEKQY_ekqAutoList2A.I.(a)A.A.A.A.A.A.(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(UfCEKQW]cioAutoList3I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. I.0ehCEKQW]cioAutoList4I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I."I.&()*+h™CEIMQUY]aAutoList5""""""""i)1)a)$,"(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à d(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù0…hCEKQW]cioAutoList6I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.-I.(ê½CEKQW]cioAutoList7A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A./A.(ú½CEKQW]cioAutoList8A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.1A.( ¾CEKQW]cioAutoList9A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.3A.0ÄEGMS[agmsAutoList10I.I.(a)I.I.I.I.I.5I.<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi- ù- {Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Moore€Center€is€an€area€agency€established€under€rulesÐ ° Ðadopted€by€the€New€Hampshire€Commissioner€of€Health€and€HumanÐ xÈ ÐServices.€€It€channels€funds€and€services€to€individuals€withÐ @ Ðdevelopmental€disabilities,€and€helps€with€residential€placement.Ð X ÐKimberli€has€been€a€client€of€the€Moore€Center€since€April€1989.€Ð Ð  ÐHer€placement€at€the€Brock€Home€has€been€funded€through,€andÐ ˜è Ðsupervised€by,€the€Moore€Center.Ô‡ X"-XXXÔ€òòSeeóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€171„Ð ` ° ÐA:18€(set€out,€in€relevant€part,€at€the€end€of€this€opinion).Ô#†X"-XX X"-¾#Ô Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔN.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€193:28€provides€that€"[Ô_Ôw]heneverÔ_Ô€anyÐ ° Ðchild€is€placed€and€cared€for€in€any€home€for€children€.€.€.,€suchÐ xÈ Ðchild,€if€of€school€age,€shall€be€entitled€to€attend€the€publicÐ @ Ðschools€of€the€school€district€in€which€said€home€isÐ X Ðlocated...."€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€193:12€VÐ Ð  Ðdiscussed€below.€€The€parties€agree€that€the€Brock€Home€is€a€"homeÐ ˜è Ðfor€children"€located€in€the€Pittsfield€School€District.Ð ` ° Ð(zùEGMSY_ekqAutoList15A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A. ÙÝ ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔPreviously,€193:12€provided€that€"No€person€shall€attendÐ ° Ðschool,€or€send€a€pupil€to€school,€in€any€district€in€which€he€isÐ xÈ Ðnot€an€inhabitant,€without€the€consent€of€the€district€or€of€theÐ @ Ðschool€board€except€as€herein€otherwise€provided."(5¤EGMSY_ekqAutoList16I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.=I.0E¤EGMSY_ekqAutoList17I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.?I. bÝ ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€parties€have€not€raised€any€issue€over€the€effect,€ifÐ ° Ðany,€Ms.€Ô_ÔCrisman'sÔ_Ô€status€as€Ô_ÔKimberli'sÔ_Ô€legal€guardian€may€have€onÐ xÈ Ðthe€Ô_ÔNHDOE'sÔ_Ô€1992€district€of€liability€determination.€€Because€theÐ @ Ðparties€do€not€raise€the€matter,€we€have€no€occasion€to€considerÐ X Ðit. Ñ ° Ñ0e¤EGMSY_ekqAutoList19I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.(å£EGMSY_ekqAutoList11I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. ëÝ ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Individuals€with€Disabilities€in€Education€Act€("IDEA"),Ð ° Ð20€U.S.C.€ðð€1412(a)(1)(A)€(2000);€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186:C„1Ð xÈ Ð(1998)€(providing€for€the€furnishing€of€a€free€appropriate€publicÐ @ Ðeducation€to€children€with€educational€disabilities). ¹Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô20€U.S.C.€ðð€1415(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(2)(A)€states,€in€pertinent€part,€that€aÐ ° Ðparty€aggrieved€by€a€decision€of€a€State€education€agency€regardingÐ xÈ Ðthe€identification,€evaluation,€or€educational€placement€of€aÐ @ Ðchild,€or€the€provision€of€a€free€appropriate€education€for€a€childÐ X Ðshall€have€the€right€to€bring€a€civil€action€"in€a€district€courtÐ Ð  Ðof€the€United€States€without€regard€to€amount€in€controversy."€€(¤EGMSY_ekqAutoList14IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ÖëEGMU[agmsAutoList12I.(a)I.I.I.I.I.I. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNew€Hampshire€statutory€law€provides€that€a€child€placed€inÐ ° Ða€home€for€children€shall€attend€school€in€the€district€where€theÐ xÈ Ðhome€is€located.€€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðððð€193:12€V€and€193:28Ð @ Ð(1998).€€Those€statutes€and€other€relevant€New€Hampshire€statutesÐ X Ðpertaining€to€the€provision€of€special€education€services€toÐ Ð  Ðchildren€with€disabilities€are€cited€and€discussed€in€the€body€ofÐ ˜è Ðthe€opinion.€€They€are€also€set€out,€in€material€part,€in€anÐ ` ° ÐAppendix€at€the€end€of€this€opinion.(¤EGMSY_ekqAutoList13IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWhether€Kimberli€"resides€in"€New€Hampshire€or€in€Ohio,€asÐ ° Ðthat€phrase€is€used€in€the€IDEA,€is€therefore€not€a€question€weÐ xÈ Ðneed€decide€here€and€we€do€not€do€so.€€Congress's€intent€in€theÐ @ ÐIDEA€was,€at€a€minimum,€to€provide€a€free€appropriate€publicÐ X Ðeducation€to€all€disabled€children€residing€in€the€state.€€GivenÐ Ð  ÐCongress's€overall€wish€to€assist€children€with€disabilities,€itÐ ˜è Ðwould€make€little€sense€to€read€into€the€IDEA€an€impliedÐ ` °  Ðprohibition€forbidding€a€state€from€providing€public€educationalÐ ° Ðservices€to€children€like€Kimberli€who€are€present€in€the€stateÐ xÈ Ðalthough€their€parents€are€elsewhere.€€Whether€New€Hampshire€isÐ @ Ðmore€generous€than€is€strictly€required€for€it€to€meet€the€IDEA'sÐ X Ðminimum€standard€for€state€funding€is€not€a€matter€that€offendsÐ Ð  Ðagainst€Congress's€purposes€in€the€IDEA€nor€does€it€offend€anyÐ ˜è Ðspecific€language€in€the€IDEA.DI.(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý0U¢EGMSY_ekqAutoList18I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.OI. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€1997,€Congress€amended€the€IDEA€significantly.€€Pub.€L.Ð ° ÐNo.€105„17,€11€Stat.€37€(1997).€€The€litigation€predates€theÐ xÈ Ðamendments.€€The€Amendments€specified€that€they€would€"take€effectÐ @ Ðupon€the€enactment€of€this€Act,"€which€was€June€4,€1997.€Ð X ÐAmendments,€tit.€II,€ðð€201(a)(1).€€The€Amendments€nowhere€stateÐ Ð  Ðthat€they€apply€retroactively,€and€courts€addressing€the€effect€ofÐ ˜è Ðthe€Amendments€have€held€that€they€are€prospective€only.€€òòSeeóó,Ð ` ° Ðòòe.g.óó,€òòÔ_ÔPadillaÔ_Ôóó€v.€òòSch.€Dist.€No.1óó,€233€F.3d€1268,€1271€n.3€(10thòòóóÐ ( x ÐCir.€2000);€òòPeteróó€v.€òòÔ_ÔWedlÔ_Ôóó,€155€F.3d€992,€998€(8thòò€óóCir.€1998);Ð ð @ ÐòòHeather€S.óó€v.€òòWis.óó,€125€F.3d€1045,€1062€(7thòòóó€Cir.€1997);€òòCypress„Ð ¸   ÐFairbanks€Ô_ÔIndepÔ_Ô.€Sch.€Dist.óó€v.€òòMichael€F.óó,€118€F.3d€245,€247€n.1Ð € Ð  Ð(5thòò€óóCir.€1997).€€The€substance€of€the€provisions€at€issue€in€thisÐ H ˜  Ðopinion€remain€substantially€the€same€as€their€counterparts€in€theÐ `  ÐIDEA's€present€form.€€For€ease€of€reference,€we€cite€the€currentÐ Ø(  Ðversion€of€the€IDEA. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€Appendix€atÐ ° Ðthe€end€of€this€opinion. %Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€New€Hampshire€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€inÐ ° Ðthe€Appendix€at€the€end€of€this€opinion. dÝ ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute,€together€with€ðð€193:27€defining€"sendingÐ ° Ðdistrict,"€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€Appendix€at€the€endÐ xÈ Ðof€this€opinion. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€Appendix€atÐ ° Ðthe€end€of€this€opinion. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€AppendixÐ ° Ðat€the€end€of€this€opinion. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€AppendixÐ ° Ðat€the€end€of€this€opinion. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€AppendixÐ ° Ðat€the€end€of€this€opinion. Ý ƒ^X$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€"-X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€statute€is€set€out,€in€relevant€part,€in€the€AppendixÐ ° Ðat€the€end€of€this€opinion.Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRY,3Ø'Xà3Ø' Letter 3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑ ? ÑÙ*ƒ !ÙÔ€XuýXXXÔÔ€°ºÅ°XXuýÔò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÔ€„(„°°ºÅÔÐ ° ÐFor€the€First€Circuitó óÔ€„:l„„„(ÔÔ€X„ÕX„„:lÔÐ „Ô ÐÓ÷ÓÌÌßA€') °°` dE< ` AßÐ  à ÐÌÔ€ X"-XXX„ÕÔNo.€01„2454Ð u Å ÐÌà@˜ ˜ ìàMANCHESTER€SCHOOL€DISTRICT,ˆÐ  U ÐÌà@ ìàPlaintiff,€Appellant,ˆÐ • å  ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ %u  ÐÌà@$ $ ìàMARGARET€"PEGGY"€Ô_ÔCRISMANÔ_Ô,€AS€SURROGATE€PARENT€ˆÐ µ  ÐÓ  ÓFOR€Ô_ÔKIMBERLIÔ_Ô€M.,€and€PITTSFIELD€SCHOOL€DISTRICT,Ð }Í  ÐÓŒÓÌà@ÄÄìàDefendants,€Appellees.ˆÐ  ] ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<œ` AßÐ í ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€NEW€HAMPSHIREˆÐ T ÐÌà@èèìà[Hon.€Steven€J.€Ô_ÔMcAuliffeÔ_Ô,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ ”ä ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<#` AßÐ $t ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ ûK ÐÌÓ  Óà@@((ìà€Lynch,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,Ð ‹Û ÐCampbell€and€Magill,׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgesóó.Ð S£  ÐÌÌßA€') °°` dE<ª` AßÐ «û# ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àòòDean€B.€Ô_ÔEggertÔ_Ôóó€with€whom€òòPaul€L.€Appleóó€and€òòÔ_ÔWadleighÔ_Ô,€Starr€&Ð ‚ Ò% ÐPeters,€Ô_ÔP.L.L.C.Ô_Ôóó€were€on€brief€for€appellant.Ð J!š& Ðà  àòòLynn€Ô_ÔZygomontÔ_Ôóó€with€whom€òòRonald€K.€Ô_ÔLospennatoÔ_Ôóó€and€òòDisabilitiesÐ "b' ÐRights€Center,€Inc.óó€were€on€brief€for€appellee€Margaret€"Peggy"Ð Ú"*( ÐÔ_ÔCrismanÔ_Ô.Ð ¢#ò) Ðà  àòòJed€Z.€Ô_ÔCallenÔ_Ôóó€with€whom€òòBaldwin,€Ô_ÔCallenÔ_Ô,€Hogan€&€Ô_ÔKiddÔ_Ô,Ð j$º* ÐÔ_ÔP.L.L.C.Ô_Ôóó€was€on€brief€for€appellee€Pittsfield€School€District.Ð 2%‚ + ÐÌÔ*‹ƒ'ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ Â&"-Â&" ‹‹ÐÓ”ÓÐ SI&'v".  Râ@37521„„‰ Râ@‰‹‹SÐÌSeptember€23,€2002Ð î'>#0 ÐÐ RHC¶($1"  Râ@37521  Râ@ ‹‹RÐÐ(&'v"2  (ÐÌÐ  v*Æ%3? ÐÔ_ÔÙ* !ÙÑ  ÑÓÓÑ8€7"-7XXdÈdÈ8ÑÑ€8ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*ÓÑ€COaÑÝ ƒÿÝÝ  Ýò òà ` àCAMPBELL,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgeóó.ó ó€€At€issue€in€this€appealÐ ° Ðis€whether€the€Manchester€School€District€("MSD"),€a€schoolÐ à Ðdistrict€within€the€State€of€New€Hampshire,€has€a€continuing€dutyÐ  p Ðto€pay€for€the€special€education€expenses€of€Kimberli€M.Ð °  ÐÓ€ E(å£83Óà ` àKimberli,€now€fourteen€years€old,€is€a€developmentallyÐ @  Ðdelayed€child.€€Since€the€age€of€seven€months€she€has€lived€at€theÐ Ð   ÐBrock€Home,€a€state€licensed€home€for€children€located€inÐ `°  ÐPittsfield,€New€Hampshire.€€ØØBecause€the€home€for€children€whereÐ ð@  ÐKimberli€lives€is€located€within€the€Pittsfield€School€District,Ð €Ð  Ðshe€attends€school€there׃J×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×;€and€because€of€her€disabilities€sheÐ ` Ðreceives€special€education€services€under€provisions€of€federal€andÐ  ð Ðstate€law.׃FÐ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€But€because€state€educational€authorities€haveÐ 0€ Ðdetermined€that€MSD€was€Kimberli's€"sending€district,"€as€that€termÐ À Ðis€used€in€the€relevant€New€Hampshire€statutes,€òòinfraóó,€the€NewÐ P  ÐHampshire€Department€of€Education€("NHDOE")€requires€MSD€toÐ à0 Ðreimburse€the€Pittsfield€School€District€for€the€cost€of€theÐ pÀ Ðâ âeducational€services€furnished€by€the€latter€to€Kimberli.€Ð P  Ðà ` àMSD€strenuously€objects€to€being€held€financiallyÐ ° Ðâ âresponsible€for€Kimberli's€educational€expenses.€€It€points€outÐ @ Ðthat€Kimberli's€parents€are€not€New€Hampshire€residents.€€Born€inÐ Ð  ÐColorado,€Kimberli€came,€as€an€infant,€with€her€parents€toÐ ` ° ÐManchester,€New€Hampshire€in€1989,€where€she€was€severely€injuredÐ ð @ Ðin€an€accident.€€At€the€age€of€seven€months,€while€her€parents€wereÐ € Ð  Ðstill€in€Manchester,€she€was€placed,€with€the€assistance€of€NewÐ `  ÐHampshire€officials,€in€the€Brock€Home€in€Pittsfield,€NewÐ  ð  ÐHampshire.€€Soon€thereafter€her€parents€left€New€Hampshire,€leavingÐ 0€  ÐKimberli€in€the€Brock€Home€where€she€has€since€resided.€€In€1995,Ð À ÐKimberli's€parents€were€divorced,€with€Kimberli's€father€beingÐ P  Ðawarded€custody€of€the€children,€including€Kimberli,€in€a€divorceÐ à0 Ðdecree€issued€by€an€Ohio€court.€€Her€father€resides€in€Akron,€Ohio,Ð pÀ Ðand€apparently€remains€satisfied€with€Kimberli's€placement€in€NewÐ P ÐHampshire.€€Neither€parent€appears€to€be€involved€with€her€or€toÐ à Ðcontribute€to€her€support.Ð  p Ðà ` àIn€the€view€of€MSD,€Kimberli's€residence€has,€byÐ °  Ðoperation€of€law,€become€that€of€her€father,€making€her€an€OhioÐ @" Ðresident.€€MSD€resents€being€forced€to€pay€for€the€educationalÐ Ð $ Ðexpenses€of€a€minor€whom€it€regards€as€an€out„of„state€resident.€Ð `"°& ÐMSD€challenges€the€correctness€of€the€NHDOE's€interpretation€of€NewÐ ð#@( ÐHampshire€statutory€law€so€as€to€charge€MSD€for€Kimberli'sÐ €%Ð * Ðeducational€expenses.Ð '`", Ðà ` àAfter€failing€over€a€period€of€years€to€convince€NewÐ  (ð#. ÐHampshire€education€authorities€that€it€should€not€be€heldÐ 0*€%0 Ðresponsible€for€Kimberli's€educational€expenses,€MSD€sued€under€20Ð À+'2 ÐU.S.C.€ðð€1415(i)(2)(A),€in€the€United€States€District€Court€for€theÐ ° ÐDistrict€of€New€Hampshire.׃G×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Acting€on€cross€motions€for€summaryÐ @ Ðjudgment,€the€district€court€agreed€with€the€NHDOE's€interpretationÐ Ð  Ðof€state€law€imposing€liability€for€Kimberli's€educational€expensesÐ ` ° Ðupon€MSD€in€the€present€circumstances.€€This€appeal€followed.€€WeÐ ð @ Ðaffirm.Ð € Ð  ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£v ÝÔ2å£ÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝFACTSó ó݃3£v ¦ ÝŒÐ` ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àThis€case€was€disposed€of€in€the€district€court€on€cross„Ð ð@  Ðmotions€for€summary€judgment€filed€by€the€plaintiff„appellant,€MSD,Ð €Ð  Ðon€the€one€hand,€and,€on€the€other,€by€the€defendants„appellees,Ð ` ÐMargaret€"Peggy"€Crisman,€as€Surrogate€Parent€for€Kimberli€M.,€andÐ  ð Ðthe€Pittsfield€School€District.€€We€take€the€facts€from€theÐ 0€ Ðdocumentary€record€made€by€the€parties€in€connection€with€theirÐ À Ðcross„motions.Ð P  Ðà ` àKimberli€M.€was€born€on€September€5,€1988,€to€James€andÐ à0 ÐPaula€M.€in€Colorado.€€In€January€1989,€while€she€and€her€parentsÐ pÀ Ðwere€in€Manchester,€New€Hampshire,€Kimberli€was€the€victim€of€anÐ P  Ðaccident€that€left€her€blind€and€severely€developmentally€delayed.€Ð à" ÐFollowing€several€months€of€medical€treatment€in€Manchester,€NewÐ  !p$ ÐHampshire,€and€Boston,€Massachusetts,€Kimberli's€parents,€with€theÐ °"& Ðaid€of€the€New€Hampshire€Division€of€Children€and€Youth€Services,Ð @$( Ðplaced€Kimberli€in€the€Brock€Home,€located€in€Pittsfield,€NewÐ Ð% !* ÐHampshire,€a€"home€for€children"€licensed€by€the€New€HampshireÐ ° ÐDepartment€of€Mental€Health.€€òòSeeóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€193:27€I.׃R×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð @ ÐOn€the€application€for€placement,€Kimberli's€parents€listed€theirÐ Ð  Ðaddress€as€213€Pine€Street,€Manchester,€New€Hampshire.€€AlthoughÐ ` ° Ðthe€parents,€James€and€Paula€M.,€appear€to€have€retained€legalÐ ð @ Ðcustody€of€Kimberli€at€this€time,€they€had€little€or€no€contactÐ € Ð  Ðwith€her€after€she€went€to€the€Brock€Home.€€Her€parents€moved€toÐ `  ÐSouth€Carolina€shortly€after€Kimberli€was€placed€in€the€Brock€Home.Ð  ð  Ðà ` àBecause€of€her€several€disabilities,€Kimberli€wasÐ 0€  Ðentitled€under€federal€and€New€Hampshire€law€to€receive€specialÐ À Ðeducation€services€beginning€at€the€age€of€three.€€òòSeeóó€20€U.S.C.€ððÐ P  Ð1412(a)(1)(A);€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186„C:1.׃S ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€May€1992,€theÐ à0 ÐMoore€Center€Services,€Inc.,׃9x×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€on€behalf€of€Kimberli,€requested€theÐ pÀ ÐNHDOE€to€make€a€so„called€"district€of€liability"€determination€toÐ P Ðdecide€which€school€district€in€New€Hampshire,€if€any,€wasÐ à Ðresponsible€to€pay€for€the€expenses€of€Kimberli's€education.€€In€aÐ  p Ðâ âletter€dated€May€15,€1992,€the€NHDOE,€quoting€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.Ð °  Ððð€193:29׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€notified€MSD€that€MSD€was€the€district€of€liability€forÐ ° Ðâ âKimberli€because€it€was€the€district€in€which€Kimberli€had€"mostÐ @ Ðrecently€resided"€prior€to€her€placement€in€the€Brock€Home.€Ð Ð  ÐUnhappy€with€this€determination,€MSD€appealed€to€the€CommissionerÐ ` ° Ðof€Education,€Charles€H.€Marston.€€The€Commissioner€affirmed€theÐ ð @ ÐNHDOE's€decision,€and€MSD€sought€no€further€review€of€the€decisionÐ € Ð  Ðat€this€time€although€entitled€to€do€so.€€Therefore,€as€mattersÐ `  Ðstood,€while€Kimberli€would€attend€school€in€the€Pittsfield€SchoolÐ  ð  ÐDistrict€where€the€Brock€Home€was€located,€MSD€had€to€pay€for€herÐ 0€  Ðspecial€education€costs.€€Ð À Ðà ` àIn€1993,€James€M.,€Kimberli's€father,€relocated€fromÐ P  ÐSouth€Carolina€to€Akron,€Ohio€with€his€remaining€children.€€OnÐ à0 ÐFebruary€1,€1993,€Kimberli,€along€with€Mrs.€Brock€of€the€Brock€HomeÐ pÀ Ðand€an€assistant,€traveled€to€Ohio€to€visit€her€family.€€AccordingÐ P Ðto€MSD€(but€not€appellees),€there€was€some€thought€at€the€time€toÐ à Ðplace€Kimberli€in€a€facility€located€in€Ohio.€€The€attempted€OhioÐ  p Ðplacement,€if€it€was€such,€failed,€and€on€February€4,€1993,Ð °  ÐKimberli€was€returned€to€the€Brock€Home.€€MSD€believed€that€theÐ @" Ðout„of„state€trip€formed€a€basis€for€once€again€challenging€theÐ Ð $ Ð1992€NHDOE's€district€of€liability€determination.€€MSD€argued,€inÐ `"°& Ða€letter€to€the€NHDOE,€that€the€four„day€trip€constituted€a€moveÐ ð#@( Ðthat€altered€Kimberli's€residence,€thereby€relieving€MSD€of€furtherÐ €%Ð * Ðliability.€€The€NHDOE€rejected€MSD's€characterization.€€ItÐ '`", Ðdetermined€that€the€trip€to€Ohio€was€a€mere€visit€that€did€notÐ  (ð#. Ðconstitute€a€change€in€residence.€€Thus,€the€NHDOE€determined€thatÐ ° ÐMSD€remained€liable€for€Kimberli's€educational€expenses.€€MSD€didÐ @ Ðnot€seek€review€of€this€decision.Ð Ð  Ðà ` àAlso€in€1993,€the€NHDOE€appointed€an€educationalÐ ` ° Ðsurrogate€parent,€Margaret€"Peggy"€Crisman,€to€act€in€the€place€ofÐ ð @ ÐKimberli's€parents€for€purposes€of€making€educational€decisions.€Ð € Ð  ÐòòSeeóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186„C:14€III.׃U×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Since€her€appointment,Ð `  ÐMs.€Crisman€has€acted€on€Kimberli's€behalf€in€all€matters€relatedÐ  ð  Ðto€her€education.€€In€May€2000,€Ms.€Crisman€became€Kimberli's€legalÐ 0€  Ðguardian.׃B ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð À Ðà ` àIn€1995,€James€and€Paula€M.€were€divorced.€€James€M.€wasÐ P  Ðawarded€"residential€and€legal€custody"€of€their€four€children,Ð à0 Ðincluding€Kimberli.€€Focusing€on€the€1995€divorce€decree,€MSDÐ pÀ Ðpetitioned€the€NHDOE€for€yet€another€district€of€liabilityÐ P Ðdetermination.€€MSD€argued€that,€because€James€M.€had€been€awardedÐ à Ð"residential"€custody,€Kimberli,€a€minor,€had€become€a€resident€ofÐ  p ÐAkron,€Ohio,€where€her€father€resided.€€MSD€reasoned€that€Akron,Ð °  Ðand€not€Manchester,€was€liable€financially€for€Kimberli'sÐ @" Ðeducation.€€Consistent€with€this€theory,€MSD€administrativelyÐ Ð $ Ðdischarged€Kimberli€from€special€education€in€1996,€reiteratingÐ `"°& Ðthat€her€residence,€like€her€father's,€was€in€Akron,€Ohio.€€InÐ ð#@( Ðresponse,€Ms.€Crisman€requested€a€due€process€hearing€before€aÐ ° Ðhearing€officer€of€the€NHDOE.€€That€request€had€the€effect€ofÐ @ Ðtemporarily€maintaining€the€status€quo€as€to€Kimberli's€placementÐ Ð  Ðand€MSD's€liability€for€her€education€expenses.Ð ` ° Ðà ` àIn€January€1997,€the€hearing€officer€issued€a€decisionÐ ð @ Ðthat€the€doctrines€of€òòresóó€òòjudicataóó€and€collateral€estoppelÐ € Ð  Ðprevented€MSD€from€re„litigating€Kimberli's€residency.€€The€hearingÐ `  Ðofficer€determined€that€the€NHDOE's€1992€district€of€liabilityÐ  ð  Ðdecision€constituted€a€final€order€binding€upon€MSD.€€However,€theÐ 0€  Ðhearing€officer€allowed€MSD€to€"produce€evidence€to€demonstrateÐ À Ðchanged€circumstances€occurring€since€the€1992€DOL€determinationÐ P  Ðwhich€might€justify€a€different€result€.€.€.€."€€Ð à0 Ðà ` àSeeking€to€demonstrate€changed€circumstances,€MSD€arguedÐ pÀ Ðthat€Kimberli's€1993€trip€to€Ohio€and€the€divorce€decree€were€newÐ P Ðcircumstances€calling€for€a€different€district€of€liabilityÐ à Ðdetermination.€€The€hearing€officer€disagreed.€€She€determined€thatÐ  p Ðthe€1995€Ohio€divorce€decree,€granting€residential€custody€toÐ °  ÐKimberli's€father,€€did€not€affect€the€1992€district€of€liabilityÐ @" Ðdetermination.€€She€further€concluded€that€any€argument€that€theÐ Ð $ Ð1993€trip€to€Ohio€constituted€a€move€was€barred€by€the€statute€ofÐ `"°& Ðlimitations€pursuant€to€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186„C:16„b€I.׃V×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ð#@( Ðà ` àMSD€thereupon€brought€this€action€in€the€district€courtÐ €%Ð * Ðagainst€Crisman,€as€Kimberli's€surrogate€parent,€and€the€PittsfieldÐ '`", ÐSchool€District,€contesting€the€hearing€officer's€conclusion.€€òòSeeóóÐ  (ð#. Ðnote€3,€òòsupraóó.€€MSD€sought€a€determination€that€it€was€no€longerÐ ° Ðfinancially€liable€for€the€special€education€costs€associated€withÐ @ ÐKimberli's€education.€€While€the€case€was€pending€in€districtÐ Ð  Ðcourt,€New€Hampshire€amended€its€state€residency€laws€as€theyÐ ` ° Ðrelated€to€school€attendance.€€The€district€court€remanded€the€caseÐ ð @ Ðto€the€hearing€officer€to€determineÐ € Ð  ÐÓÓà8 ` àwhether€the€1998€amendments€to€RSA€193:12€(inÐ `  Ðconjunction€with€the€1995€divorce€decree)Ð Ø(  Ðoperated€to€effectuate€a€"change€inÐ  ð  Ðcircumstances"€(i.e.€changed€the€legalÐ h¸  Ðresidence€of€a€minor€child),€renderingÐ 0€  ÐKimberli€M.€no€longer€legally€resident€in€NewÐ øH  ÐHampshire€for€educational€purposes,€thereforeÐ À Ðrelieving€MSD€of€any€future€obligation€to€fundÐ ˆØ Ðher€special€education€(i.e.€thereby€justifyingÐ P  ÐMSD's€decision€to€prospectively€dischargeÐ h ÐKimberli€from€its€educational€responsibility).Ðà0` x` x ÐÌÓyFÓòòManchester€Sch.€Dist.óó€v.€òòMargaret€Crisman,€as€surrogate€Parent€forÐ pÀ ÐKimberli€M.€and€Pittsfield€Sch.€Dist.óó,€No.€97„632„M,€slip€op.€at€11Ð P Ð(D.N.H.€Mar.€5,€1999).Ð à Ðà ` àOn€remand,€the€hearing€officer€concluded€that€"MSDÐ  p Ðremains€legally€liable€for€Kimberli's€educational€costs[]€based€onÐ °  Ðher€placement€in€a€home€for€children€pursuant€to€RSA€193:27„29."€Ð @" ÐòòIn€re€Kimberli€M.óó,€IDPH€96„32€at€15€(New€Hampshire€Dept.€of€Ed.Ð Ð $ ÐAugust€4,€1999).€€The€hearing€officer€concluded€that€the€statutoryÐ `"°& Ðchanges€to€New€Hampshire€residency€law€had€no€legal€bearing€onÐ ð#@( ÐKimberli's€right€to€special€education€in€New€Hampshire€or€MSD'sÐ €%Ð * Ðliability€for€that€education.€€As€an€alternative€holding,€theÐ '`", Ðhearing€officer€also€ruled€that,€based€on€the€facts€before€her,Ð  (ð#. ÐKimberli,€although€an€unemancipated€minor,€could€establishÐ 0*€%0 Ðresidency€in€New€Hampshire.€€òòId.óó€at€12.€€If€this€were€so,€theÐ À+'2 ÐPittsfield€School€District,€and€not€MSD,€would€be€liable€for€theÐ ° Ðcosts€of€Kimberli's€education€under€New€Hampshire€law.€€RecognizingÐ @ Ðthe€potential€implications€of€her€decision,€the€hearing€officerÐ Ð  Ðstated€"this€finding€of€Kimberli's€residency€is€secondary€to€myÐ ` ° Ðprimary€ruling€that€MSD€is€responsible€for€the€cost€of€educatingÐ ð @ ÐKimberli€.€.€.€and€should€not€be€construed€as€placing€an€obligationÐ € Ð  Ðupon€Pittsfield€.€.€.€."€€òòId.óó€at€14.Ð `  Ðà ` àAt€MSD's€request,€the€federal€case€was€reopened€and€MSD€Ð  ð  Ðopposed€the€hearing€officer's€primary€ruling€that€it€was€ultimatelyÐ 0€  Ðliable€for€the€costs€of€Kimberli's€education.€€The€PittsfieldÐ À ÐSchool€District€contested€the€hearing€officer's€secondary€holdingÐ P  Ðthat€Kimberli€could€establish€residency€in€Pittsfield.€€TheÐ à0 Ðparties,€including€Crisman€on€behalf€of€Kimberli,€made€cross„Ð pÀ Ðmotions€for€summary€judgment.€€MSD€argued€that,€pursuant€to€theÐ P Ðnewly€amended€section€193:12€II(a)(2)׃W×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€the€1995€divorce€decree,Ð à ÐKimberli's€legal€residence€was€now€Akron,€Ohio€and€as€such,€AkronÐ  p Ðand€not€MSD€was€liable€for€the€costs€of€her€special€education.€Ð °  ÐPittsfield€contended€that€the€hearing€officer's€conclusion€thatÐ @" ÐKimberli€had€become€a€resident€of€Pittsfield€contradicted€theÐ Ð $ Ðlegislative€purpose€behind€section€193:29.׃X ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Crisman€asserted€thatÐ `"°& Ðthe€hearing€officer€had€correctly€interpreted€and€applied€the€law.Ð ð#@( Ðà ` àAfter€requesting€additional€briefing€and€carefullyÐ €%Ð * Ðreviewing€the€statutory€language€and€relevant€case€law,€theÐ '`", Ðdistrict€court€agreed€with€the€decision€of€the€hearing€officer€andÐ ° Ðgranted€Kimberli€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòManchester€Sch.Ð @ ÐDist.óó€v.€òòMargaret€Crisman,€as€surrogate€parent€for€Kimberli€M.,€andÐ Ð  ÐPittsfield€Sch.€Dist.óó,€No.€97„632„M,€2001€WL€920056,€at€*3€(D.N.H.Ð ` ° ÐJuly€31,€2001).€€The€district€court€concluded€that€Kimberli€had€aÐ ð @ Ð"placement„based€right"€to€special€education€in€New€Hampshire€andÐ € Ð  Ðthat€MSD€was€liable€for€her€educational€costs.€€Ð `  Ðà ` àJudgment€originally€entered€on€August€1,€2001.€€PursuantÐ  ð  Ðto€Fed.€R.€Civ.€P.€59(e),€Manchester€filed€a€Motion€to€Alter€orÐ 0€  ÐAmend€the€Judgment€and€requested€that€the€district€court€certifyÐ À Ðthe€state€law€questions€to€the€New€Hampshire€Supreme€Court.€€OnÐ P  ÐSeptember€17,€2001,€the€district€court€issued€an€order€denying€theÐ à0 Ðmotion.€€Meanwhile,€on€August€15,€2001,€Crisman€filed€a€Motion€forÐ pÀ ÐReasonable€Attorneys'€Fees.€€The€district€court€extended€the€timeÐ P Ðfor€filing€an€appeal€until€disposition€of€this€motion€as€allowed€byÐ à ÐRule€4(a)(4)€of€the€Federal€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€InÐ  p Ðaccordance€with€the€orders€entered€August€1€and€September€17,€2001,Ð °  Ðpost„judgment€judgment€was€entered€on€October€10,€2001.€€The€timeÐ @" Ðfor€filing€an€appeal€began€to€run€at€this€time.€€This€appeal€timelyÐ Ð $ Ðfollowed.ò òÐ `"°& ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¬\ÝÔ2å£ÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝDISCUSSION݃3£¬\Ù\ÝŒÐð#@(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àó óThe€basic€question€on€appeal,€as€it€was€below,€is€whetherÐ Ð% !* ÐMSD€is€financially€liable€for€the€costs€of€the€special€educationÐ `'°", Ðbeing€furnished€to€Kimberli€by€the€Pittsfield€School€District.€€AllÐ ð(@$. Ðâ âparties€agree€that,€while€she€is€living€at€the€Brock€Home,€KimberliÐ €*Ð%0 Ðwill€attend€school€in€the€Pittsfield€School€District.׃:×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€onlyÐ ° Ðâ âissue€remaining,€as€a€practical€matter,€is€which€school€districtÐ @ Ðpays€for€the€costs€associated€with€the€"free€appropriate€publicÐ Ð  Ðeducation"€guaranteed€to€children€with€educational€disabilities.€Ð ` ° ÐWhile€MSD€contends€that€Kimberli€is€an€Ohio€resident€and€that€OhioÐ ð @ Ðshould€therefore€provide€and€finance€her€special€education,€thereÐ € Ð  Ðis€no€Ohio€party€involved€here€and€no€form€of€relief€of€this€natureÐ `  Ðis€being€sought€or€is€available€in€this€proceeding.Ð  ð  Ðà ` àMSD€proffers€several€arguments€to€support€its€contentionÐ 0€  Ðthat€it€is€not€financially€liable€for€the€costs€of€Kimberli'sÐ À Ðeducation.€€MSD€first€argues€that,€pursuant€to€the€Individuals€withÐ P  ÐDisabilities€in€Education€Act€("IDEA"),€20€U.S.C.€ðð€1412(1)(A)׃QÐ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,Ð à0 Ðand€the€recently€amended€New€Hampshire€law,€a€New€Hampshire€SchoolÐ pÀ ÐDistrict€is€not€liable€for€special€education€programming€of€aÐ ° Ðstudent€whose€parents€do€not€reside€in€the€state.€€Second,€MSDÐ @ Ðcontends,€even€if€a€"placement„based€right"€exists€under€NewÐ Ð  ÐHampshire€law,€it€does€not€apply€in€Kimberli's€case€because€she€wasÐ ` ° Ðnot€properly€"placed"€at€the€Brock€Home€within€the€meaning€of€theÐ ð @ Ðstatute.€€Third,€MSD€avers€that,€in€the€event€this€court€agreesÐ € Ð  Ðthat€Kimberli€was€placed€in€the€Brock€Home,€òòresóó€òòjudicataóó€does€notÐ `  Ðbar€it€from€re„litigating€the€1992€district€of€liabilityÐ  ð  Ðdetermination€based€on€a€significant€change€in€circumstances.€Ð 0€  ÐFinally,€MSD€urges€this€court,€in€light€of€the€recent€amendments,Ð À Ðto€certify€to€the€New€Hampshire€Supreme€Court€the€question€ofÐ P  Ðwhether€a€New€Hampshire€school€district€remains€liable€for€theÐ à0 Ðcosts€of€a€student's€special€education€if€the€parents€reside€out€ofÐ pÀ Ðstate.Ð P Ðà ` àThe€district€court€rejected€each€of€the€above€arguments.€Ð à ÐIt€determined€that€state€law,€and€not€the€IDEA,€dictated€theÐ  p Ðfinancial€liability€of€individual€local€school€districts€for€theÐ °  Ðcosts€of€a€free€and€appropriate€public€education.€€Then,€afterÐ @" Ðexamining€the€relevant€New€Hampshire€law,€the€court€concluded,€asÐ Ð $ Ða€matter€of€law,€that€the€1998€amendments€to€section€193:12€did€notÐ `"°& Ðaffect€the€original€district€of€liability€determination€made€by€theÐ ð#@( ÐNHDOE.€€Based€on€the€language€of€the€New€Hampshire€statutes€theÐ €%Ð * Ðcourt€determined€that:€€(1)€New€Hampshire€law€allowed€for€an€in„Ð '`", Ðstate€school€district€to€pay€for€the€special€education€costs€of€aÐ  (ð#. Ðchild€whose€parents€reside€outside€the€state;€and€(2)€Kimberli€wasÐ 0*€%0 Ð"placed"€in€the€Brock€Home€as€required€by€statute.€€Finally,€itÐ À+'2 Ðdenied€MSD's€post„judgment€request€for€certification,€viewing€it€asÐ ° Ða€belated€procedural€maneuver€designed€to€prolong€litigation.Ð @ Ðà ` àBecause€this€case€involves€only€questions€of€law€„€theÐ Ð  Ðinterpretation€of€federal€and€state€statutes€„€we€review€theÐ ` ° Ðdistrict€court's€conclusions€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.Ø! !Ø€€òòRochester€Ford€Sales,€Inc.óóÐ ð @ Ðv.€òòFord€Motor€Co.óó,€287€F.3d€32,€38€(1st€Cir.€2002);€òòG.D.óó€v.Ð € Ð  ÐòòWestmoreland€Sch.€Dist.óó,€930€F.2d€942,€945€(1st€Cir.€1991).€€WhileÐ `  Ðour€review€is€plenary,€New€Hampshire,€like€most€states,€gives€someÐ  ð  Ðdeference€to€the€reasonable€interpretation€of€a€state€statute€byÐ 0€  Ðthe€state€administrative€agency€charged€with€the€responsibility€ofÐ À Ðenforcing€that€statute.€€òòIn€re€Markievitzóó,€606€A.2d€800,€802€(N.H.Ð P  Ð1992);€òòChambersóó€v.€òòGeigeróó,€573€A.2d€1356,€1358€(N.H.€1990).€€OnÐ à0 Ðissues€lacking€an€overriding€federal€concern,€both€federalism€andÐ pÀ Ðcomity€suggest€we€look€at€the€NHDOE's€interpretations€in€a€similarÐ P Ðlight.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€the€United€States€has€admonishedÐ à Ðfederal€courts,€when€reviewing€cases€under€the€IDEA,€to€take€greatÐ  p Ðcare€not€to€displace€the€educational€policy€judgments€made€by€stateÐ °  Ðand€local€public€education€officials.€€òòSeeóó€òòBd.€of€Educ.€of€theÐ @" ÐHendrick€Hudson€Cent.€Sch.€Dist.óó€v.€òòRowleyóó,€458€U.S.€176,€206Ð Ð $ Ð(1982).€€Ð `"°& Ðò òÓ€ 1(ú½88EÓA.à0 ` àFederal€Law€and€Financial€Liabilityó óÐð#@(` (#` (# Ðà ` àIn€its€brief,€MSD€asserts€that€"[a]€New€Hampshire€schoolÐ Ð% !* Ðdistrict€is€not€required€by€the€[IDEA]€to€pay€for€the€specialÐ `'°", Ðeducation€programming€of€a€student€whose€parents€did€not€and€do€notÐ ð(@$. Ðreside€in€either€that€district€or€the€State€of€New€Hampshire."€€MSDÐ €*Ð%0 Ðargues€from€this€assumption€that€the€IDEA€dictates€that€financialÐ ,`'2 Ðliability€for€special€education€be€determined€by€a€student's€legalÐ ° Ðresidency€and€not€by€any€other€criterion.€€Because€Kimberli€is€not,Ð @ Ðin€MSD's€view,€a€"legal€resident"€of€New€Hampshire,€MSD€says€thatÐ Ð  Ðit€cannot€be€held€liable€for€her€education€costs.€€Ð ` ° Ðà ` àContrary€to€MSD's€position,€however,€the€IDEA€contains€noÐ ð @ Ðprovision€dictating€which€district€or€agency€within€a€state€mustÐ € Ð  Ðassume€financial€liability€for€special€education€services.€€TheÐ `  ÐIDEA€nowhere€purports€to€allocate€financial€liability€among€theÐ  ð  Ðmultitude€of€school€districts€housed€within€the€fifty€states.€€AndÐ 0€  Ðwhile€the€IDEA,€as€a€condition€of€federal€funding€for€any€state,Ð À Ðrequires€a€state€to€provide€a€free€appropriate€public€education€toÐ P  Ðchildren€with€disabilities€"residing€in€the€State,"€ððÐ à0 Ð1412(a)(1)(A),€it€does€not€purport€to€limit€the€provision€of€suchÐ pÀ Ðan€education€to€children€who€fit€that€standard,€howeverÐ P Ðinterpreted.€€"Residing€in"€could,€of€course,€include€children€likeÐ à ÐKimberli,€who€have€resided€since€infancy€in€a€New€Hampshire€home.€Ð  p ÐBut€even€if€the€phrase€were€interpreted€to€exclude€a€minor€likeÐ °  ÐKimberli€the€IDEA€does€not€forbid€a€state€from€providing€andÐ @" Ðfunding€a€free€appropriate€public€education€to€a€disabled€child€whoÐ Ð $ Ðmay€not€be€a€domiciliary€of€that€state€even€if,€arguably,€the€stateÐ `"°& Ðis€not€required€to€do€so€and€the€child€may€in€fact€be€a€chargeÐ ð#@( Ðunder€the€IDEA€upon€the€custodial€parent's€state.׃L×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð €%Ð * Ðà ` àThe€federal€statute,€as€we€say,€leaves€the€assignment€andÐ ° Ðallocation€of€financial€responsibility€for€special€education€costÐ @ Ðof€local€school€districts€to€each€individual€state's€legislature.€Ð Ð  ÐThe€IDEA€provides€states€with€federal€funds€to€help€defray€theÐ ` ° Ðcosts€of€educating€children€with€disabilities.€€It€requires,€as€aÐ ð @ Ðcondition€of€the€receipt€of€federal€financial€assistance,€that€aÐ € Ð  ÐState€enact€the€policies€and€procedures€necessary€to€ensure€thatÐ `  Ðthe€mandates€of€the€statute€are€met.€€òòSeeóó€20€U.S.C.€ðð€1412;€34Ð  ð  ÐC.F.R.€ðð€300.600(b).€€This€duty€includes€the€allocation€ofÐ 0€  Ðfinancial€responsibility€for€certain€special€education€services.€ððÐ À Ð1412(a)(12)(A)(ii).€€But€it€is€the€New€Hampshire€legislature,€andÐ P  Ðnot€Congress,€that€assigns€and€allocates€liability€for€the€expensesÐ à0 Ðincurred€by€a€school€district€administering€the€mandates€of€theÐ pÀ ÐIDEA.Ð P Ðà ` àThe€cases€cited€by€MSD€are€not€to€the€contrary.€€òòSeeóó,Ð à Ðòòe.g.óó,€òòCatlinóó€v.€òòSobolóó,€93€F.3d€1112,€1115€(2d€Cir.€1996);€òòWiseóó€v.Ð  p ÐòòOhio€Dept.€of€Ed.óó,€80€F.3d€177,€182€(6th€Cir.€1996);€òòNewton€Pub.Ð °  ÐSchs.óó,€25€IDELR€107€(1996).€€While€each€court€assigned€financialÐ @" Ðliability€to€the€school€district€where€the€parent€resided,€theÐ Ð $ Ðdetermination€was€based€on€an€interpretation€of€the€law€of€theÐ `"°& Ðrelevant€state€and€the€particular€facts€of€the€case.€€òòCatlinóó,€93Ð ð#@( ÐF.3d€at€1114€(interpreting€New€York€law);€òòWiseóó,€80€F.3d€at€182Ð €%Ð * Ð(interpreting€Ohio€law);€òòNewton€Pub.€Schs.óó,€25€IDELR€at€107Ð ° Ð(interpreting€Massachusetts€law).€€While€courts€have€sometimesÐ @ Ðsuggested€that€there€is€a€presumption€that€the€residency€of€theÐ Ð  Ðstudent's€parents€dictates€which€school€district€bears€theÐ ` ° Ðresponsibility€for€meeting€the€requirements€of€the€IDEA,€òòseeóóÐ ð @ ÐòòCatlinóó,€93€F.3d€at€1122,€no€court€has€stated€that€the€IDEA€itselfÐ € Ð  Ðmandates€that€a€state€make€determinations€of€school€districtÐ `  Ðliability€based€invariably€on€the€parent's€residency.€Ð  ð  Ðà ` àWe€therefore€agree€with€the€district€court€that€the€IDEAÐ 0€  Ðneither€dictates€the€financial€liability€of€particular€schoolÐ À Ðdistricts€nor€prevents€a€state€from€enacting€laws€providing€for€theÐ P  Ðpayment€of€the€special€education€costs€of€a€child€living€at€aÐ à0 Ðschool€within€the€state€whose€parents€reside€outside€the€state.€Ð pÀ ÐPut€another€way,€it€is€to€New€Hampshire€law,€not€federal€law,€toÐ P Ðwhich€we€must€look€to€determine€whether€MSD€must€pay€for€Kimberli'sÐ à Ðspecial€education€costs.Ø! !ØÐ  p ÐÓ€ ;(zù881ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£[ŠÝÔ2zùÔÚ  ÚBÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝState€Law€and€Liabilityó ó݃3£[Š‹ŠÝŒÐ° ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ€ (@™08;Óà ` àThe€New€Hampshire€legislature€has€provided€a€statutoryÐ à" Ðframework€for€assigning€responsibility€for€special€education€costsÐ  !p$ Ðas€part€of€the€state's€responsibility€to€ensure€that€children€withÐ °"& Ðeducational€disabilities€receive€a€free€appropriate€education€asÐ @$( Ðmandated€by€federal€law.€€òòSeeóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€186„C:1,€òòetóóÐ Ð% !* Ðòòseq.óó€€Section€186„C:13׃Y×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€entitled€"Liability€for€Expenses,"Ð `'°", Ðprovides€that€when€a€child€with€educational€disabilities€is€placedÐ ð(@$. Ðin€a€"home€for€children"€the€liability€for€expenses€is€determinedÐ ° Ðin€accordance€with€section€193:29.€€Section€193:29€states€that€forÐ @ Ðany€child€"placed€and€cared€for€in€a€home€for€children,€the€sendingÐ Ð  Ðdistrict€shall€make€payments€to€the€receiving€district."€€TheÐ ` ° Ðstatute€defines€sending€and€receiving€district€as€follows:Ð ð @ Ðà ` àò ò193:27€Definitionsó óÐ € Ð  ÐÓ€ -(…h80ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓÓà8 ` àà ¨ àÝ‚3£‘ÝÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` x` xàÝ  Ý"Sending€district"€means€theÐ `°  Ðschool€district€in€which€the€childÐ (x  Ðmost€recently€resided€other€thanÐ ð@  Ðin€a€home€for€children,€the€homeÐ ¸  Ðof€a€relative€or€friend€in€whichÐ €Ð  Ðthe€child€is€placed€by€theÐ H˜  Ðdepartment€of€health€and€humanÐ ` Ðservices€or€a€court€of€competentÐ Ø( Ðjurisdiction€.€.€.,€health€careÐ  ð Ðfacility,€or€state€institution,€ifÐ h¸ Ðsuch€child€is€not€in€the€legalÐ 0€ Ðcustody€of€a€parent€or€if€theÐ øH Ðparent€resides€outside€the€state;Ð À Ðif€the€child€is€retained€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðlegal€custody€of€a€parent€residingÐ P  Ðwithin€the€state,€"sendingÐ h Ðdistrict"€means€the€schoolÐ à0 Ðdistrict€in€which€the€parentÐ ¨ø Ðresides€.€.€.€.Ó.‘Ó݃3£‘X‘ÝŒÐpÀxx ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓÓà8 ` àà ¨ àÝ‚3£À•ÝÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` x` xàÝ  Ý"Receiving€district"€means€theÐ P  Ðschool€district€in€which€the€homeÐ È! Ðfor€children€or€health€careÐ à" Ðfacility€is€located€.€.€.€.݃3£À•–ÝŒÐX ¨#xx ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àÌÓí•ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓÓà8 ` àà ¨ àÝ‚3£’—ÝÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚVIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` x` xàÝ  Ý"School€district"€means€a€schoolÐ è!8% Ðdistrict€in€the€state.݃3£’—é—݌а"&xx ÐŒÝ  Ýà8 ` àà ¨ àÓ¿—Óò òó óÐ ` x` x Ðà ` àThe€district€court€concluded€that€MSD€was€the€"sendingÐ %X ) Ðdistrict"€and€thus€liable€for€the€special€education€services€thatÐ ˜&è!+ ÐKimberli€receives€from€the€Pittsfield€School€District.€€MSD€attacksÐ ((x#- Ðthe€district€court's€determination€that€it€is€the€"sendingÐ ¸)%/ Ðdistrict"€in€three€ways.€€First,€MSD€argues€that€it€can€no€longerÐ H+˜&1 Ðbe€considered€the€"sending€district"€because€the€1998€amendments€toÐ ° Ðsection€193:12€establish€that€Kimberli€is€not€a€"legal€resident"€ofÐ @ ÐNew€Hampshire.€€Second,€MSD€avers€that€it€is€not€the€"sendingÐ Ð  Ðdistrict"€because,€based€on€the€new€definition€of€"legal€resident"Ð ` ° Ðcontained€in€193:12,€Kimberli€never€"resided"€in€Manchester€priorÐ ð @ Ðto€her€placement€at€the€Brock€Home.€€Third,€it€contends€thatÐ € Ð  ÐKimberli€was€not€"placed"€in€the€Brock€Home€within€the€meaning€ofÐ `  Ðthe€statute€because€her€placement€was€not€facilitated€by€the€NewÐ  ð  ÐHampshire€Department€of€Health€and€Human€Services€or€by€courtÐ 0€  Ðorder.Ð À Ðà ` àMSD's€first€two€arguments,€that€the€amendments€to€sectionÐ P  Ð193:12€relieve€it€of€liability,€are€without€merit.€€MSD's€attemptÐ à0 Ðto€make€section€193:12,€and€the€definition€of€"legal€resident"€forÐ pÀ Ðpurposes€of€school€attendance,€the€focal€point€of€the€financialÐ P Ðliability€determination€for€special€education€costs€is€a€redÐ à Ðherring.€€The€definition€of€legal€resident€contained€in€sectionÐ  p Ð193:12€does€not€affect€the€particular€statutory€provisions€on€whichÐ °  ÐMSD's€liability€to€Kimberli€turns.€Ð @" Ðà ` àSection€193:12€makes€provisions€for€where€students€mayÐ Ð $ Ðattend€school.€€The€1998€amendments׃<×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€to€193:12€provided€that€aÐ `"°& Ðchild€may€not€attend€a€school€in€a€district€in€which€he€or€she€isÐ ð#@( Ðnot€a€legal€resident€òòexceptóó€in€defined€circumstances.€€One€of€theÐ €%Ð * Ðdefined€circumstances,€of€particular€relevance€to€Kimberli'sÐ '`", Ðsituation,€is€that€a€child€placed€and€cared€for€in€a€home€forÐ ° Ðchildren€may€attend€the€public€school€in€which€the€home€forÐ @ Ðchildren€is€located.€€ðð€193:12€V.€€Thus,€pursuant€to€sectionÐ Ð  Ð193:12,€Kimberli€is€appropriately€attending€school€in€theÐ ` ° ÐPittsfield€School€District€„€an€issue€not€in€dispute.Ð ð @ Ðà ` àTo€the€extent€that€section€193:12€addresses€financialÐ € Ð  Ðliability€rather€than€only€the€place€of€school€attendance,€itÐ `  Ðfollows€the€framework€developed€in€section€186„C:13.€€Paragraph€XÐ  ð  Ðof€section€193:12,€also€added€in€1998,€provided€that€"[f]or€theÐ 0€  Ðpurpose€of€determining€liability€for€a€child€placed€or€cared€for€inÐ À Ðany€home€for€children€or€health€care€facility,€the€provisions€ofÐ P  ÐRSA€193:29€shall€apply."€€The€legislature€thus€retained€in€1998€theÐ à0 Ðexisting€provision€fixing€the€liability€for€the€education€ofÐ pÀ Ðstudents,€like€Kimberli,€placed€in€a€home€for€children.€€SectionÐ P Ð193:29,€as€already€noted,€provides€that€for€any€"child€placed€in€aÐ à Ðhome€for€children,€the€sending€district€shall€make€payment€to€theÐ  p Ðreceiving€district."€€Thus,€whether€the€liability€analysis€beginsÐ °  Ðwith€section€186„C:13€or€section€193:12,€it€proceeds€to€sectionÐ @" Ð193:29€and,€eventually,€to€the€definition€of€"sending€district."Ð Ð $ Ðà ` àMSD's€further€contention,€that€it€is€no€longer€theÐ `"°& Ð"sending€district"€because€the€new€definition€of€"legal€resident"Ð ð#@( Ðcontained€in€section€193:12€altered€the€meaning€of€"resided"€forÐ €%Ð * Ðpurposes€of€determining€the€"sending€district,"€is€unavailing.€€Ð '`", ÐAccording€to€MSD,€because€Kimberli's€parent€were€never€"legalÐ  (ð#. Ðresidents"€of€Manchester,€Kimberli€could€not€have€"resided"€inÐ 0*€%0 ÐManchester€prior€to€her€placement.Ð À+'2 Ðà ` àContrary€to€MSD's€position,€the€definition€of€"sendingÐ ° Ðdistrict"€explicitly€accounts€for€a€situation€in€which€a€childÐ @ Ðattends€school€in€New€Hampshire€and€the€parents€reside€outside€theÐ Ð  Ðstate.€€In€those€cases,€the€"sending€district"€is€the€schoolÐ ` ° Ðdistrict€in€which€the€child€"most€recently€resided"€prior€toÐ ð @ Ðplacement€in€the€home€for€children.€€The€New€Hampshire€SupremeÐ € Ð  ÐCourt€has€interpreted€the€phrase€"most€recently€resided"€to€meanÐ `  Ðthe€district€in€which€the€child€lived€prior€to€his€or€her€placementÐ  ð  Є€regardless€of€legal€residency.€€òòSeeóó€òòIn€re€Gary€B.óó,€466€A.2d€929,Ð 0€  Ð932€(N.H.€1983)€(concluding€in€the€context€of€193:27€that€residedÐ À Ð"refers€to€the€place€where€the€a€child€actually€lived€.€.€.€ratherÐ P  Ðthan€to€legal€residence€or€domicile").€€òòAccordóó€New€Hampshire€Att'yÐ à0 ÐGen.€Op.€No.€85„17€(1985).Ð pÀ Ðà ` àThe€legislature,€when€it€amended€the€definition€ofÐ P Ð"sending€district"€in€1998,€kept€the€language€"in€which€a€childÐ à Ðmost€recently€resided."€€The€Legislature€is€presumed€to€have€beenÐ  p Ðcognizant€of€the€judicial€interpretation€placed€upon€the€phraseÐ °  Ð"most€recently€resided"€and€"to€have€adopted€that€construction,€inÐ @" Ðthe€absence€of€any€change€in€the€phraseology€used€or€otherÐ Ð $ Ðcompetent€evidence€of€a€different€purpose."€€òòWatermanóó€v.€òòTown€ofÐ `"°& ÐLebanonóó,€95€A.€657,€658€(N.H.€1915);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòIn€re€CignaÐ ð#@( ÐHealthcare,€Inc.óó,€777€A.2d€884,€889€(N.H.€2001).€€If€the€NewÐ €%Ð * ÐHampshire€legislature€had€intended€to€alter€the€law€with€regards€toÐ '`", Ðliability€determinations,€as€it€did€for€attendance,€it€would€haveÐ  (ð#. Ðamended€the€language€of€the€statute€to€reflect€such€a€change.€€ItÐ 0*€%0 Ðdid€not.€€€€Ð À+'2 ÐÑCOaÑâ CâÑ°°Ñâ CâÑ  Ñà ` àMSD's€third€argument,€that€Kimberli€was€not€"placed"€inÐ ° Ðthe€Brock€Home€within€the€meaning€of€the€statute€because€herÐ @ Ðplacement€was€not€facilitated€by€the€New€Hampshire€Department€ofÐ Ð  ÐHealth€and€Human€Services€or€by€court€order,€is€not€supported€byÐ ` ° Ðthe€statute€or€the€record.€€MSD€grounds€its€argument€in€the€1998Ð ð @ Ðamendments€to€section€193:27€that€inserted€into€the€definition€ofÐ € Ð  Ð"sending€district"€the€phrase€"the€home€of€a€relative€or€friend€inÐ `  Ðwhich€the€child€is€placed€by€the€department€of€health€and€humanÐ  ð  Ðservices€or€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction"€following€a€"homeÐ 0€  Ðfor€children."€€MSD€argues€that€the€phrase€"placed€by€theÐ À Ðdepartment€of€health€and€human€services€or€court€of€competentÐ P  Ðjurisdiction"€now€modifies€the€phrase€"home€for€children."Ð à0 Ðà ` àMSD's€suggested€interpretation€is€not€supported€by€theÐ pÀ Ðstructure€or€language€of€the€statute.€€As€noted€by€the€districtÐ P Ðcourt,€the€use€of€commas€to€separate€the€phrases€plainly€shows€anÐ à Ðintent€by€the€legislature€to€limit€the€placed„by„the„stateÐ  p Ðqualifier€to€the€"home€of€a€relative€or€friend."€€The€state„Ð °  Ðinvolved€limitation€on€the€placement€of€a€child€with€a€relative€orÐ @" Ðfriend€was€apparently€intended€to€curb€potential€abuse€of€theÐ Ð $ Ðeducational€system.€€When€children€are€placed€with€a€relative€orÐ `"°& Ðfriend€other€than€by€state€or€court€direction€the€parents€mayÐ ð#@( Ðsimply€be€sending€their€children€off€to€cities€or€towns€with€betterÐ €%Ð * Ðschools€so€as€to€obtain€a€public€education€believed€to€be€superiorÐ '`", Ðto€that€available€in€the€parents'€hometown.€€In€that€instance,€theÐ  (ð#. Ðdistrict€where€the€parents€reside€should€not€be,€(and€pursuant€toÐ 0*€%0 Ð193:27€is€not),€financially€liable€for€the€child's€education€andÐ À+'2 Ðthus€would€not€qualify€as€the€"sending€district."€€In€contrast,Ð ° Ðplacing€a€child€in€a€home€for€children€is€not€likely€to€be€aÐ @ Ðsubterfuge€for€securing€whatever€extra€educational€benefits€theÐ Ð  Ðhome's€school€district€may€provide.€€And€to€require€a€child€livingÐ ` ° Ðat€such€a€home€to€attend€school€elsewhere,€perhaps€at€a€greatÐ ð @ Ðdistance,€could€be€either€impossible€or€enormously€difficult.€€Ð € Ð  Ðà ` àWhile,€therefore,€the€clause€cited€by€MSD€calling€forÐ `  Ðdepartmental€or€court€placement€does€not€apply€to€minors€likeÐ  ð  ÐKimberli€placed€in€a€home€for€children,€we€note€that€the€instantÐ 0€  Ðrecord€reveals€that€the€New€Hampshire€Department€of€Health€andÐ À ÐHuman€Services€òòwasóó€involved€with€Kimberli's€placement€in€the€BrockÐ P  ÐHome.€€A€file€memorandum€from€the€Moore€Agency,€dated€May€22,€1989,Ð à0 Ðstates€that€Kimberli€was€placed€in€the€Brock€Home€"by€her€parents[]Ð pÀ Ðfollowing€the€recommendation€of€State€Welfare."€€Paula€M.,€in€aÐ P Ðletter€to€the€New€Hampshire€Bureau€of€Special€Education€ServicesÐ à Ðdated€May€26,€1992,€states€that€she€and€Kimberli's€father€placedÐ  p ÐKimberli€at€the€Brock€Home€with€the€assistance€of€the€Department€ofÐ °  ÐChildren€and€Youth€Services.€€Further,€Kimberli€was€and€is€a€clientÐ @" Ðof€the€Moore€Center€Services,€Inc.,€an€agency€which€is€part€of€theÐ Ð $ ÐState€of€New€Hampshire's€service€delivery€system€for€persons€withÐ `"°& Ðdevelopment€disabilities,€which€has€funded€and€supervisedÐ ð#@( ÐKimberli's€placement€since€April€11,€1989.€€Thus,€however€one€readsÐ €%Ð * Ðthe€statute,€Kimberli's€placement€in€a€home€for€children€wasÐ '`", Ðclosely€under€the€auspices€of€the€state.€Ð  (ð#. Ðà ` àGiven€New€Hampshire's€statutory€framework,€we€findÐ 0*€%0 Ðourselves€in€accord€with€the€rulings€of€the€district€court.€€TheÐ À+'2 Ð1998€amendments€to€the€definition€of€"legal€resident"€for€purposesÐ ° Ðof€school€attendance€in€no€way€served€to€relieve€MSD€of€itsÐ @ Ðfinancial€responsibility€under€New€Hampshire's€statutory€scheme.€Ð Ð  ÐOur€statutory€interpretation€and€that€of€the€district€court€comportÐ ` ° Ðwith€that€of€the€NHDOE,€the€state€agency€responsible€for€theÐ ð @ Ðadministration€of€the€state€laws€in€question.€€òòSeeóó€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.Ð € Ð  ÐAnn.€ðð€186„C:3„a.€€In€1992,€the€NHDOE€determined€that€ManchesterÐ `  Ðwas€the€district€of€liability€and€financially€responsible€for€theÐ  ð  Ðcosts€of€Kimberli's€special€education.€€It€found€that€"[t]he€mostÐ 0€  Ðrecent€residence€of€Kimberli€other€than€a€licensed€home€was€213Ð À ÐPine€Street,€Manchester,€where€she€lived€with€her€parents€fromÐ P  Ðbirth€to€April€11,€1989."€€MSD€concedes€that€it€did€not,€as€itÐ à0 Ðcould€have,€appeal€from€this€decision€to€the€State€Board€ofÐ pÀ ÐEducation€or€to€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction.€€Consequently,Ð P Ðthe€NHDOE's€decision€became€a€final€order€and€is€binding€upon€MSD.€Ð à Ðà ` àNot€only€has€there€been€no€change€in€the€New€HampshireÐ  p Ðstatutory€landscape€that€would€alter€the€NHDOE's€originalÐ °  Ðdetermination,€MSD€has€not€proffered€any€relevant€change€inÐ @" Ðcircumstances€since€the€NHDOE's€1992€decision€that€would€entitle€itÐ Ð $ Ðto€a€different€finding.€€MSD,€moreover,€is€also€now€collaterallyÐ `"°& Ðestopped€from€challenging€the€NHDOE's€1992€district€of€liabilityÐ ð#@( Ðdetermination.€€Under€New€Hampshire€law,€administrative€decisionsÐ €%Ð * Ðare€subject€to€the€doctrine€of€collateral€estoppel.€€Findings€of€anÐ '`", Ðadministrative€agency€may€be€given€preclusive€effect.€€òòDayóó€v.€òòN.H.Ð  (ð#. ÐRet.€Sys.óó,€635€A.2d€493,€495€(N.H.€1993).€€Pursuant€to€thisÐ 0*€%0 Ðdoctrine,€MSD€is€not€now€free€to€challenge€NHDOE's€finding,€made€aÐ À+'2 Ðdecade€ago,€that€the€district€in€which€Kimberli€most€recentlyÐ ° Ðresided€prior€to€her€placement€in€the€Brock€Home€was€Manchester.€Ð @ ÐThe€doctrine€of€òòresóó€òòjudicataóó€has€also€been€applied€toÐ Ð  Ðadministrative€decisions€in€New€Hampshire.€€òòMorinóó€v.€òòN.€Heating€&Ð ` ° ÐPlumbing€Co.óó,€309€A.2d€153,€155€(N.H.€1973).€€Under€this€doctrine,Ð ð @ ÐMSD€is€barred€from€challenging€the€NHDOE's€conclusion€that€it€wasÐ € Ð  Ðthe€district€of€liability€for€the€costs€associated€with€Kimberli'sÐ `  Ðspecial€education.€€ò òÐ  ð  ÐÓ€ =(5¤88-ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ˆÐÝÔ25¤ÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝCertificationó ó݃3£ˆÐµÐÝŒÐ0€ ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àMSD€requests€this€court€to€certify€to€the€New€HampshireÐ ` ÐSupreme€Court€the€question€of€whether€the€New€Hampshire€legislatureÐ  ð Ðintended€to€adopt€a€"residence„based€theory€of€liability€for€aÐ 0€ Ðstudent's€special€education."€€We€decline€to€do€so.€€Not€only€isÐ À Ðcertification€unnecessary,€as€discussed€below,€it€was€MSD,€theÐ P  Ðparty€that€initiated€this€action€in€the€federal€court,€that€nowÐ à0 Ðseeks€certification€to€the€state€court.€€We€have€said€that€"one€whoÐ pÀ Ðchooses€to€litigate€his€state€action€in€a€federal€forum€mustÐ P  Ðordinarily€accept€the€federal€court's€reasonable€interpretation€ofÐ à" Ðextant€state€law€rather€than€seeking€extensions€via€theÐ  !p$ Ðcertification€process."€€òòSantiagoóó€v.€òòSherwin€Williams€Co.óó,€3€F.3dÐ °"& Ð546,€548€(1st€Cir.€1993);€òòCorteauóó€v.€òòOlin€Corp.óó,€884€F.2d€45,€46Ð @$( Ð(1st€Cir.€1989).€€Under€the€IDEA,€MSD€had€the€option€to€bring€aÐ Ð% !* Ðcivil€action€"in€any€State€court€of€competent€jurisdiction€or€in€aÐ `'°", Ðdistrict€court€of€the€United€States."€€20€U.S.C.€ðð€1415(i)(2).€€MSDÐ ð(@$. Ðâ âmoved€to€re„litigate€this€issue€in€the€state€court€only€afterÐ €*Ð%0 Ðextensive€proceedings€in€the€district€court€and€after€it€becameÐ ° Ðclear€that€it€would€not€prevail€there.Ð @ Ðâ âà ` àMoreover,€certification€is€not€warranted€here€in€anyÐ Ð  Ðevent.€€The€state€law€at€issue€is€not€ambiguous.€òòSeeóó€òòBasicÐ ` ° ÐControlex€Corp.,€Inc.óó€v.€òòKlockner€Moeller€Corp.óó,€202€F.3d€450,€452Ð ð @ Ð(1st€Cir.€2000).€€There€is€controlling€state€€precedentÐ € Ð  Ðinterpreting€the€New€Hampshire€statute€allocating€the€financialÐ `  Ðliability€for€the€education€of€an€educationally€disabled€child.€Ð  ð  ÐòòSeeóó€òòTrullóó€v.€òòVolkswagen€of€Am.,€Inc.óó,€187€F.3d€88,€104€(1st€Cir.Ð 0€  Ð1999).€€When€state€law€is€sufficiently€clear,€as€it€is€here,€toÐ À Ðallow€a€federal€court€to€predict€its€course,€certification€is€bothÐ P  Ðinappropriate€and€an€unwarranted€burden€on€the€state€court.€€òòHugelóóÐ à0 Ðv.€òòMilberg,€Weiss,€Bershad,€Hynes€&€Lerach,€LLPóó,€175€F.3d€14,€18Ð pÀ Ð(1st€Cir.€1999).€Ð P ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£^ÛÝÔ25¤ÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝConclusionó ó݃3£^ÛŽÛÝŒÐà` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àThe€judgment€of€the€district€court€is€òòò òaffirmedó óóó.€€Ð pÀ ÐÐ  P   Ðò òà@  &ìàòòAppendixà@@ìì*ìàóóó óˆÐ ° ÐAll€references€below€are€to€provision€of€the€N.H.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.Ð à Ð(1998).Ð  p Ðò ò171„A:18ó óà0 ` àò òArea€Agency€Responsibilities€and€Operationsó óа ` (#` (# ÐÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÓÓÝ‚é;ÕÝÝà0 ` àÔ25¤ÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝThe€commissioner€[of€the€Department€of€Health€andÐ  à ÐHuman€Services]€may€designate€.€.€.€one€areaÐ X ¨  Ðagency€which€shall€be€responsible€forÐ  p  Ðadministering€area„wide€programs€and€services€forÐ è 8  Ðdevelopmentally€disabled€persons.€€Each€areaÐ °  Ðagency€so€designated€shall€be€the€primaryÐ xÈ  Ðrecipient€of€funds€.€.€.€for€establishing,Ð @  Ðoperating€or€administering€such€programs€andÐ X  Ðservices.݃é;ÕÝÞÝŒÐÐ ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  Ý€€Ð ˜è  ÐÓÞÓò ò186„C:1à0 ` àPolicy€and€Purposeó óÐ`°` (#` (# ÐÓÓà0 ` àà0¨ ` (#` (#àIt€is€hereby€declared€to€be€the€policy€of€theÐ @ Ðstate€that€all€children€in€New€Hampshire€beÐ X Ðprovided€with€equal€educational€opportunities.€Ð Ð  ÐIt€is€the€purposes€of€this€chapter€to€insure€thatÐ ˜è Ðthe€state€board€of€education€and€the€schoolÐ `° Ðdistricts€of€the€state€provide€a€free€appropriateÐ (x Ðpublic€education€for€all€educationally€disabledÐ ð@ Ðchildren€while€taking€into€consideration€the€costÐ ¸ Ðof€that€education€when€determiningÐ €Ð Ðappropriateness.ÐH˜¨ (#¨ (# ÐÌò ò186„C:3„aà0 ` àDutiesó óÐØ(` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ` àà0¨ ` (#` (#à[Because€of€the€length€of€the€provision€and€itsÐ à! Ðtangential€nature€to€the€outcome€of€the€opinion,Ð X ¨" Ðwe€do€not€include€it.]€Ð !p#¨ (#¨ (# ÐÌÓJáÓò òÔ‡X"-XX X"-Ô186„C:13€à0 ` àLiability€for€Expensesó óа"%` (#` (# ÐØ! !ØÓ€ I(Öë08=ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓÓà0 ` àÝ‚3£GæÝÔ2ÖëÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝAll€expenses€incurred€by€a€school€district€inÐ $à' Ðadministering€the€law€in€relation€to€educationÐ X%¨ ( Ðfor€educationally€disabled€children€shall€be€paidÐ  &p!) Ðby€the€school€district€where€the€child€resides,Ð è&8"* Ðexcept€as€follows:݃3£Gæ’æ݌а'#+¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  Ýà8 ` àÝ‚é;XèÝà0¨ ` x` xàÔ2ÖëÔ(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¨ x¨ xàÝ  ÝWhen€an€educationally€disabledÐ @)$- Ðchild€is€placed€in€a€home€forÐ *X%. Ðchildren€or€health€care€facilityÐ Ð* &/ Ðas€defined€in€RSA€193:27,€theÐ ˜+è&0 Ðliability€for€expenses€for€suchÐ `,°'1 Ðchild€shall€be€determined€inÐ ° Ðaccordance€with€RSA€193:29Ô#† X"-XXX"-9å#Ô݃é;Xè‘èÝŒÐxÈxx ÐŒÝ  ÝÌò ò186„C:14à0 ` àSurrogate€Parentsó óÐX` (#` (# ÐÌÓ€ O(U¢80IÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 ` àÝ‚3£¦ëÝÔ2U¢ÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝWhen,€in€the€opinion€of€the€commissioner€ofÐ À Ðeducation,€or€designee,€an€educationally€disabledÐ ˆ Ø Ðchild€as€defined€in€RSA€186„C:2.€needs€specialÐ P   Ðeducation€and€the€parent€or€the€guardian€of€childÐ  h Ðis€unknown€or€unavailable.€..the€commissionerÐ à 0  Ðor€designee€shall€appoint€a€surrogate€parent€whoÐ ¨ ø  Ðshall€represent€the€child€in€the€educationalÐ p À  Ðdecision„making€process.݃3£¦ëßëÝŒÐ8ˆ ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ‡X"-XX X"-ÔÌò ò186„C:16„b€Ià0 ¨ àDue€Process€Hearing;€Appealó óÐÈ ¨ (#¨ (# ÐÌÓ€ D(e¤88OÓÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;rïÝà0 ` àÔ2e¤ÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝAny€action€against€a€local€school€districtÐ €Ð  Ðseeking€to€enforce€special€education€rights€underÐ H˜  Ðstate€or€federal€law€shall€be€commenced€byÐ ` Ðrequesting€an€administrative€due€process€hearingÐ Ø( Ðfrom€the€department€of€education€within€2€yearsÐ  ð Ðfrom€the€date€on€which€the€alleged€violation€wasÐ h¸ Ðor€reasonably€should€have€been€discovered.݃é;rïŸïÝŒÐ0€¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#† X"-XXX"-xî#ÔÌÔ‡X"-XX X"-Ôò ò193:12€à0 ` àLegal€Residence€Requiredó óÐÀ` (#` (# ÐÌÓ€ 5(Ä08DÓÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é; óÝà0 ` àÔ2ÄÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝNotwithstanding€any€other€provision€of€law,€noÐ xÈ Ðperson€shall€attend€school,€or€send€a€pupil€toÐ @ Ðthe€school€in€any€district€of€which€the€pupil€isÐ X Ðnot€a€legal€resident,€without€the€consent€of€theÐ Ð  Ðdistrict€or€of€the€school€board€except€asÐ ˜è Ðotherwise€provided€in€this€section.݃é; óMóÝŒÐ`°¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;oõÝà0 ` àÔ2ÄÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝFor€purposes€of€this€section,€the€legal€residenceÐ ð@! Ðof€a€pupil€shall€be€as€follows:݃é;oõœõ݌и"¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà8 ` àà0¨ ` x` xà(a)€In€the€case€of€a€minor,€legalÐ H!˜$ Ðresidence€is€where€her€or€her€parentsÐ "`% Ðreside,€except€thatÐØ"(&¨ x¨ x ÐÌà0 ` àà0¨ ` (#` (#àà0¨ (#¨ (#à(2)€In€a€divorce€decree....€If€a€parentÐ h$¸( Ðis€awarded€sole€or€primary€physical€custodyÐ 0%€ ) Ð.€.€.€legal€residence€of€a€minor€child€isÐ ø%H!* Ðthe€residence€of€the€parent€with€the€sole€orÐ À&"+ Ðprimary€custody.€€If€the€parent€with€sole€orÐ ˆ'Ø", Ðprimary€physical€custody€lives€outside€theÐ P( #- Ðstate€of€New€Hampshire,€the€pupil€does€notÐ )h$. Ðhave€residence€in€New€Hampshire.Ðà)0%/(#(# Ðà ` à€Ð ¨*ø%0 Ðà8 ` àà0¨ ` x` xà(b)€No€minor€placed€in€a€home€forÐ p+À&1 Ðchildren€or€a€health€care€facility,€asÐ 8,ˆ'2 Ðdefined€in€RSA€193:27,€by€another€stateÐ ° Ðwhich€charges€the€state€of€NewÐ xÈ ÐHampshire€.€.€.€for€the€regular€orÐ @ Ðspecial€education€costs€for€NewÐ X ÐHampshire€children€placed€in€thatÐ Ð  Ðstate,€shall€be€considered€a€legalÐ ˜è Ðresident€for€purposes€of€schoolÐ ` ° Ðassignment,€unless€the€sending€stateÐ ( x Ðagrees€to€reimburse€the€receivingÐ ð @ Ðdistrict,€as€defined€in€193:27,€forÐ ¸   Ðregular€education€and€special€educationÐ € Ð  Ðcosts.€ÐH ˜ ¨ x¨ x ÐÓ  Ó*€*€*Ð `  ÐÓ  ÓÌÌÓ€ (Uf805ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 ` àÝ‚3£´ýÝÔ2UfÔÚ  ÚVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝExcept€as€provided€in€subparagraph€II(b),€nothingÐ h¸  Ðshall€limit€or€abridge€the€right€of€any€childÐ 0€  Ðplaced€and€cared€for€in€any€home€for€children,€asÐ øH  Ðdefined€in€RSA€193:27,€or€of€any€child€placed€inÐ À Ðthe€home€of€a€relative€of€that€child€by€theÐ ˆØ Ðdepartment€of€health€and€human€services,€orÐ P  Ðplaced€in€the€home€of€a€relative€or€friend€by€aÐ h Ðcourt€.€.€.€,€to€attend€the€public€schools€of€theÐ à0 Ðschool€district€in€which€the€home€for€children€orÐ ¨ø Ðhome€of€the€relative€or€friend€in€which€a€childÐ pÀ Ðis€placed€.€.€.€.݃3£´ýíýÝŒÐ8ˆ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà0 ` àÐ ` (#` (# ÐÓ  Óà @` à*€*€*Ð È ÐÓ  ÓÓ€ $&()*+,(™x8 ÓÌÓ€ "(eh8x$&()*+,ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  Ýà0 ` àÝ‚3£ÎÝÔ2ehÔÚ  ÚXÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝFor€the€purposes€of€determining€liability€for€aÐ X¨ Ðchild€placed€and€cared€for€in€any€home€forÐ  p Ðchildren€or€health€care€facility,€the€provisionÐ è8 Ðof€RSA€193:29€shall€apply.€Ýƒ3£Î݌а ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àÌò òÔ#† X"-XXX"-/ò#Ô193:27à0 ` àDefinitionsó óÐ@"` (#` (# ÐÓ  ÓÌÝ"‚é; "ÝÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÝ‚é; Ýà0 ` àÔ2ehÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ý"Home€for€children"€means€an€orphanage;Ð ø H$ Ðinstitution€for€the€care,€treatment€or€custody€ofÐ À!% Ðchildren,€child€care€agency€as€defined€by€RSAÐ ˆ"Ø& Ð186:11,€170„E:25,€II€and€III;€or€any€residentialÐ P# ' Ðschool€approved€under€RSA€186:11,€XXIX.݃é; EÝŒÐ$h(¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ9ÓÌ*€*€*Ð ¨%ø * ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ€ -(…h88 "ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;ÿÝà0 ` àÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ý"Sending€district"€means€the€school€district€inÐ 8'ˆ", Ðwhich€the€child€most€recently€resided€other€thanÐ (P#- Ðin€a€home€for€children,€the€home€of€a€relative€orÐ È($. Ðfriend€in€which€the€child€is€placed€by€theÐ )à$/ Ðdepartment€of€health€and€human€services€or€aÐ X*¨%0 Ðcourt€of€competent€jurisdiction€.€.€.,€healthÐ  +p&1 Ðcare€facility,€or€state€institution,€if€suchÐ è+8'2 Ðchild€is€not€in€the€legal€custody€of€a€parent€orÐ ° Ðif€the€parent€resides€outside€the€state;€if€theÐ xÈ Ðchild€is€retained€in€the€legal€custody€of€aÐ @ Ðparent€residing€within€the€state,€"sendingÐ X Ðdistrict"€means€the€school€district€in€which€theÐ Ð  Ðparent€resides€.€.€.€.݃é;ÿ,ÝŒÐ˜è¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà8 ` àÐ ` x` x ÐÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;5 Ýà0 ` àÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ý"Receiving€district"€means€the€school€district€inÐ ( x Ðwhich€the€home€for€children€or€health€careÐ ð @ Ðfacility€is€located€.€.€.€.݃é;5 b ݌и  ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;´ Ýà0 ` àÔ2…hÔÚ  ÚVIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  Ý"School€district"€means€a€school€district€in€theÐ `  Ðstate.݃é;´ á ÝŒÐØ( ¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌò ò193:28à0 ` àRight€of€Attendanceó óÐh¸ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0 ` àà0¨ ` (#` (#àWhenever€any€child€is€placed€and€cared€for€in€anyÐ  p  Ðhome€for€children€.€.€.€such€child,€if€of€schoolÐ è8 Ðage,€shall€be€entitled€to€attend€the€publicÐ ° Ðschools€of€the€school€district€in€which€said€homeÐ xÈ Ðis€located€.€.€.€.Ð@¨ (#¨ (# Ðò òÔ‡X"-XX X"-ÔÌ193:29à0 ` àLiability€for€Education€of€Children€in€Homes€for€ChildrenÐ øH Ðor€Health€Care€Facilitiesó óÐè8` (#` (# ÐÌÓ€ ?(E¤88-ÓÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;ËÝà0 ` àÔ2E¤ÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¨ ` (#` (#àÝ  ÝFor€any€child€placed€and€cared€for€in€any€homeÐ  ð Ðfor€children€or€health€care€facility,€the€sendingÐ h¸ Ðdistrict€shall€make€payments€to€the€receivingÐ 0€ Ðdistrict€.€.€.€.Ô#† X"-XXX"-Ž#Ô݃é;ËøÝŒÐøH¨ (#¨ (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà8 ` à