ÿWPCäh 2UtÈ£N3k&G»Ž2GzÙ&ë@à [Áþ¾ö–ö&+Q% ƒ ×ònr*&á&9°®ÊWk9…±ÑÁCa(K΋’æÅ%`ªnËÚ÷¾Ý“#€¶ó¹é,¨ 4.ž÷sù"¢šx!  CûN‘T$÷ìèyŒÌôkSü#©"VÊ¡3&K ¶9(«ËD>šÓï5¬.·“iVÕ´¾1ÛÅÓõøñÏiVjÊA·¨\ô(®÷ˆÐZ«FU)ouÍ·¼~×.t6w»V>Æ4nYÔý°¿¨”Lj¸mx~Þ$§¾ëyuZ—üÿ‹Ìú %@ýÒü‚¹Ä›¸ŸêdŠ¹¸åq_,ºˆÂ½ŸPG¾Ôƒ¥3’Í·ßN›Á(ž6Îh ÆÊx:Év3Qµ¿ã#ÁÒÈzˆx«:R¢Ú7mƒl?é¨Ù}t Š,&Lž1Dèø‹ÕZƒ”÷ÀdÁèm™‡@0QËÝ êùPıò¢U "ùØüÓ<ØöT ó§„^gìÑ.›]êt-­Yÿ4g#… l†ªè“‡#Áb UåN# %q 0(w žŸ U»>=ð{^ kww4{ž m a·b 0ó M 0D 01[ 0=ŒMÉ 0ÈÍ 0>• 0ÊÓ 0´ 0´Q 0a 0´f 0´ 09Î 0Ü 02ã 0ü 0:! 0…K! 0_Ð! 0 /" 0k9# 0Ǥ$ B*k& D3•& CÈ& D+â& 0Ç ' 0çÔ( 06») 0ñ) 0:ù* 0h3+ 0F›+U6á+U>,U*U,N,M, 0N…,õÓ,MÈ.Ÿ Ì.k9M9 0D…9-É9(ö9‚:ÿ ?³ŸCÿREQQH5¢J¢J¢J†×L-]QAŠQPËTËTóWWnZZZZZZ/|^‰«`«`«`«`«`«` B4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e4e‹QeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeQeÜh˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0(µ\Z  Z6Times New Roman Regular»($¡¡ ”Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àAccording€to€an€expert€report€submitted€by€McLarey,€75„Ð ° Ð85%€of€children€who€have€been€sexually€abused€have€normal€physicalÐ xÈ Ðexaminations.€€Amici€Massachusetts€Citizens€for€Children,€et€al.,Ð @ Ðalso€presented€studies€indicating€that,€in€most€cases€of€sexualÐ X Ðabuse,€there€is€no€medical€evidence.´è\( 9Z+&Courier Regular æÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àFrom€the€translation€provided,€it€is€not€clear€whetherÐ ° Ðthis€is€the€child's€right€to€exercise€(or€decline€to€exercise),€orÐ xÈ Ðwhether€it€is€the€father's€right.+ƒ,s «Xƒ,ÀáÀáðö†3|x3ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ WÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àMcLarey€argues€that€the€Swedish€authority's€report€is€notÐ ° Ðconclusive€on€the€issue€of€sexual€abuse.€€Prior€to€the€trial€in€theÐ xÈ ÐUnited€States€district€court,€McLarey€submitted€expert€reports€€byÐ @ ÐDr.€Bessel€van€der€Kolk,€and€Dr.€Carole€Jenny€indicating€that€it€isÐ X Ðnot€unusual€for€young€children€who€have€been€sexually€abused€toÐ Ð  Ðcontinue€to€function€normally€in€school€and€day€care.€€Dr.€JennyÐ ˜è Ðalso€testified€at€trial€that€some€children€attempt€to€compensateÐ ` ° Ðfor€the€abuse€by€being€extremely€well€behaved,€and€that€there€is€noÐ ( x Ðresearch€to€indicate€that€abused€children€react€negatively€to€anÐ ð @ Ðabusive€parent.€€McLarey€also€submitted€several€expert€reportsÐ ¸   Ðsuggesting€that€an€investigation's€failure€to€disclose€sexual€abuseÐ € Ð  Ðdoes€not€necessarily€mean€that€abuse€did€not€occur.€€One€report,Ð H ˜  Ðprepared€by€Drs.€Glenn€Saxe€and€Wanda€Grant€Knight,€experts€inÐ `  Ðchildhood€trauma,€stated€that€"it€is€unusual€for€traumatizedÐ Ø(  Ðchildren€to€disclose€abuse€to€unfamiliar€adults."€€Danaipour'sÐ  ð  Ðexpert,€Dr.€Carlton€Munson,€testified,€however,€that€children€whoÐ h¸  Ðhave€been€sexually€abused€typically€engage€in€sexualized€behavior,Ð 0€   Ðhave€interpersonal€problems,€fight€with€other€children,€becomeÐ ° Ðsocially€withdrawn,€and€exhibit€developmental€regression.- ù-(£(2Ä‘$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  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ForÓI€)*4$À˜** €€d€dIÓÓ  ÓÔB  ÔÔ € ÔÔ‡ÔÔ?‡5%ä2¼A`Arial?ÔÓ9€+**À  €€d€d9ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡4ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÔ € Ô0Klÿÿ.SampleÔK‡3<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔS‡4ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡3<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡4ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó:ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(Courier Newô\  `&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`Arial(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ ëÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€district€court€noted€that€"[t]he€parties€haveÐ ° Ðimplicitly€agreed€that€[the€children]€should€not€be€separated."€Ð xÈ ÐòòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€324€n.8. • Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àMcLarey€submitted€expert€testimony€concerning€the€SwedishÐ ° Ðprocedures€for€investigating€allegations€of€child€sexual€abuse.€Ð xÈ ÐOne€expert€report,€from€a€Swedish€police€officer,€stated€that€it€isÐ @ Ðtypical€in€Sweden€for€the€social€services€agency€to€perform€aÐ X Ðgeneral€investigation€into€the€welfare€of€the€child€and€refer€anyÐ Ð  Ðspecific€criminal€allegations€to€the€police,€as€was€done€here.€€IfÐ ˜è Ðthe€police€investigation€is€closed€without€criminal€charges,€theÐ ` ° Ðsocial€services€"ordinarily€will€not€remove€the€child€from€aÐ ( x Ðparent's€custody,€and€will€often€close€their€own€investigations."Ð ð @ ÐThe€expert€further€stated€that€police€investigations€frequentlyÐ ¸   Ðconsist€of€only€one€interview€of€the€child€in€a€room€at€the€policeÐ € Ð  Ðstation,€conducted€by€an€officer€with€no€medical€or€psychiatricÐ H ˜  Ðdegrees,€despite€the€fact€that,€in€her€experience,€"children€willÐ `  Ðnot€make€disclosures€in€this€setting,€especially€at€a€firstÐ Ø(  Ðmeeting."€Ð  ð  Ѐ€à  àà ` àAnother€report,€submitted€by€a€Swedish€lawyerÐ h¸  Ðspecializing€in€family€law€with€an€emphasis€on€child€sexual€abuseÐ 0€  Ðcases,€concurred€that€the€police€investigation€in€this€case,Ð øH   Ðconsisting€of€a€single€short€interview€of€the€children€conducted€byÐ ° Ðpolice€officers€with€little€training€in€this€area,€was€typical.€Ð xÈ ÐThe€legal€expert€also€stated€that€social€services'€investigationÐ @ Ð"is€not€geared€toward€determining€whether€sexual€abuse€has€actuallyÐ X Ðoccurred,"€and€that€social€services€often€closes€its€investigationÐ Ð  Ðonce€the€police€investigation€is€closed.€€Moreover,€the€legalÐ ˜è Ðexpert€stated€that€"[i]t€is€not€uncommon€for€a€[Swedish]€court€toÐ ` ° Ðrefuse€to€grant€a€request€to€issue€an€order€that€a€sexual€abuseÐ ( x Ðinvestigation€occur€[without€the€consent€of€one€parent];€typically,Ð ð @ Ðsuch€investigations€are€seen€as€within€the€province€of€policeÐ ¸   Ðauthorities."€€Danaipour€did€not€submit€any€evidence€contrary€toÐ € Ð  Ðthis. Ñ e Ñ(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý #Ñ#€OQXÿÿd#Ñ xÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThis€is€not€to€say€that€a€full€evaluation€must€take€placeÐ e Ðwhenever€an€Article€13(b)€defense€is€raised,€or€even€that€anÐ -È Ðinconclusive€evaluation€by€itself€would€defeat€an€Article€13(b)Ð õ Ðclaim€if€there€was€sufficient€other€proof€of€sexual€abuse.€€ThereÐ ½X Ðmay€be€cases€where€a€trial€court€is€able€to€find€that€sexual€abuseÐ …  Ðdid€or€did€not€occur€without€the€benefit€of€a€full€forensicÐ Mè Ðevaluation.€€On€the€record€here,€the€court€could€have€concludedÐ  ° Ðthat,€given€the€children's€repeated€disclosures€to€the€treatingÐ Ý x Ðtherapist€and€others€and€the€other€evidence€presented€suggestive€ofÐ ¥ @ Ðsexual€abuse,€this€is€such€a€case.€€Amici€Massachusetts€CitizensÐ m   Ðfor€Children,€et€al.,€agree€that€a€forensic€evaluation€is€notÐ 5 Ð  Ðalways€necessary€to€establish€abuse,€and€posit€that€the€evidenceÐ ý ˜  Ðwas€sufficient€in€this€case€to€establish€sexual€abuse€without€aÐ Å `  Ðforensic€evaluation. õÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àA€referral€to€the€police€is€not€the€type€of€evaluationÐ e Ðrequired€or€contemplated€by€the€United€States€district€court.€€TheÐ -È Ðtestimony€at€trial€was€that€the€Swedish€police€conducted€anÐ õ Ðinvestigation€in€the€winter€of€2000„2001,€an€investigation€whichÐ ½X Ðall€experts€agreed€did€not€comport€with€established€protocols€forÐ …  Ðsexual€abuse€evaluations.€€Moreover,€McLarey's€experts€on€theÐ Mè ÐSwedish€police€and€legal€system€indicated€that€Swedish€policeÐ  ° Ðinvestigations€do€not€typically€follow€established€sexual€abuseÐ Ý x Ðprotocols,€testimony€that€Danaipour€did€not€refute€at€trial. ©Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€court's€erroneous€reliance€on€its€conditions€as€aÐ ° Ðnecessary€prerequisite€for€safe€return€is€discussed€below.€ õÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àIn€this€case,€Danaipour's€objections€prevented€theÐ e ÐSwedish€authorities€from€conducting€a€full€evaluation.€€McLareyÐ -È Ðrequested€an€investigation€twice€from€the€Swedish€social€services,Ð õ Ðthen€from€the€Swedish€Child€and€Youth€Psychiatric€Service,€and€thenÐ ½X Ðfrom€the€Swedish€court.€€On€each€of€these€occasions,€Danaipour€didÐ …  Ðnot€agree€to€allow€a€sexual€abuse€investigation. GÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àHad€the€district€court€ordered€the€evaluation€bothÐ e Ðparties€had€requested€by€December€3,€2000,€the€evaluation€would€nowÐ -È Ðbe€complete€and€the€interests€of€the€Hague€Convention€in€a€speedyÐ õ D Ðresolution€would€have€been€better€served.€ +Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àUpon€questioning€by€the€court,€Dr.€Luxenberg€testifiedÐ ° Ðthat€the€older€girl€suffers€from€PTSD,€as€well.€€Danaipour'sÐ xÈ Ðcounsel€objected€to€this€question€and€it€appears€that€the€courtÐ @ Ðsustained€the€objection. |Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€opinion€was€shared€by€Dr.€van€der€Kolk,€whose€reportÐ e Ðindicated€that€switching€therapists€at€this€point€"could€have€aÐ -È Ðmarked€impact€on€their€ability€and€willingness€to€communicate€theÐ õ Ðsource€of€their€trauma."€€At€trial,€Dr.€van€der€Kolk€testified€thatÐ ½X Ðthe€likelihood,€if€the€children€were€returned,€is€that€"they€willÐ …  Ðclam€up€and€will€not€say€anything."€€The€GAL,€referring€to€theÐ Mè Ðyounger€daughter,€also€noted€that€"it€is€going€to€be€a€challengeÐ  ° Ðfor€any€evaluator€or€counselor€to€effectively€work€with€the€childÐ Ý x Ðin€the€coming€several€weeks€or€months."€€The€trial€court€expressedÐ ¥ @ Ðis€reasons€for€discounting€this€testimony€at€183€F.€Supp.€2d.€atÐ m   Ð323,€n.7. #Ñ#€OQXÿÿd#Ñ 7Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àFederal€Rule€of€Evidence€706(a)€provides,€in€relevantÐ ° Ðpart,€that:Ð xÈ ÐÌà0  àThe€court€may€on€its€own€motion€or€on€the€motion€of€any€partyÐ X Ðenter€an€order€to€show€cause€why€expert€witnesses€should€notÐ Ð  Ðbe€appointed,€and€may€request€the€parties€to€submitÐ ˜è Ðnominations.€The€court€may€appoint€any€expert€witnesses€agreedÐ ` ° Ðupon€by€the€parties,€and€may€appoint€expert€witnesses€of€itsÐ ( x Ðown€selection. FÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àAmici€the€Massachusetts€Citizens€for€Children,€et€al.,Ð ° Ðstate€that€in€one€study€of€children€who€had€been€sexually€abused,Ð xÈ Ðonly€43%€initially€made€a€verbal€disclosure€of€sexual€abuse,€evenÐ @ Ðto€òòtrainedóó€sexual€abuse€investigators. éÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àFor€instance,€amici€the€Leadership€Council€for€MentalÐ ° ÐHealth,€Justice€&€the€Media,€et€al.,€stated€the€generally€acceptedÐ xÈ Ðmedical€conclusion€that€"some€children€may€not€have€immediate€andÐ @ Ðspecific€reactions€that€meet€the€clinical€definition€of€PTSD,€yetÐ X Ðthese€children€can€still€be€impacted€by€long„term€psychological,Ð Ð  Ðpersonality€and€somatic€disorders." dÝ ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€children's€expressed€opposition€and€anxiety€regardingÐ e Ðthe€proposed€return€to€Sweden€tends€to€support€the€expert€testimonyÐ -È Ðindicating€that€they€would€view€any€such€return€as€punishment€forÐ õ Ðdisclosures,€and€would€be€unlikely€to€cooperate€in€any€furtherÐ ½X Ðinvestigation€if€returned.€€Courts€may€consider€the€views€of€aÐ …  Ðchild€as€evidence€in€making€an€Article€13(b)€determination€as€toÐ Mè Ðwhether€grave€risk€exists,€even€if€the€child€is€not€yet€old€enoughÐ  ° Ðto€justify€Article€13's€defense€for€children€who€"ha[ve]€attainedÐ Ý x Ðan€age€and€degree€of€maturity€at€which€it€is€appropriate€to€takeÐ ¥ @ Ðaccount€of€[their]€views."€€òòSeeóó€òòBlondinóó,€238€F.3d€at€166.€€ %Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€court€also€stated€that€"sexual€abuse€has€not€beenÐ ° Ðproven,"€òòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€325,€which€seems€to€be€inÐ xÈ  Ðtension€with€its€finding€that€Dr.€Luxenberg's€testimony€wasÐ ° Ðcredible. Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àMcLarey€submitted€the€motion€two€weeks€before€the€end€ofÐ ° Ðdiscovery.€€Although€it€would€have€been€helpful€if€McLarey€had€madeÐ xÈ Ðthe€motion€earlier,€it€appears€McLarey€believed€that,€given€theÐ @ Ðdisclosures€to€the€treating€therapist,€she€already€had€sufficientÐ X Ðevidence€to€meet€her€burden.€€The€December€3€motion€for€a€court„Ð Ð  Ðordered€evaluation€appears,€in€part,€to€have€been€a€response€toÐ ˜è ÐDanaipour's€November€21€initial€expert€report€from€Dr.€Munson,€whoÐ ` ° Ðexpressed€concern€that€Dr.€Luxenberg€was€a€treating€doctor,€not€anÐ ( x Ðindependent€evaluator,€and€that€Dr.€Luxenberg€had€not,€in€his€view,Ð ð @ Ðfollowed€established€protocols€for€investigating€sexual€abuseÐ ¸   Ðallegations. d Ý ƒÄ‘$ÝÔ€X3X»»ÔÔ€XJºXXX3ÔÓ  ÓÓ=€rлdÐd=Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€r»Ð»dлd=Óà ` àThe€affidavit€from€Swedish€counsel€Ô_ÔmischaracterizesÔ_Ô€theÐ ° Ðcontents€of€the€attached€communications€from€both€the€Child€andÐ xÈ ÐYouth€Psychiatric€Services€and€from€the€University.€€Further,€theÐ @ Ðaffidavit€asserts€that€the€"court€ordered€evaluation€will€beÐ X Ðconducted€in€Sweden€either€by€the€Ô_ÔBUPÔ_Ô€(as€originally€requested€byÐ Ð  ÐMs.€McLarey)€or€by€the€professionals€at€Uppsala€University."€€ThatÐ ˜è Ðstatement€is€not€supported€by€the€record. Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*ÓÑ€?{ÌÑÑ€J{ÌÑÓ=€r»Ð»dÐd=ÓÝ ƒÿÝÝ  Ýà@ÒÒìàò òÔ‡xU´v»»ÔUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÔ#†»r»vxU´ #ԈР° Ðà@ÈÈ ìàÔ‡„Wl„»»rÔFor€the€First€Circuitó óÔ#†»r»„„Wl“#ԈРÒ" Ðà@PP ìà____________________ˆÐ 2‚ ÐÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÌNos.€02„1065,€02„1070Ð  \ ÐÌÌÓ  ÓIRAJ€DANAIPOUR,Ð d ´ ÐÌÓªÓà@ ìàPetitioner,€Appellee,ˆÐ ô D  ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ „Ô  Ðà€(#(#K(#àˆÌà@ðð"ìàKRISTINA€McLAREY,ˆÐ d  ÐÌà@ÄÄìàRespondent,€Appellant.ˆÐ ¤ô  Ðà@<< ìà____________________ˆÐ l¼ ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ üL ÐÌà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSˆÐ ŒÜ ÐÌà@Œ Œ ìà[Hon.€Mark€L.€Wolf,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ l ÐÌà@<< ìà____________________ˆÐ ¬ü Ðà ` àà ¨ àà  àà X àà ° àÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ <Œ ÐÌÓ  ÓLynch,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,Ð Ì Ðà @ àCampbell€and€Bownes,Ù*ƒ!Ù€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgesóó.Ð ”ä ÐòòóóÓºÓà@<< ìà____________________ˆÐ \¬ ÐÌÓ* °X°,X°` ¨ ƒX*Óà  àòòElizabeth€B.€Burnettóó€with€whom€òòBeth€I.Z.€Bolandóó,€òòJenniferÐ ì<  ÐSullaóó,€òòFrancine€Wachtmannóó,€òòMeredith€Brand€Wadeóó,€and€òòMintz€LevinÐ ´ ! ÐCohn€Ferris€Glovsky€and€Popeo,€P.C.óó€were€on€brief€for€appellant.Ð |!Ì" ÐÌà  àòòStephen€J.€Cullenóó€with€whom€òòMary€A.€Azzaritoóó,€òòNancy€J.€Baskinóó,Ð  #\$ Ðand€òòMiles€&€Stockbridge,€P.C.óó€were€on€brief€for€appellee.Ð Ô#$% ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº^#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº?#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÌà  àòòBarbara€F.€Berensonóó,€Assistant€Attorney€GeneralÔ#†X3XXXJºñ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº3 #ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô,€òòThomas€F.Ð d%´ ' ÐReillyóó,€Attorney€General,òòóó€and€òòDeepa€S.€Isacóó,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ ,&|!( ÐGeneral,€on€brief€for€the€Commonwealth€of€Massachusetts,€amicusÐ ô&D") Ðcuriae.Ð ¼' #* ÐÌà  àòòBarry€S.€Pollackóó,òòóó€òòAnthony€L.€Bolzanóó,€òòAmber€R.€Andersonóó,€andÐ L)œ$, ÐòòDechert€Price€&€Rhoadsóó€on€brief€for€Leadership€Council€for€MentalÐ *d%- ÐHealth,€Justice,€&€the€Media,€Massachusetts€Society€for€theÐ Ü*,&. ÐPrevention€of€Cruelty€to€Children,€Community€Legal€Services€andÐ ¤+ô&/ ÐCounseling€Center,€Children's€Law€Center€of€Massachusetts,€Inc.,Ð l,¼'0 ÐGloucester€Men€Against€Domestic€Abuse,€and€Emerge,€Inc.,€amiciÐ 4-„(1 Ðcuriae.Ô#†X3XXXJº· #ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºù #ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Ô#†X3XXXJºU #ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº— #ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ ü-L)2 ÐÑ?{ÌÑâ ?âÑ8€JºXXdÈdÈ8Ñâ ?âÑ  ÑÌà  àòòNora€Sjoblom€Sanchezóó€and€òòPauline€Quirionóó€on€brief€forÐ xÈ ÐMassachusetts€Citizens€for€Children,€Women's€Bar€Association€ofÐ @ ÐMassachusetts,€Greater€Boston€Legal€Services,€Jane€Doe€Inc.,Ð X ÐDomestic€Violence€Council,€Inc.,€and€Rebecca€M.€Bolen,€amiciÐ Ð  Ðcuriae.Ð ˜è ÐÌÌòòóóÔ#†X3XXXJºÚ #ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÓ.°,X°` ¨ ƒX°X·.ÓÓ  Ó____________________Ð ð @ ÐÓîÓÌÓ  Óà @` àà @¨ àà @ àà @X àà @° àApril€3,€2002Ð € Ð  ÐÓ4Óà@<< ìà____________________ˆÐ H ˜  ÐÌÓÓÐ  Ø(  ÐÑ€<ïOÑò òà ` àòòóóLYNCH,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó.ó óÙ*!Ù€€Among€the€federal€courts'€mostÐ ° Ðdifficult€and€heart„rending€tasks€is€the€decision€under€the€HagueÐ à ÐConvention€on€the€Civil€Aspects€of€International€Child€AbductionÔ#†X3XXXJº_#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3¡#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ  p ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3 #ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôwhether€to€return€an€abducted€child€to€the€child's€home€countryÐ °  Ðwhen€a€parent€claims€the€child€will€face€a€grave€risk€of€physicalÐ @  Ðor€psychological€harm€if€returned.€€Hague€Convention€on€the€CivilÐ Ð   ÐAspects€of€International€Child€Abduction,€òòopenedóó€òòforóó€òòsignatureóó€Oct.Ð `°  Ð25,€1980,€T.I.A.S.€No.€11,670,€1343€U.N.T.S.€89€[hereinafter€HagueÐ ð@  ÐConvention]Ô#†X3XXXJº9#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.€€In€the€Convention's€enabling€legislationÔ#†»‚† »XXJº‰#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºG#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô,Ð €Ð  ÐInternational€Child€Abduction€Remedies€Act,€42€U.S.C.€ððððÔ#†X3XXXJº8#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºö#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€11601„Ð ` Ð11610€(1994),Ô#†X3XXXJºÎ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Congress€has€assigned€the€federal€courts€jurisdictionÐ  ð Ðover€actions€arising€under€the€Hague€Convention,€including€theÐ 0€ Ðquestion€of€whether€return€poses€a€grave€risk€of€harm€to€the€child.€Ð À ÐòòId.óó€ððÔ#†»‚† »XXJº½#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº{#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€11603.Ð P  ЀÔ#†X3XXXJºF#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôà ` àThe€district€court€struggled€conscientiously€here€andÐ à0 Ðconcluded€that,€though€there€was€reason€to€believe€the€father€hadÐ pÀ Ðsexually€abused€his€three„year€old€daughter,€the€Swedish€courtsÐ P  Ðshould€ultimately€decide€whether€sexual€abuse€had€occurred€and,€ifÐ à" Ðso,€what€steps€are€necessary€to€protect€the€children.€€The€courtÐ  !p$ Ðheld€that€numerous€"undertakings,"€with€what€the€court€assumedÐ °"& Ðwould€be€parallel€enforcement€by€the€Swedish€courts,€wouldÐ @$( Ðadequately€protect€the€children€until€the€Swedish€courts€couldÐ Ð% !* Ðdecide€the€matter.Ð `'°", Ðà ` àWithout€deciding€whether€a€United€States€court€may€everÐ ð(@$. Ðdefer€its€responsibility€to€determine€the€grave€risk€of€injuryÐ €*Ð%0 Ðquestion€to€a€foreign€court,€we€hold€on€these€facts€that€the€courtÐ ,`'2 Ðerred€and€that€it€overstepped€its€authority€in€issuing€conditionsÐ ° Ðunder€which€it€thought€the€children€could€be€returned.€€We€reverseÐ @ Ðand€remand€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.Ð Ð  ÐÓ  ÓI.€Ð ` ° ÐÓÒÓà ` àWe€summarize€the€facts€of€this€case,€as€they€wereÐ ð @ Ðpresented€to€the€district€court.Ð € Ð  Ðà ` àKristina€McLarey€is€a€dual€citizen€of€Sweden€and€theÐ `  ÐUnited€States;€Iraj€Danaipour€is€a€Swedish€citizen€and€an€IranianÐ  ð  Ðnational.€€Danaipour€is€a€practicing€child€psychologist.€€The€twoÐ 0€  Ðmet€in€SwedenÔ#†X3XXXJºÈ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºç#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.€€McLarey€and€Danaipour€had€their€first€daughter€inÐ À Ð1994;€shortly€thereafter,€the€two€were€married€in€Massachusetts.€Ð P  ÐTheir€second€daughter€was€born€in€1998.€€Both€children€were€born€inÐ à0 ÐSweden€and€lived€there€for€most€of€their€lives.€€In€the€summer€ofÐ pÀ Ð1999,€during€a€visit€to€Massachusetts,€Danaipour€announced€toÐ P ÐMcLarey's€parents€that€the€two€would€be€divorcing.€€In€FebruaryÐ à Ð2000,€the€two€filed€for€divorce,€although€they€continued€toÐ  p Ðcohabitate€in€their€condominium€in€Stockholm.Ð °  Ðà ` àDuring€the€first€half€of€2000,€McLarey€and€Danaipour'sÐ @" Ðrelationship€deteriorated€further.€€McLarey€alleges€that€DanaipourÐ Ð $ Ðwas€abusive€and€controlling,€and€that€she€began€to€suspect€he€wasÐ `"°& Ðhaving€inappropriate€sexual€contact€with€their€daughters.€€McLareyÐ ð#@( Ðstates€that€on€several€occasionsÔ#†»‚† »XXJº"#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº¾!#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€she€observed€Danaipour€pinchingÐ €%Ð * Ðthe€girls'€nipples€and€squeezing€the€older€girl's€buttocks.€€SheÐ '`", Ðalso€reports€that€the€older€daughter€began€to€exhibit€sexualizedÐ  (ð#. Ðâ âbehavior,€such€as€attempting€to€kiss€her€mother€hard€on€the€mouth.€Ð 0*€%0 Ðà ` àIn€June€2000,€McLarey€traveled€to€the€United€States€withÐ ° Ðâ âthe€girls€to€visit€her€parents.€€The€following€month,€DanaipourÐ @ Ðalso€came€to€the€United€States€to€visit€the€girls.€€McLarey€allegedÐ Ð  Ðthat,€on€two€occasions€following€the€girls'€visits€with€theirÐ ` ° Ðfather,€she€observed€unusual€redness€in€the€younger€girl's€vaginalÐ ð @ Ðareas.€€When€Danaipour€returned€to€Sweden,€he€petitioned€for,€andÐ € Ð  Ðreceived,€full€custody€of€the€girls€from€a€Swedish€court.€€McLareyÐ `  Ðthen€returned€to€Sweden,€residing€in€a€women's€shelter€inÐ  ð  ÐStockholm,€and€petitioned€for€joint€custody.€€Approximately€fourÐ 0€  Ðweeks€later,€around€October€2000,€the€Swedish€court€granted€McLareyÐ À Ðpossession€of€the€condominium€and€joint€custody€of€the€children,Ð P  Ðwith€physical€custody€to€alternate€between€the€two€parents€on€aÐ à0 Ðweekly€basis.€€McLarey€promised€the€Swedish€courts€she€would€notÐ pÀ Ðremove€the€children€from€Sweden€again,€and€she€surrendered€herÐ P Ðpassport€and€those€of€her€children€to€her€Swedish€attorney.Ð à Ðà ` àMcLarey€alleges€that€she€again€began€noticing€the€vaginalÐ  p Ðredness€after€the€girls€returned€from€visits€with€their€father.€Ð °  ÐUpon€the€advice€of€a€pediatric€nurse,€McLarey€consulted€a€childÐ @" Ðpsychologist.€After€that€first€visit€with€the€child€psychologist,Ô#†X3XXXJº„&#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºB&#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Ð Ð $ ÐMcLarey€says€that€she€asked€the€younger€child€what€caused€theÐ `"°& Ðredness€and€that€the€child€answered€"Baba€[her€word€for€her€father]Ð ð#@( Ðdo€like€this"€and€made€a€masturbatory€motion.€€McLarey€also€claimsÐ €%Ð * Ðshe€asked€the€older€child,€who€had€no€answer.€€McLarey€says€sheÐ '`", Ðthen€told€her€older€daughter€that€"no€one€should€ever€touch€youÐ  (ð#. Ðanywhere€unless€you€want€them€to,"€to€which€the€girl€responded,Ð 0*€%0 Ð"what€would€you€say€if€I€told€you€they€had?"Ô#†X3XXXJºL.#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºŽ.#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€The€girls€did€not€seeÐ À+'2 ÐÑJ{ÌÑâ JâÑ8€JºXXdÈXXdÈ8Ñâ JâÑ  Ñthe€psychologist,€because€that€would€have€required€their€father'sÐ ° Ðconsent.€Ð @ Ðà ` àOn€November€21,€2000,€the€psychologist€issued€a€report€ofÐ Ð  Ðsuspected€child€sexual€abuse€and€referred€the€case€to€the€SwedishÐ ` ° Ðsocial€services€administration,€which€then€referred€it€to€theÐ ð @ ÐStockholm€police.€€The€police€interviewed€the€older€daughter€for€aÐ € Ð  Ðlittle€over€one€hour,€and€the€younger€daughter€for€about€tenÐ `  Ðminutes;€the€younger€child€refused€to€speak€with€them€at€all.׃L×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€InÐ  ð  ÐJanuary,€the€younger€girl€was€examined€medically,€and€nothing€outÐ 0€  Ðof€the€ordinary€was€found.׃°×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€police€then€terminated€theirÐ À Ðinvestigation.׃;` ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð P  Ðà ` àMcLarey€then€returned€to€the€Swedish€social€servicesÐ ° Ðagency,€requesting€a€full€professional€sexual€abuse€investigation.€Ð @ ÐThe€agency€did€initiate€a€general€investigation,€but€informedÐ Ð  ÐMcLarey€that€it€could€not€investigate€whether€sexual€abuse€hadÐ ` ° Ðoccurred€without€consent€from€Danaipour,€which€was€not€forthcoming.€Ð ð @ ÐMcLarey€then€turned€to€the€United€States€embassy€and€the€members€ofÐ € Ð  Ðthe€Swedish€parliament€for€assistance,€but€to€no€avail.€€McLareyÐ `  Ðalleges€that,€during€this€time€period,€the€younger€daughterÐ  ð  Ðrepeatedly€stated€that€"Baba"€had€hurt€her€"pee€pee"€and€that€sheÐ 0€  Ðexhibited€symptoms€of€abuse,€including€recurrent€nightmares,Ð À Ðavoiding€bowel€movements,€and€sexually€inappropriate€behaviorÐ P  Ðtowards€McLarey's€fianc.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºQ1#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº1#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ à0 Ðà ` àOn€March€29,€2001,€McLarey€filed€a€motion€with€theÐ pÀ ÐStockholm€District€Court€requesting€a€full€sexual€abuseÐ P Ðinvestigation,€which€Danaipour€opposed.€€McLarey€filed€letters€fromÐ à Ðher€fianc€and€her€mother€with€the€Swedish€court.€€The€fiancÐ  p Ðreported,€among€other€things,€that€he€heard€the€younger€girl€cryÐ °  Ðout€"Baba€.€.€.€ouchy€.€.€.€no,€no!"€during€the€night;€that€heÐ @" Ðheard€her€say€that€Baba€"hammers"€her,€making€a€motion€between€herÐ Ð $ Ðlegs;€and€that€she€had€asked€him€to€"play€with€her€pee€pee."€€€TheÐ ° Ðmother's€letter€reported€that€she€had€seen€unusual€vaginal€rednessÐ @ Ðin€both€girls€following€visits€with€their€father;€that€the€olderÐ Ð  Ðgirl€had€asked€her,€"what€does€[her€sister]€mean€when€she€says€thatÐ ` ° ÐBaba€does€this?"€making€a€masturbatory€motion€between€her€legs;€andÐ ð @ Ðthat€the€younger€girl€had€made€other€comments€complaining€of€painÐ € Ð  Ðin€her€vaginal€area€or€expressing€general€fear€of€her€father.€€OnÐ `  ÐJune€13,€2001,€the€Swedish€court€denied€the€motion€for€a€fullÐ  ð  Ðinvestigation.Ð 0€  Ðà ` àAlso€during€this€time„frame,€the€Swedish€authoritiesÐ À Ðconcluded€the€custody€evaluation€conducted€as€part€of€the€divorceÐ P  Ðproceedings.€€On€May€31,€2001,€the€Swedish€authorities€issued€aÐ à0 Ðreport,€based€on€home€visits,€meetings€and€visits€to€the€girls'Ð pÀ Ðschools,€which€found€that€"nothing€has€been€established€.€.€.€thatÐ P Ðsuggests€that€either€of€the€girls€have€been€subjected€to€sexualÐ à Ðmolestation.€.€.€.€€Both€parents€are€very€competent€as€parents€andÐ  p Ðhave€a€fine,€close€and€natural€contact€with€the€daughters."׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ThereÐ °  Ðwas€never€a€full€investigation€done€in€Sweden€into€the€specificÐ ° Ðquestion€of€whether€either€girl€had€been€sexually€abused,€however.Ð @ Ðà ` àOn€June€25,€2001,€McLarey€left€Sweden€with€the€girls€andÐ Ð  Ðreturned€to€the€U.S.€€The€parties€agree€that€this€violated€aÐ ` ° ÐSwedish€court€order.€€Upon€arrival,€she€arranged€for€a€sexual€abuseÐ ð @ Ðevaluation,€but€the€three„year„old€refused€to€speak€with€theÐ € Ð  Ðevaluator.€€McLarey€also€filed,€on€July€3,€2001,€a€declaratoryÐ `  Ðaction€under€the€Hague€Convention€(which€was€later€dismissed€byÐ  ð  Ðagreement€of€the€parties).€€On€August€22,€2001,€Danaipour€filed€aÐ 0€  Ðpetition€in€the€Family€Court€division€of€the€Massachusetts€stateÐ À ÐcourtÔ#†X3XXXJºb:#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº :#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€seeking€return€of€the€children€under€the€Hague€Convention.€€Ð P  ÐOn€September€5,€2001,€upon€McLarey's€motion,€the€action€was€removedÐ à0 Ðto€the€federal€district€court.Ð pÀ Ðà ` àIn€September€2001,€McLarey€began€taking€the€girls€toÐ P Ðtherapy€sessions€with€Dr.€Toni€Luxenberg,€a€clinical€psychologist.€Ð à ÐOver€the€course€of€several€months€of€weekly€sessions€with€Dr.Ð  p ÐLuxenberg,€the€younger€girl€made€various€statements€that€could€beÐ °  Ðtaken€as€indicating€that€her€father€had€her€masturbate€him€and€thatÐ @" Ðhe€had€Ô#†X3XXXJº)F#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºkF#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ômasturbated€himself€in€her€presence.€€She€also€told€theÐ Ð $ Ðdoctor€that€she€did€not€ever€want€to€go€to€Sweden€to€see€herÐ `"°& Ðfather.€€The€older€girl€did€not€make€any€statements€indicating€thatÐ ð#@( Ðshe€had€been€sexually€abused,€but€did€tell€Dr.€Luxenberg€that€herÐ €%Ð * Ðâ âsister€had€told€her€about€the€abuse,€that€she€thought€her€fatherÐ '`", Ðdid€it,€and€that€she€was€worried€and€frightened€she€would€have€toÐ ° Ðgo€back€to€Sweden.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº€I#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº>I#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ @ Ðâ âà ` àThe€district€court€held€an€initial€scheduling€hearing€onÐ Ð  ÐNovember€1,€2001.€€At€that€time,€the€court€stated€thatÐ ` ° ÐÓëÓà0 ` àI'm€not€necessarily€being€asked€in€this€case€to€decideÐ ð @ Ðwhether€the€allegations€of€child€abuse€are€proven€byÐ ¸   Ðclear€and€convincing€evidence,€but€I'm€being€asked€toÐ € Ð  Ðdecide€whether€there€are€feasible€conditions€under€whichÐ H ˜  Ðthe€children€can€be€returned€to€Sweden€so€the€SwedishÐ `  Ðauthorities€can€decide€those€issues.ÐØ( ` (#` (# ÐÌÓ™ÓOn€the€following€day,€the€district€court€appointed€a€guardian€adÐ h¸  Ðlitem€("GAL")€for€the€children€and€entered€a€scheduling€orderÐ øH  Ðrequiring€that€discovery€be€completed€by€December€17,€2001.Ð ˆØ Ðà ` àOn€November€21,€Danaipour,€along€with€his€retainedÐ h Ðexpert,€proposed€that€the€district€court€issue€an€order€pursuant€toÐ ¨ø ÐFederal€Rule€of€Evidence€706,׃K×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€ordering€that€the€children€be€givenÐ 8ˆ Ðan€independent€sexual€abuse€evaluation.€€Also€on€that€date,€the€GALÐ È Ðfiled€her€preliminary€report,€which€emphasized€the€need€for€aÐ X¨ Ð"prompt€resolution,"€preferably€before€the€Swedish€school€termÐ è8 Ðbegan€in€January.€Ô#†X3XXXJºL#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÔK#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€On€December€3,€McLarey€filed€a€motion€requestingÐ xÈ! Ða€forensic€sexual€abuse€evaluation€prior€to€trial.€€McLarey€statedÐ  X# Ðthat€she€believed€that€the€evidence€in€the€record€was€sufficient€toÐ ˜!è% Ðmeet€her€burden€of€proof€under€the€Hague€Convention,€but€that€theÐ (#x' Ðjudge€should€order€an€evaluation€if€he€thought€it€would€be€helpfulÐ ° Ðor€necessary€for€him€to€make€a€finding€on€whether€sexual€abuse€hadÐ @ Ðoccurred.€€McLarey's€motion€argued€that€a€finding€of€sexual€abuseÐ Ð  Ðwould€constitute€a€per€se€"intolerable€situation"€under€the€HagueÐ ` ° ÐConvention;€that€any€evaluations€performed€in€Sweden€would€not€beÐ ð @ Ðeffective;€and€that€the€results€of€an€evaluation€here€could€informÐ € Ð  Ðthe€court's€consideration€of€the€possibility€of€using€undertakingsÐ `  Ðin€the€event€of€a€return€order.€Along€with€her€motion,€McLareyÐ  ð  Ðsubmitted€expert€affidavits€from€two€medical€doctors€indicatingÐ 0€  Ðthat€the€children's€willingness€and€ability€to€disclose€informationÐ À Ðrelating€to€any€sexual€abuse€would€be€markedly€diminished€if€theyÐ P  Ðwere€returned€to€Sweden.€€Thus,€as€of€December€3,€both€partiesÐ à0 Ðagreed€to€the€need€for€a€full€evaluation€and€contemplated€it€wouldÐ pÀ Ðbe€done€here€under€the€court's€supervision.€When€the€GAL€made€herÐ P ÐNovember€21€recommendation€urging€prompt€disposition€of€the€case,Ð à ÐÔ#†X3XXXJºfR#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¨R#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôthe€GAL€did€not€then€know€that€both€parties€would€be€seeking€a€fullÐ  p Ðevaluation.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº€Y#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº>Y#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ °  Ðà ` àOn€December€4,€2001,€the€court€held€a€preliminaryÐ @" Ðhearing,€at€which€it€expressed€a€preference€to€conclude€the€trialÐ Ð $ Ðin€December,€in€accordance€with€the€GAL's€recommendation,€andÐ `"°& Ðinquired€whether€a€full€evaluation€could€be€done€in€Sweden.€€AtÐ ð#@( Ðthat€point,€Danaipour's€counsel€expressed€an€absolute€opposition€toÐ €%Ð * Ðthe€possibility€of€any€examination€taking€place€in€this€country.€Ð '`", ÐThe€GAL€stated€that€she€did€believe€that€an€evaluation€needed€to€beÐ  (ð#. Ðdone,€but€she€expressed€no€opinion€as€to€whether€it€should€be€doneÐ 0*€%0 Ðin€the€U.S.€or€in€Sweden.Ð À+'2 Ðà ` àOn€December€7,€the€court€held€a€second€hearing.€€At€theÐ ° Ðhearing,€Danaipour€filed€a€written€objection€to€an€evaluation€beingÐ @ Ðdone€in€the€United€States.€€Ô#†»‚† »XXJº%Z#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºgZ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔHowever,€he€submitted€no€expertÐ Ð  Ðaffidavits€and€thus€did€not€controvert€the€expert€testimonyÐ ` ° Ðsubmitted€by€McLarey€that€an€evaluation€in€Sweden€was€unlikely€toÐ ð @ Ðsucceed.€€The€court€held:Ð € Ð  ÐÓÓNÓà0 ` àContrary€to€what€the€respondent€is€contending,€I'm€notÐ `  Ðpersuaded€that€evaluations€of€the€children€in€Sweden€willÐ Ø(  Ðnot€be€effective,€given€the€additional€information€that'sÐ  ð  Ðbeen€generated€in€this€case,€and€I€think€it's€neitherÐ h¸  Ðfeasible€nor€appropriate,€given€the€mandate€of€the€HagueÐ 0€  ÐConvention€to€decide€these€matters€promptly,€and€givenÐ øH  Ðthe€fact€with€the€agreement€of€all€the€parties€I've€setÐ À Ða€December€19€trial€date,€[I]€.€.€.€deny€the€motion€forÐ ˆØ Ða€court€ordered€sexual€abuse€evaluation.ÐP ` (#` (# ÐÌÓÓWhen€the€court€made€this€holding€the€only€expert€testimony€beforeÐ à0 Ðit€was€that€it€was€extremely€doubtful,€at€least,€that€an€evaluationÐ pÀ Ðcould€be€successfully€performed€if€the€children€were€returned;Ð P Ðfurther€the€GAL€took€no€position€as€to€where€the€evaluation€shouldÐ à Ðbe€performed,€saying€it€was€beyond€her€expertise.€€The€courtÐ  p Ðfurther€noted€that€McLarey€should€have€submitted€her€motion€for€anÐ °  Ðevaluation€earlier.׃W×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€does€not€appear€that€the€court€relied€onÐ @" Ðthis€rationale,€however,€as€it€noted€that€it€had€"grave€doubts"€asÐ Ð $ Ðto€whether€it€would€have€been€allowed€even€if€filed€earlier.Ð `"°& ÐÓ—bÓÓAÓà ` àPrior€to€trial,€Danaipour€submitted€proposedÐ ° Ð"undertakings"€to€which€he€would€agree€if€the€court€ordered€theÐ @ Ðchildren€returned€to€Sweden.€€These€included€an€agreement€that€theÐ Ð  Ðchildren€could€reside€with€McLarey€in€Sweden;€an€agreement€that€heÐ ` ° Ðwould€have€limited€or€no€visitation€pending€judgment€of€the€SwedishÐ ð @ Ðcourt;€and€an€agreement€that€he€would€participate€in€a€forensicÐ € Ð  Ðevaluation€to€determine€if€sexual€abuse€had€occurred.Ð `  Ðà ` àOn€December€14,€2001,€shortly€before€the€trial€hereÐ  ð  Ðbegan,€the€Stockholm€County€Court€entered€an€order€specifying€thatÐ 0€  ÐMcLarey€and€Danaipour€would€continue€to€have€joint€custody;€theÐ À Ðchildren€would€have€supervised€visitation€rights€with€their€fatherÐ P  Ðevery€Saturday;׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€"[w]hen€the€children€have€been€returned€toÐ à0 ÐSweden,€the€court€will€òòconsideróó€the€question€of€a€child€psychiatricÐ pÀ Ðevaluation."€(emphasis€added).€€Thus,€although€the€father€hadÐ P Ðremoved€his€earlier€objection€to€a€forensic€examination€of€theÐ à Ðchildren,€the€Swedish€court€reserved€the€issue€of€whether€it€wouldÐ  p Ðrequire€one.Ð °  Ðà ` àThe€GAL's€final€report,€filed€on€December€17,€2001,Ð @" Ðrecommended€that,€if€the€girls€were€returned€to€Sweden,€the€youngerÐ Ð $ Ðchild€have€only€telephone€contact€with€her€father€until€a€fullÐ `"°& Ðsexual€abuse€evaluation€was€performed,€or€at€least€substantiallyÐ ð#@( Ðunderway,€and€a€counselor€was€in€place€for€her.€€Her€recommendationÐ €%Ð * Ðwas€therefore€in€conflict€with€the€order€entered€by€the€SwedishÐ '`", Ðcourt€three€days€previously.€€€Ð  (ð#. Ðà ` àTrial€was€conducted€as€scheduled€from€December€19€toÐ ° ÐDecember€21.€€The€court€limited€each€side€to€about€nine€hours€ofÐ @ Ðtime€to€put€in€its€case,€without€objection€from€the€parties.€€AtÐ Ð  Ðtrial,€Dr.€Luxenberg€testified€that€based€on€her€treatment€of€theÐ ` ° Ðchildren,€she€believed€that€Danaipour€had€sexually€abused€hisÐ ð @ Ðyounger€child.€€She€testified€specifically€that€she€did€not€believeÐ € Ð  Ðthe€girl€had€been€coached€to€make€a€false€accusation,€as€theÐ `  Ðrevelation€was€made€in€age„appropriate€language,€it€was€accompaniedÐ  ð  Ðby€a€distressed€emotional€reaction,€and€it€contained€newÐ 0€  Ðinformation,€rather€than€a€repetition€of€a€rote€script.€€Dr.Ð À ÐLuxenberg€also€testified€that€she€could€not,€at€this€stage,€answerÐ P  Ðwhether€Danaipour€had€sexually€abused€his€older€daughter.€€She€alsoÐ à0 Ðtestified€that,€in€her€medical€opinion,€the€younger€girl€suffersÐ pÀ Ðfrom€Post„Traumatic€Stress€Disorder€("PTSD").Ô#†X3XXXJº¥^#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºc^#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô׃F×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð P Ðà ` àMcLarey€also€presented€the€expert€testimony€of€Dr.€BesselÐ à Ðvan€der€Kolk,€an€expert€in€the€field€of€child€trauma.€€HeÐ  p Ðconcurred,€based€on€his€review€of€Dr.€Luxenberg's€notes€and€a€shortÐ °  Ðvideotape€of€the€younger€child,€that€the€younger€girl€suffers€fromÐ @" ÐPTSD.€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºñr#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº¯r#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€He€testified€that€he€did€not€agree€that€the€older€childÐ Ð $ Ðsuffers€from€PTSD€at€this€time,€but€he€testified€that€returningÐ `"°& Ðòòeitheróó€child€to€her€father€at€this€time€would€be€"devastating."€€Ð ð#@( ÐA€third€expert,€Dr.€Carole€Jenny,€a€professor€of€pediatrics€atÐ €%Ð * ÐBrown€University€Medical€School€and€an€expert€in€sexual€abuseÐ '`", Ðevaluations,€also€testified€for€McLarey.€€Dr.€Jenny€testified€that,Ð ° Ðin€her€opinion,€to€a€reasonable€degree€of€medical€certainty,€theÐ @ Ðyounger€girl€had€been€sexually€abused.€€She€specified€that€she€didÐ Ð  Ðnot€believe€the€child€had€been€coached.€€She€based€her€opinion€onÐ ` ° Ða€review€of€Dr.€Luxenberg's€treatment€notes€and€reports,€a€reviewÐ ð @ Ðof€the€Swedish€social€services€and€police€reports,€an€interviewÐ € Ð  Ðwith€McLarey,€and€observation€of€the€trial€testimony.€€Ô#†X3XXXJº:u#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºøt#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔDr.€JennyÐ `  Ðalso€testified€that€she€did€not€believe€an€effective€investigationÐ  ð  Ðcould€be€conducted€in€Sweden,€because€the€children€would€beÐ 0€  Ðunlikely€to€talk€if€returned.€€A€Swedish€lawyer,€specializing€inÐ À Ðchild€abuse€cases,€also€testified€for€McLarey€as€an€expert€on€theÐ P  ÐSwedish€legal€system€and€on€the€feasibility€of€"undertakings"€as€aÐ à0 Ðway€to€cabin€the€district€court's€order.€€The€expert€testimony€isÐ pÀ Ðdiscussed€in€more€detail€in€the€pertinent€sections€below.Ð P Ðà ` àDanaipour's€expert,€Dr.€Carlton€Munson,€a€Ph.D.€inÐ à Ðclinical€social€work,€but€not€an€M.D.,€testified€that€in€hisÐ  p Ðopinion€neither€child€suffered€from€PTSD.€€He€also€testified€thatÐ °  Ðone€could€not€predict€whether€a€return€to€Sweden€would€negativelyÐ @" Ðaffect€the€children,€and€suggested€it€might€improve€their€outlook.€Ð Ð $ ÐDr.€Munson€further€testified€that€it€was€preferable€that€anyÐ `"°& Ðevaluation€take€place€in€Sweden,€"the€jurisdiction€where€the€abuseÐ ð#@( Ðis€alleged€to€have€occurred,"€because€€of€"the€familiarity€with€theÐ €%Ð * Ðsystem,€familiarity€with€all€of€the€factors€in€the€locale,€theÐ '`", Ðarea,€what€kind€of€services€are€available,€and€even€in€terms€of€theÐ  (ð#. Ðculture€of€the€person€that€has€been€abused,€as€well€as€the€cultureÐ 0*€%0 Ðof€the€abuser."€€He€did€not€explain€this€further.Ð À+'2 Ðà ` àDanaipour€also€testified,€denying€all€allegations€ofÐ ° Ðsexual€abuse€and€denying€that€he€had€been€abusive€toward€McLarey.€Ð @ ÐHe€testified€that€his€daughters€have€seen€him€and€other€men€naked,Ð Ð  Ðwhich€he€says€is€common€in€Sweden,€but€that€he€has€never€touchedÐ ` ° Ðthem,€nor€had€them€touch€him,€in€a€sexual€way.€€He€testified€thatÐ ð @ Ðhe€had€also€observed€redness€in€the€girls'€vaginal€areas€when€heÐ € Ð  Ðand€his€wife€lived€together,€and€that€they€had€consulted€healthÐ `  Ðcare€professionals€and€were€told€that€this€was€not€out€of€theÐ  ð  Ðordinary€and€could€be€treated€with€a€simple€ointment.€€HisÐ 0€  Ðexplanation€for€his€wife's€accusations€is€that€his€wife€left€him€toÐ À Ðbe€with€another€man,€an€American,€and€is€now€trying€to€take€theÐ P  Ðchildren€with€her,€in€violation€of€a€Swedish€custody€order.Ð à0 ÐÓfÓÓÓà ` àOn€January€2,€2002,€the€district€court€issued€itsÐ pÀ Ðdecision.€€òòDanaipouróó€v.€òòMcLareyóó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€311€(D.€Mass.Ð P Ð2002).Ô#†X3XXXJºYy#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº›y#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€The€court€found€Dr.€Luxenberg's€testimony€regarding€theÐ à Ðyounger€child's€statements€to€her€to€be€credibleòòóó€and€that€"[t]Ô#†»‚† »XXJºM…#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº …#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔhoseÐ  p Ðstatements€provide€good€reason€to€be€concerned€that€Danaipour€mayÐ °  Ðhave€masturbated€in€front€of€C.D.€and,€on€one€occasion,€engaged€herÐ @" Ðin€that€conduct.€If€that€occurred€it€was,€as€another€of€McLarey'sÐ Ð $ Ðexperts,€Dr.€Carole€Jenny,€opined,€a€form€of€sexual€abuse."€€Ô#†X3XXXJºc†#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3!†#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔòòId.óó€atÐ `"°& Ð322.€€€However,€the€court€also€found€thatÔ#†X3XXXJºAˆ#Ô€Ô#†»r»XX3"ˆ#ÔÔ‡Š6 ˆ»»rÔÔ‡ŠJºX ˆŠ6Ô"a€forensic€evaluation€isÐ ð#@( Ðnecessary€to€determine€with€a€reasonable€degree€of€reliabilityÐ Ð% !* Ðwhether€any€form€of€sexual€abuse€has€occurred€and,€if€so,€who€theÐ `'°", Ðabuser€was."׃V×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòId.óó€€Ô#†»‚† »XŠJºñˆ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔThe€court€further€found€that€there€was€noÐ ð(@$. Ðevidence€that€the€older€child€had€been€sexually€abused€in€any€way,׃9 ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ° Ðand€that€neither€child€suffered€from€PTSD€or€would€suffer€from€PTSDÐ @ Ðor€any€unusual€psychological€harm€if€returned€with€her€mother€toÐ Ð  ÐSweden.€€òòId.óóÔ#†»‚† »XXJº•Š#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†‰#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡ŠJºX »»‚†Ô€Ô#†Š6 ˆXŠJº¢Œ#ÔÔ#†»r» ˆŠ6ÁŒ#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôat€313.€€It€concluded€that€"McLarey€[has€not]€provenÐ ` ° Ðby€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€the€children's€return€toÐ ð @ ÐSweden€on€the€conditions€being€ordered€in€.€.€.€this€MemorandumÐ € Ð  Ðwill€create€the€grave€risk€of€psychological€harm€to€them€that€wouldÐ `  Ðpermit€the€court€to€deny€Danaipour's€petition."€€òòId.Ô#†X3XXXJºF#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3'#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔóóÐ  ð  ÐÓ„ÓÓ¡‚Óà ` àThe€court€ordered€McLarey€to€return€the€children€toÐ 0€  ÐSweden€at€her€own€expense€by€January€16,€2002,€with€a€list€ofÐ À Ðtwelve€conditions,€including:€that€the€children€reside€with€McLareyÐ P  Ðunless€ordered€otherwise€by€a€Swedish€court;€that€a€forensicÐ à0 Ðevaluation€be€conducted€in€Sweden€and€that€both€parents€participateÐ pÀ Ðfully€in€the€evaluation;€that€a€Swedish€court€decide€theÐ P Ðimplications€of€the€forensic€evaluation€for€the€custody€of€theÐ à Ðchildren;€that€Danaipour€have€no€contact€with€the€younger€daughter,Ð  p Ðunless€ordered€otherwise€by€a€Swedish€court;€that€Danaipour€haveÐ °  Ðonly€telephone€contact€three€times€a€week€with€the€older€daughterÐ @" Ðunless€the€Swedish€courts€order€otherwise;€and€that€DanaipourÐ Ð $ Ðrequest€that€a€court€of€Sweden€enter€the€terms€of€the€order€as€aÐ `"°& Ð"mirror€order"€enforceable€in€Sweden.€€òòId.óó€at€327„28.€€IÔ#†»‚† »XXJºI#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº*#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôn€denyingÐ ð#@( ÐMcLarey's€motion€for€additional€time€to€seek€leave€to€amend€or€toÐ €%Ð * Ðseek€relief€from€the€court's€order,€the€district€court€noted€thatÐ ° Ð"[t]his€court€expects€that€[the€Swedish€court]€will€enter€aÐ @ Ðvirtually€verbatim€Swedish€counterpart€of€[the€January€2,€2000,]Ð Ð  ÐOrder."Ô#†X3XXXJº@”#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3þ“#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ ` ° Ðà ` àOn€January€3,€2002,€Danaipour€submitted€a€required€mirrorÐ ð @ Ðorder€motion€to€the€Stockholm€District€Court.€€As€the€District€ofÐ € Ð  ÐMassachusetts€did€not€supply€a€translated€order€to€the€SwedishÐ `  Ðcourt,€Danaipour€filed€his€own€translation,€which€McLareyÐ  ð  Ðchallenged€as€inaccurate.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº:–#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº–#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ 0€  Ðà ` àOn€January€9,€2002,€the€federal€district€court€amendedÐ À Ðits€order€to€extend€the€return€date,€if€McLarey€filed€an€appealÐ P  Ðwith€this€court€by€January€14,€until€this€court€could€consider€herÐ à0 Ðmotion€for€a€stay€pending€appeal.€€On€January€25,€this€courtÐ pÀ Ðgranted€her€motion€for€a€stay,€staying€the€order€for€return€of€theÐ P Ðchildren€pending€the€outcome€of€this€appeal,€and€granted€theÐ à Ðparties€an€expedited€appeal.€€Argument€was€heard€on€March€6,€2002.Ð  p ÐThe€last€filing€from€the€parties€was€received€on€March€29,€2002.Ð °  Ðà ` àAfter€oral€argument,€we€permitted€both€parties€toÐ @" Ðsupplement€the€record€to€provide€information€regarding€later€eventsÐ Ð $ Ðin€Sweden.€€This€supplemental€information,€as€it€turns€out,€tendsÐ `"°& Ðto€weaken€further€the€district€court's€assumptions€that€anÐ ð#@( Ðequivalent€sexual€abuse€evaluation€would€occur€in€Sweden.€€EvenÐ €%Ð * Ðabsent€the€post„hearing€information,€however,€we€would€reverse€theÐ '`", Ðdistrict€court.€€The€supplemental€information€simply€confirms€forÐ  (ð#. Ðus€the€errors€in€the€district€court's€analysis.€€On€February€14,Ð 0*€%0 Ðthe€Stockholm€City€Court€entered€an€interim€order€in€this€case,Ð À+'2 Ðwhich€follows€some,€but€not€all,€of€the€undertakings€ordered€by€theÐ ° Ðdistrict€court.€€òòDanaipouróó€v.€òòMcLareyóó,€No.€T€3165„00€(StockholmÐ @ ÐCity€Court,€Dept.€2,€Div.€6,€Feb.€14,€2002)€(translation).€€TheÐ Ð  Ðorder€stated€that€"the€majority€of€the€conditions€imposed€byÐ ` ° ÐFederal€Court€for€a€return€of€the€children€under€the€HagueÐ ð @ ÐConvention€cannot€for€formal€reason€be€confirmed."€€€òòId.óó€€The€CityÐ € Ð  ÐCourt€noted€that€in€cases€such€as€this€one,€it€was€bound€to€followÐ `  Ðthe€Parental€Code€and€could€not€lawfully€issue€an€order€containingÐ  ð  Ðprovisions€not€specified€by€the€relevant€provisions€of€that€Code.€Ð 0€  ÐSpecifically,€it€confirmed€the€orders€that€the€children€shouldÐ À Ðcontinue€to€reside€with€McLarey;€that€the€Child€and€YouthÐ P  ÐPsychiatric€Service€conduct€an€investigation€to€"clarify€whetherÐ à0 Ð[the€children]€have€been€exposed€to€sexual€molestation€and€in€thatÐ pÀ Ðcase€by€whom"€(specifying€that€the€Service€should€report€to€it€onÐ P Ðthis€investigation€by€May€17,€2002)Ô#†X3XXXJº=˜#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºû—#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô;€that€the€parents€willÐ à Ðparticipate€in€the€investigation;€and€that€the€results€of€theÐ  p Ðinvestigation€"shall€be€taken€into€account€when€the€issue€of€futureÐ °  Ðcustody€of€the€children€is€determined."€€òòId.óó€€It€stated€that€it€hadÐ @" Ðno€legal€authority€to€confirm€the€portions€of€the€order€requiringÐ Ð $ ÐMcLarey€to€return€the€children€to€Sweden€at€her€own€cost,€limitingÐ `"°& ÐDanaipour's€contact€with€the€children,€requiring€McLarey€toÐ ð#@( Ðsurrender€her€passport€and€not€leave€Sweden€without€courtÐ €%Ð * Ðpermission,€and€requiring€that€Danaipour€not€initiate€proceedingsÐ '`", Ðagainst€McLarey€or€attempt€to€enforce€custody€rights€until€theÐ  (ð#. Ðâ âcourt€decides€otherwise.€€òòId.óó€€The€Swedish€court€did,€however,Ð 0*€%0 Ðrevoke€the€December€14,€2001,€order,€which€had€granted€DanaipourÐ ° Ðaccess€to€the€children.Ð @ Ðâ âà ` àPursuant€to€the€Swedish€court's€February€14€order,€theÐ Ð  Ðcase€was€referred€to€the€Child€and€Youth€Psychiatric€ServiceÐ ` ° Ð("BUP").€€On€March€2,€2002,€the€BUP€informed€the€Swedish€court€thatÐ ð @ Ðit€"cannot€accept€this€assignment,€whereby€we€would€investigateÐ € Ð  Ðwhether€the€above„mentioned€children€have€been€subjected€to€sexualÐ `  Ðabuse€and€by€whom.€€According€to€our€understanding,€whether€a€crimeÐ  ð  Ðhas€been€committed€and€thus€a€criminal€investigation€should€takeÐ 0€  Ðplace€is€a€question€for€a€police€to€investigate."€Ð À Ðà ` àFollowing€this,€Danaipour's€Swedish€attorney€informed€usÐ P  Ðby€affidavit׃q×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€that€he€contacted€the€BUPÔ#†X3XXXJº£#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºJ£#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.€€On€March€28,€the€BUPÔ#†X3XXXJº«#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºV«#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ à0 Ðinformed€the€Swedish€attorney€that€"[w]e€undertake€.€.€.€toÐ pÀ Ðinvestigate€whether€the€above„named€children€show€signs€of€PostÐ P ÐTraumatic€Stress€Disorder€(PTSD)€and€also,€if€possible,€to€explainÐ à Ðthe€underlying€reasons.€€The€investigation€will€be€performed€at€anÐ  p ÐOpen€Care€Child€Psychiatric€Clinic€within€our€area€of€operations."€Ð °  ÐThe€letter€provided€no€additional€information€on€the€parameters€ofÐ @" Ðthe€proposed€evaluation.€€Further,€the€evaluation€was€not€to€be€ofÐ Ð $ Ðwhether€there€was€sexual€abuse,€but€rather€of€the€differentÐ `"°& Ðquestion€of€whether€the€children€suffered€fromp€PTSD.€€The€letterÐ ð#@( Ðdid€not€disclaim€the€statement€in€the€BUP's€March€12€letter€to€theÐ €%Ð * ÐSwedish€court€that€the€BUP€would€not€perform€a€sexual€abuseÐ ° Ðevaluation.€€Ð @ Ðà ` àDanaipour's€Swedish€attorney€has€suggested,€apparently€asÐ Ð  Ðan€alterative€to€a€court€supervised€evaluation,€a€privateÐ ` ° Ðevaluation€to€be€done€by€a€child€psychiatrist€and€a€Professor€ofÐ ð @ ÐPsychology€at€Uppsala€University.€€A€letter€from€them€states€thatÐ € Ð  Ðthey€have€agreed€to€perform€the€evaluation€at€"Hasselby€Nya€Gard,"Ð `  Ðto€begin€at€the€earliest€at€the€end€of€April.€€The€letter€statesÐ  ð  Ðthat€the€"questions€to€be€dealt€with"€are€"Have€the€two€girls€beenÐ 0€  Ðtraumatized,€and€what€injuries,€deficiencies€have€occurred?"€Ð À ÐAgain,€the€proposed€evaluation€was€not€an€evaluation€of€whetherÐ P  Ðthere€had€been€sexual€abuse,€but€rather€of€whether€the€children€hadÐ à0 Ðbeen€traumatized.€€No€information€is€provided€as€to€the€expertiseÐ pÀ Ðof€the€proposed€evaluators€or€of€the€protocols€to€be€followed.€€NorÐ P Ðis€it€a€court€supervised€evaluation.€€There€is€no€evidence€thatÐ à Ðeither€letter€was€submitted€to€the€Swedish€court.€Ô#†X3XXXJº¯«#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºñ«#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ  p ÐÓ  ÓII.Ð °  ÐÓ µÓà ` àWe€review€the€district€court's€interpretation€of€theÐ @" ÐHague€Convention€de€novo.€€òòWhallonóó€v.€òòLynnóó,€230€F.3d€450,€454€(1stÐ Ð $ ÐCir.€2000).€€We€review€the€district€court's€factual€findings€forÐ `"°& Ðclear€error,òòóó€òòid.óó,€and€review€its€application€of€the€Convention€toÐ ð#@( Ðthe€facts€de€novo,€Ô#†X3XXXJº—´#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÙ´#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔòòBlondinóó€v.€òòDuboisóó,€238€F.3d€153,€158€(2d€Cir.Ð €%Ð * Ð2001);€òòFederóó€v.€òòEvans„Federóó,€63€F.3d€217,€222€n.9€(3d€Cir.€1995).Ô#†X3XXXJºæ¶#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº(·#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ '`", Ðà ` àUnder€the€Hague€Convention,€children€who€have€beenÐ  (ð#. Ðwrongfully€removed€from€their€country€of€habitual€residence€must€beÐ 0*€%0 Ðreturned,€unless€the€abductor€can€prove€one€of€the€defenses€allowedÐ À+'2 Ðby€the€Convention.Ô#†X3XXXJº¸#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºG¸#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€Hague€Convention,€arts.€12„13,€T.I.A.S.€No.Ð ° Ð11,670,€at€7„8;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòVon€Kennel€Gaudinóó€v.€òòRemisóó,€No.€01„15096,Ð @ Ð2002€WL€372844,€*2€(9th€Cir.€Mar.€11,€2002).€€All€parties€agreeÐ Ð  Ðthat€Sweden€is€the€country€of€habitual€residence€for€purposes€ofÐ ` ° Ðthe€Hague€Convention€and€that€McLarey€wrongfully€removed€theÐ ð @ Ðchildren€from€Sweden€within€the€meaning€of€the€ConventionÔ#†»‚† »XXJºõ¹#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº³¹#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô.€€òòSeeóóÐ € Ð  ÐHague€Convention,€art.€3,€T.I.A.S.€No.€11,670,€at€4„5€(definingÐ `  Ðwrongful€removal).Ô#†X3XXXJº]¼#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¼#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ  ð  Ðà ` àMcLarey€invoked€three€defenses€before€the€district€court:Ð 0€  Ð1)€"there€is€a€grave€risk€that€.€.€.€return€would€expose€theÐ À Ðchild[ren]€to€physical€or€psychological€harm€or€otherwise€place€theÐ P  Ðchild[ren]€in€an€intolerable€situation,"€òòid.óó€art.€13(b),€T.I.A.S.Ð à0 ÐNo.€11,670,€at€8;€2)€that€return€would€be€contrary€to€"fundamentalÐ pÀ Ðprinciples€of€the€requested€State€relating€to€the€protection€ofÐ P Ðhuman€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms,"€òòid.óó€art.€20,€T.I.A.S.€No.Ð à Ð11,670,€at€9;€and€3)€that€the€children€object€to€being€returned€andÐ  p Ðhave€"attained€an€age€and€degree€of€maturity€at€which€it€isÐ °  Ðappropriate€to€take€account€of€[their]€views,"€òòid.óó€art.€13,Ð @" ÐT.I.A.S.€No.€11,670,€at€8.€€The€district€court€found€that€McLareyÐ Ð $ Ðhad€failed€to€meet€her€burden€on€all€three€defenses;€McLarey€didÐ `"°& Ðnot€pursue€the€latter€two€defenses€before€this€court.€€It€is€theÐ ð#@( ÐArticle€13(b)€grave€risk€defense€on€which€we€decide€the€appeal.Ð €%Ð * Ðà ` àUnder€the€United€States's€legislation€implementing€theÐ '`", ÐHague€Convention,€a€party€opposing€return€based€on€an€Article€13(b)Ð  (ð#. Ðexception€bears€the€burden€of€establishing€that€exception€by€clearÐ 0*€%0 Ðand€convincing€evidence.€€42€U.S.C.€ðð€11603(e)(2)(A)€(1994).€€TheÐ À+'2 Ðdistrict€court€held€that€subsidiary€facts€must€be€proved€by€aÐ ° Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence,€a€standard€we€accept.€€òòDanaipouróó,Ð @ Ð183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€314.ò òó óÔ#†X3XXXJº&½#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºh½#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ Ð  Ðà ` àThe€Convention€establishes€a€strong€presumption€favoringÐ ` ° Ðreturn€of€a€wrongfully€removed€child.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºâÄ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº Ä#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€òòWhallonóó,€230€F.3d€at€460;Ð ð @ Ðòòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòTurneróó€v.€òòFroweinóó,€752€A.2d€955,€970€(Conn.€2000)€("[T]heÐ € Ð  ÐHague€Convention€generally€favors€repatriation€as€a€means€ofÐ `  Ðrestoring€the€preabduction€status€quo€and€of€deterring€parents€fromÐ  ð  Ðcrossing€international€boundaries€in€search€of€a€more€sympatheticÐ 0€  Ðforum.").Ô#†X3XXXJºùÅ#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3·Å#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€Exceptions€to€the€general€rule€of€expedient€return,Ð À Ðincluding€Article€13(b),€are€to€be€construed€narrowly.€€òòSeeóóÐ P  ÐPermanent€Bureau,€Hague€Conference€on€Private€Int'l€Law,Ð à0 ÐòòConclusions€and€Recommendations€of€the€Fourth€Meeting€of€theÐ pÀ ÐSpecial€Commission€to€Review€the€Operation€of€the€Hague€ConventionÐ P Ðof€25€October€1980€on€the€Civil€Aspects€of€International€ChildÐ à ÐAbductionóó€ðð€4.3€(2001),€òòavailableóó€òòatóó€http://www.hcch.net/e/Ð  p Ðconventions/reports28e.htmlÔ#†X3XXXJº*È#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3 È#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô;€Ô#†»‚† »XXJº÷Ê#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔE.€PÔ#†»‚† »XXJºZË#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºË#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôrez„Vera,€òòExplanatory€Reportóó,€ððÐ °  Ð34Ô#†X3XXXJºãË#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¡Ë#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€at€434€òòinóó€3€Hague€Conference€on€Private€Int'l€Law,€Acts€andÐ @" ÐDocuments€of€the€Fourteenth€Session€(1982)€(translation€of€theÐ Ð $ ÐPermanent€Bureau),€òòavailableóó€òòatóó€http://www.hcch.net/e/conventions/Ð `"°& Ðmenu28e.html€[hereinafter€PÔ#†X3XXXJºdÌ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¦Ì#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôrez„Vera€Report].Ô#†»‚† »XXJºSÎ#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Î#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºÉÎ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºèÎ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ԀРð#@( Ðà ` àThe€Article€13(b)€defense€may€not€be€used€"as€a€vehicleÐ €%Ð * Ðto€litigate€(or€relitigate)€the€child's€best€interests."€€HagueÐ '`", ÐInternational€Child€Abduction€Convention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,Ð  (ð#. Ð51€Fed.€Reg.€10,494,€10,510€(Dep't€of€State€Mar.€26,€1986);€òòseeóóÐ 0*€%0 Ðòòalsoóó€òòWhallonóó,€230€F.3d€at€460.Ô#†X3XXXJºmÏ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº+Ï#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€Under€Article€13(b),€"grave"€meansÐ À+'2 Ða€more€than€serious€risk.€€òòSeeóó€Hague€International€Child€AbductionÐ ° ÐConvention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,€51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,510.€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºŽÑ#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†LÑ#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€AndÐ @ Ðeven€if€the€conditions€for€an€Article€13(b)€exception€are€met,€theÐ Ð  ÐHague€Convention€gives€the€court€discretion€to€return€the€child€toÐ ` ° Ðthe€country€of€habitual€residence.€€Hague€Convention,€arts.€13,€18,Ð ð @ ÐT.I.A.S.€No.€11,670,€at€8„9;€òòWalshóó€v.€òòWalshóó,€221€F.3d€204,€221€n.17Ð € Ð  Ð(1st€Cir.€2000);€òòFriedrichóó€v.€òòFriedrichóó,€78€F.3d€1060,€1067€(6thÐ `  ÐCir.€1996);Ô#†X3XXXJºåÒ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÆÒ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Hague€International€Child€Abduction€Convention:€TextÐ  ð  Ðand€Legal€Analysis,€51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,509.Ð 0€  ÐÓ–ÓÓ?IÓà ` àThe€district€court€here€concluded€that€it€required€a€fullÐ À Ðindependent€sexual€abuse€evaluation€in€order€to€make€a€finding€onÐ P  Ðwhether€sexual€abuse€had€occurred,€and€thus€whether€grave€risk€ofÐ à0 Ðharm€would€preclude€return.€€òòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€317.€€ItÐ pÀ Ðdeclined€to€order€such€an€evaluation,€however,€believing€that€theÐ P Ðdetermination€could€be€made€in€Sweden€without€putting€the€childrenÐ à Ðat€grave€risk,€so€long€as€certain€conditions€were€met.€€òòId.óó€at€313,Ð  p Ð323,€327„28.€€The€district€court's€decision€that€it€could€defer€theÐ °  Ðultimate€issue€of€whether€sexual€abuse€had€occurred€is€bestÐ @" Ðevidenced€by€its€statement€at€the€November€1,€2001,€schedulingÐ Ð $ Ðconference:Ð `"°& ÐÓÖÓà0 ` àI'm€not€necessarily€being€asked€in€this€case€to€decideÐ ð#@( Ðwhether€the€allegations€of€child€abuse€are€proven€byÐ ¸$ ) Ðclear€and€convincing€evidence,€but€I'm€being€asked€toÐ €%Ð * Ðdecide€whether€there€are€feasible€conditions€under€whichÐ H&˜!+ Ðthe€children€can€be€returned€to€Sweden€so€the€SwedishÐ '`", Ðauthorities€can€decide€those€issues.ÐØ'(#-` (#` (# ÐÌÔ#†»‚† »XXJºXÕ#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Õ#ÔÓxµÓÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔThe€district€court€concluded€the€evaluation€could€be€done€as€wellÐ h)¸$/ Ðin€Sweden€as€here.€€òòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€313,€327.€Ð ø*H&1 ÐImplicit€in€this€conclusion€is€a€determination€that,€even€if€theÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðchildren€had€been€sexually€abused,€they€could€be€returned,€and€theÐ ° Ðonus€would€fall€upon€the€Swedish€authorities€to€protect€them.€Ð @ ÐWithout€deciding€that€there€could€never€be€a€situation€in€which€aÐ Ð  Ðdistrict€court€could€properly€decline€to€make€a€finding€on€sexualÐ ` ° Ðabuse€allegations€or€defer€such€a€finding€to€the€courts€of€theÐ ð @ Ðcountry€of€habitual€residence,Ô#†X3XXXJº Ü#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºîÛ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€we€hold€on€the€facts€and€applicableÐ € Ð  Ðlaw€here€that€the€district€court€violated€the€terms€of€the€HagueÐ `  ÐConvention.Ð  ð  Ðà ` àFirst,€we€start€with€the€context€in€which€the€grave€riskÐ 0€  Ðanalysis€must€take€place.€€Of€great€significance€to€us€is€theÐ À Ðpolicy€of€this€country€in€enforcing€the€Hague€Convention€withÐ P  Ðregard€to€the€type€of€risk€alleged:€sexual€abuse€of€a€young€child.€Ð à0 ÐThe€policy,€as€articulated€by€the€Department€of€State,€is€to€viewÐ pÀ Ðsexual€abuse€as€an€intolerable€situation.€€Hague€InternationalÐ P ÐChild€Abduction€Convention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,€51€Fed.€Reg.Ð à Ðat€10,494,€10,510.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºZß#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºß#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€The€district€court€failed€to€consider€thisÐ  p Ðsufficiently€when€making€its€determinations€regarding€the€graveÐ °  Ðrisk€analysis€and€the€use€of€undertakings.€€Certain€statements€byÐ @" Ðthe€court€about€what€type€of€conduct€and€what€type€of€psychologicalÐ Ð $ Ðevidence€were€needed€to€show€grave€risk€arising€out€of€sexual€abuseÐ `"°& Ðare€inconsistent€with€United€States€policy.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº°â#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†òâ#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ ð#@( Ðà ` àSecond,€the€Convention€assigns€the€task€of€making€theÐ €%Ð * Ð"grave€risk"€determination€to€the€court€of€the€receiving€country;Ð '`", Ðhere,€this€task€includes€the€obligation€to€make€any€subsidiaryÐ  (ð#. Ðfactual€findings€needed€to€determine€the€nature€and€extent€of€anyÐ 0*€%0 Ðrisk€asserted€as€a€defense€to€returning€the€child.€€€The€treatyÐ À+'2 Ðdoes€not€give€the€courts€of€the€country€of€habitual€residenceÐ ° Ðjurisdiction€to€answer€the€grave€risk€question;€their€jurisdictionÐ @ Ðis€determined€by€the€law€of€their€own€country.ò òó ó€€The€districtÐ Ð  Ðcourt's€implicit€determination€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€thisÐ ` ° Ðcase,€the€children€could€be€returned€without€first€determiningÐ ð @ Ðwhether€they€had€been€sexually€abused€was€inconsistent€with€UnitedÐ € Ð  ÐStates€policy€with€regard€to€the€Hague€Convention,€which€holds€thatÐ `  Ðsexual€abuse€by€a€parent€constitutes€an€intolerable€situation€andÐ  ð  Ðsubjects€the€child€to€grave€risk.€€Given€the€significant€evidenceÐ 0€  Ðof€sexual€abuse€presented€here,€we€believe€that€it€is€only€afterÐ À Ðthe€district€court€has€resolved€the€sexual€abuse€issue€that€theÐ P  Ðcourt€will€be€in€a€position€to€proceed€intelligently€down€the€nextÐ à0 Ðavenue€of€inquiry€„„€whether€the€children€can€be€returned€safely€toÐ pÀ Ðthe€country€of€habitual€residence.€€That€is€not€to€say€that€thereÐ P Ðmay€never€be€a€case€where€it€may€be€proper€to€defer€to€the€courtsÐ à Ðof€the€country€of€habitual€residence€a€finding€on€a€key€factualÐ  p Ðissue€underlying€a€grave€risk€determination,€but€this€is€not€thatÐ °  Ðcase:€the€evidence€of€sexual€abuse€so€far€presented€is€too€serious,Ð @" Ðand,€if€the€children€have€in€fact€been€sexually€abused,Ô#†»‚† »XXJºå#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº<å#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€the€problemÐ Ð $ Ðof€safeguarding€them€once€they€are€returned€is€too€great.€€We€holdÐ `"°& Ðthat€the€district€court€erred€in€determining€that€the€ConventionÐ ð#@( Ðdid€not€require€it€to€determine€the€issue€of€sexual€abuse.ò òÔ#†»‚† »XXJº}í#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†¿í#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôó óÐ €%Ð * Ðà ` àThird,€it€has€been€made€clear€by€later€events€that€theÐ '`", Ðdistrict€court€erred€in€deciding€that€a€forensic€sexual€abuse€Ð  (ð#. Ðevaluation€could€and€would€be€done€under€the€supervision€of€theÐ 0*€%0 ÐSwedish€courts.€€We€discuss€this€more€fully€in€the€next€section.€Ð À+'2 ÐNonetheless,€and€independently€of€the€events€in€Sweden,€weÐ ° Ðdisapprove€of€the€district€court's€analytical€methodology€for€twoÐ @ Ðreasons.€€First,€what€was€at€issue€was€not€simply€whether€theÐ Ð  ÐSwedish€procedures€for€conducting€a€forensic€evaluation€wereÐ ` ° Ðadequate,€but€also€the€effect€of€the€return€on€undermining€theÐ ð @ Ðvalidity€of€a€sexual€abuse€evaluation€of€the€children.€€TheÐ € Ð  Ðdistrict€court€focused€primarily€on€the€first€question.€€TheÐ `  Ðquestion€under€the€Convention€is€the€effect€of€return€on€theseÐ  ð  Ðparticular€children,€and€therefore€the€focus€properly€also€shouldÐ 0€  Ðhave€been€on€whether€a€forensic€evaluation€would€be€viable€givenÐ À Ðthese€children's€circumstances.€€Ð P  Ðà ` àNext,€a€sexual€abuse€evaluation€in€these€circumstancesÐ à0 Ðwould€be€done€under€the€supervision€of€the€court€making€the€graveÐ pÀ Ðrisk€analysis,€here€the€United€States€court.€€If,€as€the€fatherÐ P Ðhere€sought,€there€is€a€request€that€the€evaluation€be€performed€inÐ à Ðthe€country€of€habitual€residence,€we€think€that€is€in€the€natureÐ  p Ðof€an€undertaking.€€As€such,€the€proponent€of€the€undertaking€boreÐ °  Ðthe€burden€of€showing€that€an€equivalent€evaluation€could€be€doneÐ @" Ðas€well€in€Sweden.€€The€district€court€appears,€however,€to€haveÐ Ð $ Ðrequired€McLarey€to€show€that€there€was€a€grave€risk€that€anÐ `"°& Ðevaluation€could€òònotóó€be€done€in€Sweden;€that€was€error€in€theÐ ð#@( Ðallocation€of€evidentiary€burdens.€€We€need€not€decide€whether€theÐ €%Ð * Ðfather€met€the€burden,€in€light€of€the€developments.€€We€do€cautionÐ '`", Ðdistrict€courts€that€they€must€be€careful€not€to€prejudice€theÐ  (ð#. Ðâ âprocess€of€proving€grave€risk.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº.ï#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºMï#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ 0*€%0 Ðà ` àÔ#†»‚† »XXJºïø#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†1ù#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔFourth,€the€district€court's€use€of€conditions€wentÐ ° Ðâ âbeyond€its€authority€by€essentially€imposing€requirements€on€aÐ @ Ðforeign€court.€€That€was€error.€€In€addition,€it€also€madeÐ Ð  Ðincorrect€assumptions€that€its€own€order€could€and€would€beÐ ` ° Ðenforced€by€a€foreign€court.€Ô#†»‚† »XXJº·ù#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Öù#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ ð @ ÐÔ#†»‚† »XXJºœû#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†»û#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔòòA.€€Sexual€Abuse€as€a€Grave€Risk€of€Harmóóò òó óÐ € Ð  ÐÓØÛÓÓÓà ` àThe€Article€13(b)€exceptions€are€narrow,€and€should€beÐ `  Ðconstrued€narrowly€by€the€courts.€€In€this€instance,€however,€someÐ  ð  Ðof€the€district€court's€statements€evidence€an€overly€restrictiveÐ 0€  Ðapproach€to€the€type€of€conduct€that€constitutes€sexual€abuse,€andÐ À Ðto€the€relationship€between€sexual€abuse€of€a€child€and€grave€risk.€Ð P  ÐThe€policy€under€the€Convention€of€both€the€United€StatesÐ à0 Ðgovernment€and€the€Commonwealth€of€Massachusetts€is€weightedÐ pÀ Ðtowards€protection€of€the€child€when€there€is€credible€evidence€ofÐ P Ðsexual€abuse,€particularly€when€the€child€is€so€young€and€when€theÐ à Ðallegations€involve€abuse€by€a€parent.€€This€policy€informs€theÐ  p Ðgrave€risk€analysis.Ð °  Ðà ` àThe€United€States€Department€of€State's€guidelines€on€theÐ @" ÐHague€Convention€state€that€sexual€abuse€by€a€parent€is€an€exampleÐ Ð $ Ðof€an€Article€13(b)€defense€justifying€non„return.€€HagueÐ `"°& ÐInternational€Child€Abduction€Convention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,Ð ð#@( Ð51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,510.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºTü#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº5ü#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€In€fact,€it€is€the€only€example€soÐ €%Ð * Ðprovided€by€the€Department.€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºò#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº4#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€The€Department€of€State's€legalÐ '`", Ðanalysis€states€that:Ð  (ð#. ÐÓÒüÓà0 ` àAn€example€of€an€"intolerable€situation"€is€one€in€whichÐ 0*€%0 Ða€custodial€parent€sexually€abuses€the€child.€€If€theÐ ø*H&1 Ðother€parent€removes€or€retains€the€child€to€safeguard€itÐ À+'2 Ðagainst€further€victimization,€and€the€abusive€parentÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðthen€petitions€for€the€child's€return€under€theÐ ° ÐConvention,€the€court€may€deny€the€petition.€€Such€actionÐ xÈ Ðwould€protect€the€child€from€being€returned€to€anÐ @ Ð"intolerable€situation"€and€subjected€to€a€grave€risk€ofÐ X Ðpsychological€harm.ÐÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌÓ…ÓòòId.óó€€American€policy€thus€equates€sexual€abuse€with€both€prongs€ofÐ ` ° Ðthe€Article€13(b)€defense€to€return€of€the€child:€intolerableÐ ð @ Ðsituation€and€grave€risk.€€The€Department€of€State's€interpretationÐ € Ð  Ðof€the€Convention€is€entitled€to€great€weight.€€òòSeeóó€òòBlondinóó,€238Ð `  ÐF.3d€at€162€n.10.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºË#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº #ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ  ð  ÐÔ#†»‚† »XXJºæ#ÔÓ4ÓÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº(#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÓÓà ` àÔ#†X3XXXJº×#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº•#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔAlthough€its€ruling€on€this€point€is€not€entirely€clear,Ð 0€  Ðthe€district€court€seemingly€placed€too€much€emphasis€on€physicalÐ À Ðassault€as€an€element€of€sexual€abuse,€finding€that€"ò òÔ#†X3XXXJº7 #ÔÔ#†»r»XX3y #ÔÔ‡Š6 ˆ»»rÔÔ‡ŠJºX ˆŠ6Ôó ó[t]he€credibleÐ P  Ðevidence€does€not€prove€that€C.D.€has€been€sexually€abusedÐ à0 Ðòòphysicallyóó,"€òòDanaipouróó,€Ô#†»‚† »XŠJº¹ #ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô183€F.€Supp.€2d€atÔ#†»‚† »XXJº³ #ÔÔ‡ŠJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†Š6 ˆXŠJºØ #ÔÔ‡ŠJºX ˆŠ6Ô€321€(emphasis€added),Ð pÀ Ðand€that€Ô#†»‚† »XŠJº #ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô"[a]lthough€returning€a€child€who€had€been€raped€to€theÐ P Ðparent€who€molested€her€could€reasonably€be€regarded€òòperóó€òòseóó€as€anÐ à Ðintolerable€situation,€this€is€not€such€a€case,"€òòid.óó€at€325„26.Ð  p Ðà ` àÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¿ #ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†I #ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔSexual€abuse€other€than€rape€may€create€an€intolerableÐ °  Ðsituation€or€a€grave€risk€under€Article€13(b),€particularly€whenÐ @" Ðsuch€abuse€occurs€at€the€hand€of€a€parent.€€The€Commonwealth€ofÐ Ð $ ÐMassachusetts,€acting€as€amicus€curiae,€has€urged€us,€in€light€ofÐ `"°& Ðthe€district€court's€language,€to€clarify€that€penetration€isÐ ð#@( Ðsimply€not€a€prerequisite€to€a€finding€of€sexual€abuse€posing€aÐ €%Ð * Ðgrave€risk€of€harm€to€a€child.€€We€agree.€€The€Commonwealth€statesÐ '`", Ðthat€this€is€particularly€true€when€the€abuser€is€a€parent,€statingÐ  (ð#. Ðthat€"[e]xperts€recognize€that€sexual€abuse€committed€by€a€parentÐ 0*€%0 Ðand€unaccompanied€by€penetration€often€results€in€significantÐ À+'2 Ðtrauma,"€given€the€violation€of€trust€inherent€in€parental€sexualÐ ° Ðabuse.€€The€Commonwealth€also€notes€that€its€own€policy€is€toÐ @ Ðprosecute€the€act€of€forcing€a€child€to€sexually€touch€an€adult€asÐ Ð  Ðcriminal€sexual€assault.€€The€district€court€apparently€applied€aÐ ` ° Ðdifferent€standard€to€the€significance€of€this€type€of€abuse;€forÐ ð @ Ðinstance,€the€court€stated€in€its€opinion€that€the€younger€childÐ € Ð  Ð"may€have€touched€[her€father's]€penis€on€one€.€.€.€occasion."€€òòId.óóÐ `  Ðat€317.€€The€child's€statement€to€Dr.€Luxenberg,€however,€was€thatÐ  ð  Ðshe€"squeezed"€her€father's€penis€"and€it€was€very€hard,"€surely€aÐ 0€  Ðfar€more€serious€occurrence.€€The€district€court€found€Dr.Ð À ÐLuxenberg's€testimony€credible.€€òòId.óó€at€322.€€Moreover,€there€wasÐ P  Ðno€evidence€that€this€only€happened€on€one€occasion,€as€theÐ à0 Ðdistrict€court€said,€òòid.óó€at€317,€nor€was€there€evidence€that€it€hadÐ pÀ Ðhappened€more€than€once.Ð P Ðà ` àThe€district€court's€language€concerning€"rape"€may€alsoÐ à Ðreflect€an€improper€standard.€€It€would€be€inappropriate€to€applyÐ  p Ðany€standard€that€vaginal€penetration,€but€not€other€types€ofÐ °  Ðsexual€abuse,€would€automatically€qualify€as€a€grave€risk€or€anÐ @" Ðintolerable€situation.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº8#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºW#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€The€proper€focus€is€on€the€effect€on€theÐ Ð $ Ðchild€and€whether€there€is€"grave€risk€of€physical€or€psychologicalÐ `"°& Ðharm€or€otherwise€.€.€.€intolerable€situation"€to€which€the€childÐ ð#@( Ðwould€be€exposed€upon€return.€€This€conclusion€is€supported€by€theÐ €%Ð * ÐDepartment€of€State's€guidance,€which€refers€to€sexual€abuse,€notÐ '`", Ðlimited€to€rape€or€forcible€intercourse,€in€discussing€"graveÐ  (ð#. Ðrisk."€€òòSeeóó€Hague€International€Child€Abduction€Convention:€TextÐ 0*€%0 Ðand€Legal€Analysis,€51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,510.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºÝ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ԀРÀ+'2 Ðà ` àIn€addition,€the€district€court's€opinion€placed€a€greatÐ ° Ðdeal€of€emphasis€on€its€finding€that€neither€child€suffered€fromÐ @ ÐPTSD,€òòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€313,€321„22,€325,€which€was€aÐ Ð  Ðmajor€subject€of€expert€testimony€at€the€trial.€€Although€a€findingÐ ` ° Ðthat€a€child€suffers€from€PTSD€and€would€deteriorate€if€returned€toÐ ð @ Ðthe€country€of€habitual€residence€could€be€evidence€tending€toÐ € Ð  Ðsupport€a€finding€of€grave€risk€under€Article€13(b),€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,Ð `  ÐòòBlondinóó,€238€F.3d€at€163,€a€risk€of€harm€arising€out€of€the€returnÐ  ð  Ðto€a€locale€where€abuse€occurred€is€a€factor€that€a€district€courtÐ 0€  Ðmay€properly€consider€in€its€overall€grave€risk€analysis€regardlessÐ À Ðof€the€label€it€bears.Ô#†X3XXXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÓ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ P  Ðà ` àA€finding€that€a€child€is€currently€not€experiencingÐ à0 Ðsevere€psychological€effects€of€sexual€abuse€is€not€necessarilyÐ pÀ Ðdispositive;€for€example,€there€was€significant€testimony€thatÐ P Ðsexually€abused€children€often€function€well€as€small€children,Ð à Ðonly€to€experience€significant€psychological€deterioration€as€theyÐ  p Ðreach€puberty.Ô#†X3XXXJºü#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº>#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô׃N×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†»‚† »XXJºŒ!#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºJ!#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€ò òó óÔ#†X3XXXJºd"#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº""#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔThe€diagnostic€criteria€for€PTSD,€after€all,€wereÐ °  Ðnot€developed€to€reflect€children's€psyches.€€Dr.€van€der€Kolk,€whoÐ @" Ðserved€on€the€committee€to€define€the€diagnostic€criteria€for€PTSDÐ Ð $ Ðfor€the€most€recent€edition€of€the€leading€psychiatric€diagnosticÐ `"°& Ðmanual€(the€"DSM„IV"),€felt€it€necessary€to€"warn€the€court€that€[aÐ ð#@( Ðdiagnosis€of€PTSD]€is€not€a€be€all€and€end€all€in€determiningÐ €%Ð * Ðwhether€[the€younger€child]€was€seriously€harmed€by€the€lifeÐ ° Ðcircumstances."€€He€also€testified€that€return€to€Sweden€would€beÐ @ ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº®"#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºð"#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôharmful€for€both€girls,€although€he€only€diagnosed€the€youngerÐ Ð  Ðchild€with€PTSD.€€This€type€of€evidence€has€a€direct€bearing€onÐ ` ° Ðgrave€risk€determinations€in€cases€where€sexual€abuse€is€alleged.Ô#†X3XXXJºÎ%#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº&#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôò òó óÐ ð @ ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº:'#ÔÓöÓÔ#†»r»XX3|'#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔòòB.€€Referral€of€Sexual€Abuse/Grave€Risk€Determination€to€Swedish€€Ð € Ð  Ðóó€€€€òòCourtsóóÐ H ˜  ÐÌÓÓà ` àÔ#†»‚† »XXJº(#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†1(#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔMcLarey€argues€the€district€court€"punted"€on€its€HagueÐ Ø(  ÐConvention€obligations€by€not€deciding€the€issue€of€sexual€abuse,Ð h¸  Ðthe€basis€for€her€grave€risk€claim.€€McLarey€also€says€that€theÐ øH  Ðonly€reason€that€the€children€were€not€properly€evaluated€in€SwedenÐ ˆØ Ðprior€to€their€wrongful€removal€was€that€Danaipour€did€not€give€hisÐ h Ðpermission€for€or€cooperate€in€any€such€evaluation.€€DanaipourÐ ¨ø Ðdenies€that€he€stymied€the€Swedish€investigations,€but€the€recordÐ 8ˆ Ðsupports€McLarey's€argument€on€this€point.Ô#†X3XXXJºV)#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº7)#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºS,#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº,#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ È Ðà ` àUnder€the€text€of€the€Convention,€the€question€for€a€U.S.Ð X¨ Ðcourt€confronted€with€an€Article€13(b)€defense€is€whether€"there€isÐ è8 Ða€grave€risk€that€the€[child's]€return€would€expose€the€child€to€Ð xÈ! Ðphysical€or€psychological€harm€or€otherwise€place€the€child€in€anÐ  X# Ðintolerable€situation."€€Hague€Convention,€art.€13(b),€T.I.A.S.€No.Ð ˜!è% Ð11,670,€at€8.€€It€is€clear€that€"a€court€in€the€abducted„to€nationÐ (#x' Ðhas€jurisdiction€to€decide€the€merits€of€an€abduction€claim,€butÐ ¸$ ) Ðnot€the€merits€of€the€underlying€custody€dispute."€òòFriedrichóó,€78Ð H&˜!+ ÐF.3d€at€1063;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€42€U.S.C.€ðð€11601(b)(4)€(1994);Ô#†X3XXXJºØ,#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº–,#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€HagueÐ Ø'(#- ÐConvention,€art.€19,€T.I.A.S.€No.€11,670,€at€9.€€Ô#†X3XXXJº10#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºs0#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔThe€ConventionÐ h)¸$/ Ðassigns€the€duty€of€the€grave€risk€determination€to€the€country€toÐ ø*H&1 Ðwhich€the€child€has€been€removed.€It€is€not€a€derogation€of€theÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðauthority€of€the€habitual€residence€country€for€the€receiving€U.S.Ð ° Ðcourts€to€adjudicate€the€grave€risk€question.€€Rather,€it€is€theirÐ @ Ðobligation€to€do€so€under€the€Convention€and€its€enablingÐ Ð  Ðlegislation.€€Generally€speaking,€where€a€party€makes€a€substantialÐ ` ° Ðallegation€that,€if€true,€would€justify€application€of€the€ArticleÐ ð @ Ð13(b)€exception,€the€court€should€make€the€necessary€predicateÐ € Ð  Ðfindings.€€òòCf.óó€òòWhallonóó,€230€F.3d€at€460€(1st€Cir.€2000)€(upholdingÐ `  Ðdistrict€court's€findings€that€father€had€not€verbally€abusedÐ  ð  Ðdaughter€and€that€any€psychological€harm€resulting€from€abuse€ofÐ 0€  Ðmother€in€that€case€did€not€rise€to€level€required€by€13(b)).Ô#†X3XXXJº1#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºC1#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ À Ðà ` àImplicit€in€the€district€court's€decision€is€aÐ P  Ðdetermination€that,€even€if€the€evaluation€requested€by€McLarey€ledÐ à0 Ðto€a€finding€that€sexual€abuse€had€occurred,€McLarey€would€not€beÐ pÀ Ðable€to€meet€her€burden€of€showing€grave€risk€upon€return.Ô#†»‚† »XXJºÚ5#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº˜5#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€TheÐ P Ðcourt€found€that€"[i]n€these€circumstances,€McLarey€has€not€provenÐ à Ðby€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€[either€of€the€children]€willÐ  p Ðbe€exposed€to€a€grave€risk€of€physical€or€psychological€harm,€orÐ °  Ðotherwise€be€placed€in€an€intolerable€situation,€òòif€returned€on€theóóÐ @" Ðòòconditionsóó€the€court€is€ordering."׃C×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ô#†X3XXXJºª7#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3h7#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔòòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€atÔ#†»‚† »XXJº(:#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº :#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ Ð $ Ð325€(emphasis€added).€€The€district€court€did€not€make€a€decisionÐ `"°& Ðon€whether€Danaipour€had€sexually€abused€the€children,€or€take€theÐ ð#@( Ðsteps€to€obtain€the€evidence€it€thought€necessary€to€make€aÐ €%Ð * Ðâ âreliable€findingÔ#†X3XXXJºÏ:#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº:#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.Ð '`", ÐÑ<ïO"Ñâ <âÑe°Ñâ <âÑ  ÑÔ#†»‚† »XXJº<#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº=<#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôà ` àWe€think€there€are€several€errors€in€the€district€court'sÐ e Ðâ âapproach.€€It€is€one€thing€to€evaluate€whether€to€return€a€childÐ õ Ðonce€the€grave€risk€occasioned€by€sexual€abuse€has€been€shown.€€ItÐ …  Ðis€another€to€say,€as€the€district€court€did,€that€the€child€couldÐ  ° Ðbe€returned€before€it€knew€whether€there€was€sexual€abuse,€despite€Ð ¥ @ Ðcredible€evidence€that€there€had€been€sexual€abuse.€€Secondly,€evenÐ 5 Ð  Ðon€its€own€terms,€the€court€order€is€based€on€improper€assumptions.€Ð Å `  ÐAs€discussed€below,€the€imposition€of€many€of€those€conditions€wasÐ Uð  Ðerroneous,€as€was€the€court's€finding€that€the€Swedish€courts€wouldÐ å€  Ðundertake€a€forensic€evaluation.€€It€was€based€on€these€errors€thatÐ u Ðthe€court€declined€to€order€the€forensic€evaluation€that€it€foundÐ   Ð"would€be€necessary€to€determine€in€a€medically€reliable€mannerÐ •0 Ðwhether€either€child€was€sexually€abused€in€any€way."€€òòId.óó€at€317.€Ð %À ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº^=#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3=#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔThe€court€declined€to€gather€the€very€information€that€it€found€wasÐ µP Ðnecessary€to€make€a€determination€on€the€key€issue.€€In€this€case,Ð Eà Ðthe€trial€judge€should€have€made€a€determination€on€the€underlyingÐ Õp Ðâ âquestion,€whether€sexual€abuse€occurred.׃A×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†X3XXXJºaB#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºBB#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€ò òó óÐ e  Ðà ` àÔ#†X3XXXJº/D#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3qD#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔThe€district€court's€approach€here€cuts€the€inquiryÐ e Ðâ âshort,€in€a€way€that€is€inconsistent€with€Hague€ConventionÐ õ Ðobligations€and€United€States€policy€on€the€Convention,€asÐ …  Ðexpressed€in€the€Department€of€State€analysis€of€grave€risk.€òòóó€HagueÐ  ° ÐInternational€Child€Abduction€Convention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,Ð ¥ @ Ð51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,510.Ô#†X3XXXJºE#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºþD#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€The€trial€judge€should€have€taken€theÐ 5 Ð  Ðsteps€available€to€him€to€determine€if€sexual€abuse€occurred;€onlyÐ Å `  Ðonce€he€had€made€such€a€finding€could€he€ask€the€right€questionsÐ Uð  Ðabout€whether€the€children€could€be€returned€to€the€locale€of€theÐ å€  Ðabuse,€where€the€abuser€still€resided€and€where€the€district€courtÐ u Ðcould€not€guarantee€the€outcome€of€future€determinations€regardingÐ   Ðthe€safety€of€the€children.€€Similarly,€if€the€evaluationÐ •0 Ðexonerated€Danaipour,€or€even€if€it€was€inconclusive,€that€wouldÐ %À Ðalso€be€relevant€information€to€deciding€the€level€of€risk,€if€any,Ð µP Ðthat€the€girls€would€face€if€returned.Ð Eà ÐÔ#†X3XXXJºG#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3]G#Ôò òó óÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔòòC.€€Location€of€Forensic€EvaluationóóÐ Õp Ðà ` àThe€district€court€accepted€the€need€for€furtherÐ e  Ðinvestigation€into€whether€sexual€abuse€occurred.€€òòDanaipouróó,€183Ð õ" ÐF.€Supp.€2d.€at€313.€€The€GAL€also€found€that€"an€evaluation€isÐ … $ Ðnecessary€.€.€.€for€the€protection€of€the€children."€€The€districtÐ "°& Ðcourt€then€concluded€that€such€an€evaluation€could€be€properly€doneÐ ¥#@( Ðin€Sweden.€€òòId.óó€at€327.€€We€now€know€the€district€court€was€wrongÐ 5%Ð * Ðin€concluding€that€a€forensic€sexual€abuse€evaluation€would€be€doneÐ Å&`", Ðin€Sweden,׃E×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†X3XXXJº K#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºêJ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€as€discussed€in€the€next€section.ò òÔ#†X3XXXJºKN#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3N#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôó óÐ U(ð#. Ðà ` àWe€are€also€concerned€about€how€the€district€courtÐ e Ðapproached€the€problem.€€The€focus€of€the€district€court's€inquiryÐ õ Ðwas€on€the€adequacy€of€the€Swedish€procedures€for€conductingÐ …  Ðforensic€sexual€abuse€evaluations.€€If€these€procedures€had€notÐ  ° Ðbeen€adequate,€that,€of€course,€would€be€significant.€€But€even€ifÐ ¥ @ Ðthe€procedures€were€adequate,€there€still€remained€the€highlyÐ 5 Ð  Ðrelevant€question€of€whether€the€effect€of€the€return€on€theÐ Å `  Ðchildren€would€nonethelessÔ#†»‚† »XXJº6O#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºO#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€undermine€the€validity€of€anyÐ Uð  Ðexamination€by€making€it€more€likely€that€the€children€would€notÐ å€  Ðtalk€to€those€charged€with€determining€whether€or€not€abuse€hadÐ u Ðoccurred.€€Ð   Ðà ` àWe€give€an€example€from€the€testimony.€€In€a€writtenÐ •0 Ðreport€ÓÓ(ÓÔ#†»‚† »XXJºóQ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº5R#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÓÓsubmitted€to€the€court,€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºåS#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº'T#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔDr.€Jenny€had€concluded€that€theÐ %À Ðchildren€"should€be€allowed€to€stay€in€the€United€States€forÐ µP Ðfurther€evaluation.€€Returning€the€children€to€Sweden€.€.€.€wouldÐ Eà Ðsignificantly€decrease€the€likelihood€of€an€effective€evaluation€ofÐ Õp Ðthe€girls,€and€would€place€their€safety€at€risk."€€In€an€affidavit,Ð e  ÐDr.€Jenny€stated:ÓFTÓÓÁHÓà  àÐ õ" ÐÓ§VÓà0 ` àGiven€this€delay€[of€four€to€six€months€before€anÐ … $ Ðevaluation€could€be€performed],€given€the€interruption€ofÐ M!è% Ðwhat€appears€to€be€a€trusting€therapeutic€relationship,Ð "°& Ðand€given€that€during€such€process€[the€children]€may€beÐ Ý"x' Ðreturned€to€both€the€geographic€and€physical€source€ofÐ ¥#@( Ðprior€trauma,€there€is€a€significant€likelihood€that€aÐ m$ ) Ðdependable,€accurate€sexual€abuse€evaluation€will€notÐ 5%Ð * Ðoccur€and€any€investigative€and/or€therapeutic€benefitsÐ ý%˜!+ Ðto€these€children€will€be€jeopardized.€€This€would€beÐ Å&`", Ðtrue€even€if€any€access€to€their€father€upon€their€returnÐ '(#- Ðwere€supervised.ÐU(ð#.` (#` (# Ðâ âÐ )¸$/ ÐÓAÓAt€trial,€Dr.€Jenny€was€asked€her€opinion€as€to€whether€anÐ e Ðâ âevaluation€in€Sweden€could€be€viable.׃P×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€court,€however,Ð õ Ðsustained€Danaipour's€objection,€holding€that€it€lacked€foundationÐ …  Ðas€to€Dr.€Jenny's€"knowledge€of€circumstances€in€Sweden,€amongÐ  ° Ðother€things."€€McLarey's€counsel€attempted€to€convince€the€courtÐ ¥ @ Ðthat€the€testimony€did€not€go€to€the€situation€in€Sweden,€butÐ 5 Ð  Ðrather€to€the€children's€likelihood€of€disclosure€if€returned€toÐ Å `  ÐSweden.€€The€court€then€asked€whether,€given€the€proposedÐ Uð  Ðundertakings,€a€valid€evaluation€could€be€done€in€Sweden.€€Dr.Ð å€  ÐJenny€responded€that€return€to€Sweden€"would€set€the€children€backÐ u Ðand€that€they€would€be€given€the€message€that€disclosing€.€.€.Ð   Ðleads€to€chaos.€€And€.€.€.€just€being€in€the€environment€whereÐ •0 Ðabuse€may€have€occurred€could€certainly€affect€their€perceptionsÐ %À Ðand€their€ability€to€communicate€what€happened€to€them."׃I` ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†»‚† »XXJº“T#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºÕT#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ µP Ðà ` àÔ#†»‚† »XXJºš_#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Ü_#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔIn€contrast,€Danaipour's€expert,€Dr.€Munson,€testifiedÐ e Ðonly€that€evaluations€are€typically€done€in€the€child's€homeÐ õ Ðcountry.׃D×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†»‚† »XXJº`#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºb`#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€He€€testified€that€there€are€some€benefits€to€doing€anÐ …  Ðevaluation€there,€including€"familiarity€with€the€system,Ð  ° Ðfamiliarity€with€all€of€the€factors€in€the€locale,€the€area,€whatÐ ¥ @ Ðkind€of€services€are€available,€and€even€in€terms€of€the€culture€ofÐ 5 Ð  Ðthe€person€that€has€been€abused,€as€well€as€the€culture€of€theÐ Å `  Ðabuser."€€However,€this€testimony€goes€only€to€what€is€generallyÐ Uð  Ðdone,€not€to€what€is€a€reasonable€option€for€these€particularÐ å€  Ðchildren.€€Moreover,€he€did€not€specifically€respond€to€theÐ u Ðnumerous€expert€witnesses€who€had€testified€that€these€childrenÐ   Ðwould€be€extremely€unlikely€to€discuss€any€abuse€if€they€wereÐ •0 Ðreturned€to€Sweden.€€Thus,€plaintiff's€experts€were€largelyÐ %À Ðunrebutted€on€this€very€material€point.Ð µP Ðà ` àNext,€the€district€court€improperly€allocated€theÐ Eà Ðburdens.€€The€father's€argument€that€the€evaluation€be€done€inÐ Õp ÐSweden€was€essentially€an€undertakings€proffer,€as€to€which€he€boreÐ e  Ðthe€burden.€€We€do€not€know€what€the€district€court€would€haveÐ õ" Ðconcluded€had€it€properly€allocated€the€evidentiary€burdens.€€InÐ … $ Ðthe€present€posture€of€the€case,€we€need€not€decide€whether€theÐ "°& Ðfather€met€his€burden.€€We€further€discuss€undertakings€in€the€nextÐ ¥#@( Ðsection.Ð 5%Ð * ÐÓ?ZÓÔ#†»‚† »XXJº»a#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†ýa#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔòòD.€€UndertakingsóóÐ e ÐÓÓÌà ` àThe€district€court's€findings€that€the€children€could€beÐ ½X Ðsafely€returned€and€that€a€valid€forensic€evaluation€could€beÐ Mè Ðconducted€in€Sweden€relied€heavily€on€its€assumption€that€it€couldÐ Ý x Ðimpose€enforceable€"undertakings,"€most€notably€a€requirement€thatÐ m   Ðthe€father€not€have€any€contact€with€his€younger€daughter€unlessÐ ý ˜  Ðotherwise€ordered€by€a€Swedish€court€and€a€requirement€that€aÐ (  Ðproper€forensic€evaluation€be€conducted€in€Sweden.€€òòDanaipouróó,€183Ð ¸  ÐF.€Supp.€2d€at€327.€€The€court€stated€that€"McLarey€[has€not]Ð ­H  Ðproven€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€the€children's€returnÐ =Ø Ðto€Sweden€òòon€the€conditions€being€orderedóó€.€.€.€will€create€theÐ Íh Ðgrave€risk€of€psychological€harm€to€them€that€would€permit€theÐ ]ø Ðcourt€to€deny€Danaipour's€petition,"€òòid.óó€at€313€(emphasis€added),Ð íˆ ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº«h#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÊh#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôand,€later,€that€"[the€children]€can,€òòon€certain€conditionsóó,€beÐ } Ðreturned€to€Sweden€without€being€exposed€to€a€grave€risk€ofÐ  ¨ Ðphysical€or€psychological€harm,€or€any€other€intolerableÐ 8 Ðsituation,Ô#†X3XXXJºYm#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3›m#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô"Ô#†»‚† »XXJºo#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº o#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€òòid.óó€atÔ#†X3XXXJº¥o#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºco#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€327€(emphasis€added).Ô#†X3XXXJºôo#ÔÔ#†»r»XX36p#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ -È! Ðà ` àThe€concept€of€"undertakings"€is€based€neither€in€theÐ ½X# ÐConvention€nor€in€the€implementing€legislation€of€any€nation.€€òòSeeóóÐ M!è% ÐP.R.€Beaumont€&€P.E.€McEleavy,€òòThe€Hague€Convention€onÐ Ý"x' ÐInternational€Child€Abductionóó€€156„59€&€n.183€(1999).Ô#†»‚† »XXJº±p#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Ðp#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€Rather,€itÐ m$ ) Ðis€a€judicial€construct,€developed€in€the€context€of€British€familyÐ ý%˜!+ Ðlaw.€€òòId.óóÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¢r#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†ƒr#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ '(#- Ðà ` àThis€court€has€previously€described€the€utility€ofÐ )¸$/ Ðâ âundertakings€in€Hague€Convention€Article€13(b)€cases:Ð ­*H&1 ÐÓiÓà0 ` àA€potential€grave€risk€of€harm€can,€at€times,€beÐ e Ðâ âmitigated€sufficiently€by€the€acceptance€of€undertakingsÐ -È Ðand€sufficient€guarantees€of€performance€of€thoseÐ õ Ðundertakings.€€Necessarily,€the€"grave€risk"€exceptionÐ ½X Ðconsiders,€inter€alia,€where€and€how€a€child€is€to€beÐ …  Ðreturned.€€The€undertakings€approach€allows€courts€toÐ Mè Ðconduct€an€evaluation€of€the€placement€options€and€legalÐ  ° Ðsafeguards€in€the€country€of€habitual€residence€toÐ Ý x Ðpreserve€the€child's€safety€while€the€courts€of€thatÐ ¥ @ Ðcountry€have€the€opportunity€to€determine€custody€of€theÐ m   Ðchildren€within€the€physical€boundaries€of€theirÐ 5 Ð  Ðjurisdiction.Ðý ˜ ` (#` (# ÐÌòòÓ£˜ÓWalshóó,€221€F.3d€at€219€(footnote€omitted);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòFederóó,€63€F.3dÐ (  Ðat€226€(noting€that€court€sometimes€use€undertakings€to€ensure€thatÐ ¸  Ðthe€child€does€not€suffer€from€"short„term€harm"€if€returned).€Ð ­H  ÐUndertakings€can€be€an€important€tool€for€courts€to€comply€with€theÐ =Ø ÐConvention's€strong€presumption€of€a€safe€and€speedy€return€of€theÐ Íh Ðwrongfully€removed€child.€Ó xÓÔ#†»‚† »XXJºs#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº®s#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÓ”¹Ó€Ð ]ø Ðà ` àAt€the€same€time,€there€are€some€limits€to€a€court'sÐ íˆ Ðability€to€use€undertakings€to€avoid€an€Article€13(b)€defense.€€TheÐ } Ðcourt€entertaining€the€petition€must€recognize€the€limits€on€itsÐ  ¨ Ðauthority€and€must€focus€on€the€particular€situation€of€the€childÐ 8 Ðin€question€in€order€to€determine€if€the€undertakings€will€sufficeÐ -È! Ðto€protect€the€child.€€Ô#†»‚† »XXJº;z#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†}z#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ ½X# Ðà ` àThe€Department€of€State's€view€of€undertakings,€to€whichÐ M!è% Ðwe€accord€great€weight,€is€that€they€should€be€limited€in€scope.€Ð Ý"x' ÐÔ#†»‚† »XXJºó|#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†Ô|#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔThe€Department's€view€of€undertakings€is€expressed€in€a€letter€toÐ m$ ) Ðthe€British€government,€written€in€response€to€British€concernsÐ ý%˜!+ Ðabout€American€courts'€failure€to€enforce€consistently€BritishÐ '(#- Ðundertakings:Ð )¸$/ ÐÓœzÓà0 ` à[U]ndertakings€should€be€limited€in€scope€and€further€theÐ ­*H&1 ÐConvention's€goal€of€ensuring€the€prompt€return€of€theÐ u+'2 Ðchild€to€the€jurisdiction€of€habitual€residence,€so€thatÐ =,Ø'3 Ðthe€jurisdiction€can€resolve€the€custody€dispute.€Ð e ÐUndertakings€that€do€more€than€this€would€appearÐ -È Ðquestionable€under€the€Convention,€particularly€when€theyÐ õ Ðaddress€in€great€detail€issues€of€custody,€visitation,Ð ½X Ðand€maintenance.Ð… ` (#` (# ÐÌÓÓLetter€from€Catherine€W.€Brown,€Assistant€Legal€Advisor€forÐ  ° ÐConsular€Affairs,€United€States€Dep't€of€State,€to€MichaelÐ ¥ @ ÐNicholls,€Lord€Chancellor's€Dep't,€Child€Abduction€Unit,€UnitedÐ 5 Ð  ÐKingdom€(Aug.€10,€1995),€òòatóó€http://www.hiltonhouse.com/articles/Ð Å `  ÐUndertaking_Rpt.txt€[hereinafter€Department€of€State€Comment€onÐ Uð  ÐUndertakings].Ð å€  Ðà ` àThere€are€two€basic€interrelated€issues:€1)€internationalÐ u Ðcomity;€and€2)€the€appropriateness€of€undertakings€when€theÐ   Ðabducting€parent€claims€to€be€protecting€the€child€from€abuse.Ð •0 Ðà ` à1.€€International€Comity€Ð %À Ðà ` àWhen€considering€possible€undertakings,€American€courtsÐ µP Ðmust€be€sensitive€to€the€need€for€comity€under€the€ConventionÐ Eà Ðbetween€the€courts€of€different€nations.€€The€U.S.€Department€ofÐ Õp ÐState,€in€a€legal€memorandum€attached€to€the€above„cited€letter,Ð e  Ðexplained:€Ô#†X3XXXJº;~#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº~#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ õ" ÐÓÖÓà0 ` àUndertakings€would€appear€most€consistent€with€theÐ … $ ÐConvention€when€designed€primarily€to€restore€the€statusÐ M!è% Ðquo€ante,€or€when€they€impose€reciprocal€obligations€onÐ "°& Ðboth€the€left„behind€and€the€taking€parent.€.€.€.€TheÐ Ý"x' Ðapproach€taken€by€[some]€courts,€whereby€undertakings€areÐ ¥#@( Ðreasonably€tailored€to€expedite€the€return€of€the€child,Ð m$ ) Ðimpose€reciprocal€obligations€on€both€parents,€andÐ 5%Ð * Ðexplicitly€terminate€upon€action€by€the€court€ofÐ ý%˜!+ Ðappropriate€jurisdiction,€seems€entirely€appropriate.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº¨†#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºf†#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÓ5@ÓÐÅ&`",` (#` (# ÐòòId.óó,€attached€Legal€Memorandum.€€ÓŠÓÓFÓIn€the€letter,€the€Department€ofÐ U(ð#. ÐState€listed€examples€of€appropriate€undertakings:€an€agreementÐ å)€%0 Ðthat€the€abducting€parents€return€to€the€country€of€habitualÐ u+'2 Ðresidence€with€the€child;€assignment€of€costs€for€the€returnÐ e Ðflight;€and€interim€custody€until€a€court€in€the€country€ofÐ õ Ðhabitual€residenceÔ#†X3XXXJºé‰#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº§‰#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€can€arrive€at€a€decision.€òòóó€Department€of€StateÐ …  ÐComment€on€Undertakings,€òòsupraóóÔ#†X3XXXJº@Œ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº‚Œ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.€€As€an€alternative€to€undertakings,Ð  ° Ðthe€Department€of€State€has€suggested€"safe€harbor"€orders,€enteredÐ ¥ @ Ðby€a€court€in€the€country€of€habitual€residence€at€the€behest€ofÐ 5 Ð  Ðthe€left„behind€parent,€òòprioróó€to€the€entry€of€the€return€order.€Ð Å `  ÐòòId.óóÔ#†X3XXXJº2#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºt#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€€Such€an€approach€would€avoid€the€unseemliness€of€a€U.S.€courtÐ Uð  Ðissuing€orders€for€a€foreign€court€to€enforce,€and€the€foreignÐ å€  Ðcourt's€possible€noncompliance,€both€of€which€occurred€here.€€Ð u Ðà ` àThere€is€controversy€in€the€international€communityÔ#†»‚† »XXJºC#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€as€toÐ   Ðthe€use€of€undertakings.€€The€Special€Commission€studying€theÐ •0 Ðoperation€of€the€Hague€Convention€had€this€to€say€with€regard€toÐ %À Ðundertakings€and€safe€harbor€orders:Ð µP ÐÓzŠÓà0 ` àOn€the€one€hand,€"undertakings"€are€seen€as€mereÐ Eà Ðproposals€agreed€upon€by€the€parties€and€submitted€to€theÐ  ¨ Ðrequested€judge.€€They€are€limited€in€scope€to€theÐ Õp Ðprotection€of€the€child€for€a€limited€time€and€allow€theÐ 8 Ðchild€to€be€returned€sooner,€and€should€therefore€beÐ e  Ðenforced€by€requesting€States€as€valid€under€theÐ -È! ÐConvention€on€the€basis€of€comity.€€On€the€other€hand,Ð õ" Ð...€undertakings€are€used€too€broadly€and€allowÐ ½X# Ðabducting€parents€to€gain€significant€advantages€from€theÐ … $ Ðabduction.€€Furthermore,€if€such€undertakings€are€mereÐ M!è% Ðagreements€between€the€parties,€they€can€be€entered€intoÐ "°& Ðbefore€a€judge€in€the€requesting€State€and€thus€beÐ Ý"x' Ðincorporated€into€a€"safe€harbour"€order,€which€is€moreÐ ¥#@( Ðreadily€enforceable.€€According€to€some,€undertakingsÐ m$ ) Ðincorporated€in€the€return€order€cannot€be€enforced€asÐ 5%Ð * Ðsuch€in€the€country€of€habitual€residence,€short€ofÐ ý%˜!+ Ðadditional€proceedings€normally€required€to€recogniseÐ Å&`", Ðforeign€judgments.Óï=ÓÐ'(#-` (#` (# ÐÓ4—ÓÓÓPermanent€Bureau,€Hague€Conference€on€Private€Int'l€Law,€òòReport€ofÐ )¸$/ Ðthe€Third€Special€Commission€Meeting€to€Review€the€Operation€of€theÐ ­*H&1 ÐHague€Convention€on€the€Civil€Aspects€of€International€ChildÐ =,Ø'3 ÐAbductionóó€ðð€64€(1997),€òòavailableóó€òòatóó€http://www.hcch.net/e/Ð e Ðconventions/reports28e.htmlÔ#†X3XXXJº‘#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3¾#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô.€€This€confirms€that€undertakingsÐ õ Ðshould€be€limited,€and€are€not€themselves€binding€on€foreignÐ …  Ðcourts.Ð  ° ÐÓ—ÓÓïÙÓ€Ô#†X3XXXJºV™#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºu™#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôà ` àConditioning€a€return€order€on€a€foreign€court's€entry€ofÐ ¥ @ Ðan€order,€as€the€district€court€did€here,€raises€serious€comityÐ 5 Ð  Ðconcerns.€€The€Department€of€State€has€stated€that€it€"does€notÐ Å `  Ðsupport€conditioning€the€issuance€of€a€return€order€on€theÐ Uð  Ðacquisition€of€[an]€order€from€a€court€in€the€requesting€state,"Ð å€  Ðpresumably€because€such€a€practice€would€smack€of€coercion€of€theÐ u Ðforeign€court.€State€Department€Comment€on€Undertakingsòòóó,€òòsupraóó,Ð   Ðattached€Legal€Memorandum;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€PÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÊš#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºˆš#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôrez„Vera€Report,€òòsupraóó,€ðð€120Ð •0 Ð("[T]he€return€of€the€child€cannot€be€made€conditional€upon€[a]Ð %À Ðdecision€or€other€determination€being€provided€[by€the€court€of€theÐ µP Ðcountry€of€habitual€residence].")Ô#†»‚† »XXJºš#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºÜ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€Ð Eà Ðà ` àThere€are€also€serious€concerns€about€whetherÐ Õp Ðundertakings€or€safe€harbor€orders€that€go€beyond€the€conditions€ofÐ e  Ðreturn€are€enforceable€in€the€home€country.€€For€instance,€at€leastÐ õ" Ðone€Massachusetts€state€court€has€declined€to€enforce€undertakingsÐ … $ Ðentered€by€a€foreign€court.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòRobertsóó€v.€òòRobertsóó,€No.€95„Ð "°& Ð12029„RGS,€1998€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4089€(D.€Mass.€Feb.€27,€1998)Ð ¥#@( Ð(discussing€Massachusetts€state€court's€refusal€to€enforceÐ 5%Ð * Ðundertakings€entered€by€court€in€the€United€Kingdom),€òòadoptedóó€òòbyóóÐ Å&`", ÐNo.€95„12029„RGS,€1998€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4087€(D.€Mass.€Mar.€17,Ð U(ð#. Ð1998).€€Moreover,€their€utility€in€countries€where€courts€lackÐ å)€%0 Ðcontempt€or€injunctive€power€is€somewhat€questionable.€€òòSeeóóÐ u+'2 ÐBeaumont€&€McEleavy,€òòsupraóó,€atÔ#†X3XXXJºhŸ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº&Ÿ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€166„70.€€òòCf.óó€òòBlondinóó,€238€F.3d€atÐ e Ð160€(court€heard€testimony€from€French€law€expert€that€French€courtÐ õ Ðwould€enforce€undertakings€if€they€were€not€contrary€to€publicÐ …  Ðpolicy);€òòPanazatouóó€v.€òòPanazatosóó,€No.€960713571S,€1997€WL€614519,€*3Ð  ° Ð(Conn.€Super.€Ct.€Sept.€24,€1997)€(court€arranged€a€conference€callÐ ¥ @ Ðto€a€Greek€judge€to€discuss€whether€undertakings€would€be€honoredÐ 5 Ð  Ðin€Greece).Ô#†X3XXXJºª£#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3ì£#ÔÓNšÓÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ Å `  ÐÌ€€ÓAÓà ` àIn€this€case,€there€was€evidence€presented€that€not€allÐ Uð  Ðof€the€proposed€undertakings€would€be€enforceable€in€Sweden,€norÐ å€  Ðwould€a€mirror€order€suggested€by€a€United€States€court€necessarilyÐ u Ðbe€entered€by€a€Swedish€court,€or€be€enforceable€even€if€soÐ   Ðentered.€McLarey's€Swedish€legal€expert€testified€that€Ð •0 ÐÓȦÓà0 ` àAs€a€rule,€we€do€not€[implement€orders€entered€in€foreignÐ %À Ðjurisdictions].€€The€Swedish€court€needs€its€own€basis,Ð íˆ Ðits€own€evidence,€its€own€decision€.€.€.€.€€à @ àAnd€I€thinkÐ µP Ðin€the€last€court€order€in€this€case,€the€court€clearlyÐ } Ðstated€that€it€will€wait€for€what€happened€when€theÐ Eà Ðchildren€come€back€to€Sweden,€and€then€they€will€ruleÐ  ¨ Ðagain.ÐÕp` (#` (# Ðà ` à.€.€.Ð 8 Ðà0 ` à.€.€.€[I]f€both€parties€consent€to€do€[an€evaluation],Ð e  Ðthere's€a€high€probability,€but€no€guarantee,€that€theÐ -È! Ðcourt€will€order€such€an€evaluation.Ðõ"` (#` (# Ðà ` à.€.€.Ð ½X# Ðà0 ` à.€.€.€[But€y]ou€can€always€go€back€to€the€court€and€askÐ … $ Ðfor€something€else,€that€you€do€not€consent€anymore,€andÐ M!è% Ðyou€think€its€detrimental€to€the€child.€.€.€.€[A]nÐ "°& Ðinterim€decision€can€always€be€turned€over.€.€.€.€€ThereÐ Ý"x' Ðis€no€limit€to€interim€positions€in€Sweden.€€And€you€canÐ ¥#@( Ðalso€appeal€each€interim€decision€by€the€court.Óê“ÓÐm$ )` (#` (# ÐThe€expert€further€opined€that,€if€a€parent€withdrew€from€anÐ ý%˜!+ Ðevaluation,€the€court€would€not€then€have€the€power€to€order€theÐ '(#- Ðparent€to€participate.€€McLarey€also€submitted€a€report€by€the€U.S.Ð )¸$/ ÐDepartment€of€State,€indicating€that€Swedish€courts€do€not€haveÐ ­*H&1 Ðauthority€to€issue€contempt€orders€for€violations€of€visitationÐ =,Ø'3 Ðorders.€€òòSeeóó€Dep't€of€State,€Report€on€Compliance€with€the€HagueÐ e ÐConvention€on€the€Civil€Aspects€of€International€Child€AbductionÐ õ Ð(2001),€òòatóó€http://travel.state.gov/2000_Hague_ComplianceÐ …  Ð_Report.html.€Ð  ° Ðà ` àThe€district€court€noted€that€the€parties€"have€agreed€toÐ ¥ @ Ðrequest€that€the€Swedish€court€enter€a€'mirror€order'€imposing€anyÐ 5 Ð  Ðconditions€ordered€by€this€court.€€This€court€concludes€that€aÐ Å `  ÐSwedish€court€would€do€so."€€òòDanaipouróó,€183€F.€Supp.€2d€at€321.òòóóÔ#†»‚† »XXJºr¦#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº‘¦#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ԀРUð  ÐHowever,€the€district€court's€order€is€belied€both€by€the€expertÐ å€  Ðtestimony,€described€above,€and€by€subsequent€events.€€The€dayÐ u Ðafter€the€United€States€district€court€issued€its€order,€DanaipourÐ   Ðsubmitted€a€motion€to€the€Stockholm€District€Court€stating€thatÐ •0 Ð"[t]he€Swedish€court€is€not€acquainted€with€the€concept€'mirrorÐ %À Ðorder.'€€Decisions€in€foreign€courts€can€be€directly€carried€out€inÐ µP ÐSweden€if€they€concern€custody€issues€and€are€put€forth€in€theÐ Eà ÐNordic€countries€or€in€[certain€other€European]€countries."€€TheÐ Õp ÐSwedish€court€itself,€in€its€February€14€order,€stated€that€it€didÐ e  Ðnot€have€such€authority.€€òòDanaipouróó€v.€òòMcLareyóó,€No.€T€3165„00Ð õ" Ð(Stockholm€City€Court,€Dept.€2,€Div.€6,€Feb.€14,€2002)Ð … $ Ð(translation).Ô#†X3XXXJº1²#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJºï±#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ "°& Ðà ` àIndeed,€it€now€appears€that€the€Swedish€court€lacked€theÐ ¥#@( Ðauthority€to€order€a€full€forensic€sexual€abuse€evaluationÐ 5%Ð * Ðconducted€in€keeping€with€the€established€protocols€for€suchÐ Å&`", Ðevaluations,€which€was€a€key€component€of€the€district€court'sÐ U(ð#. Ðorder,€and€there€appears€to€be€no€mechanism€for€making€such€anÐ å)€%0 Ðevaluation€a€reality.€€The€Swedish€agency€that€the€Swedish€courtÐ u+'2 Ðcharged€with€conducting€the€evaluation€first€stated€that€it€"cannotÐ e Ðaccept€this€assignment,"€and€suggested€that€the€matter€should€beÐ õ Ðreferred€to€the€Swedish€police.׃B×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€agency€has€now€agreed€toÐ …  Ðconduct€an€evaluation€into€whether€the€children€have€PTSD,€which€Ð  ° Ðis€different€from€the€evaluation€for€sexual€abuse€according€toÐ ¥ @ Ðestablished€protocols€contemplated€by€the€United€States€districtÐ 5 Ð  Ðcourt's€order.€€The€agency€has€not€disavowed€its€position€that€itÐ Å `  Ðcannot€do€a€sexual€abuse€evaluation.Ð Uð  Ðà ` àAs€Danaipour's€expert€emphasized€in€his€initial€reportÐ å€  Ðand€in€his€testimony,€there€are€established€protocols€within€theÐ u Ðpsychiatric€community€for€investigating€whether€sexual€abuse€hasÐ   Ðoccurred.€€The€Child€and€Youth€Psychiatric€Service's€proposedÐ •0 Ðevaluation€does€not€directly€address€the€question€of€sexual€abuseÐ %À Є„€the€key€issue€for€our€purposes€„„€nor€would€it€follow€theÐ µP Ðprotocols€devised€for€investigating€that€question.€€It€is€open€toÐ Eà Ðdebate,€moreover,€whether€the€categorization€of€PTSD€is€useful€inÐ Õp Ða€child€less€than€four€years€old,€and€there€was€much€testimony€atÐ e  Ðtrial€that€children€who€have€been€sexually€abused€often€do€notÐ õ" Ðexhibit€signs€of€trauma€until€they€are€older.€€Therefore,€itÐ … $ Ðâ âappears€that€there€is€now€little,€if€any,€chance€that€the€districtÐ "°& Ðcourt's€order€that€a€forensic€sexual€abuse€evaluation€be€done€inÐ e ÐSweden€will€be€carried€out.€€€€Ô#†X3XXXJº>¶#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº€¶#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ õ Ðâ âà ` àIn€sum,€the€district€court€offended€notions€ofÐ …  Ðinternational€comity€under€the€Convention€by€issuing€orders€withÐ  ° Ðthe€expectation€that€the€Swedish€courts€would€simply€copy€andÐ ¥ @ Ðenforce€them.€The€district€court€had€no€authority€to€order€aÐ 5 Ð  Ðforensic€evaluation€done€in€Sweden,€or€to€order€the€Swedish€courtsÐ Å `  Ðto€adjudicate€the€implications€of€the€evaluation€for€the€custodyÐ Uð  Ðdispute.€€òòSeeóó€Beaumont€&€McEleavy,€òòsupraóó,€at€161€("[W]hile€a€courtÐ å€  Ðmay€find€it€relatively€easy€to€extract€undertakings€from€anÐ u Ðapplicant€there€can€be€no€guarantee€that€such€orders€will€beÐ   Ðenforced€in€the€State€of€the€child's€habitual€residence.").òòóó€Ð •0 ÐMoreover,€its€assumption€that€Swedish€courts€would€enforce€theÐ %À Ðundertakings€was€both€legally€and€factually€erroneous.€€TheseÐ µP Ðundertakings,€which€the€district€court€believed€necessary€toÐ Eà Ðprotect€the€children€from€grave€risk,€were€invalid,€and€thereforeÐ Õp Ðthe€return€order€cannot€stand€for€these€reasons€as€well.Ð e  ÐÔ#†X3XXXJº À#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3bÀ#ÔÓ|­ÓÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôà ` à2.€€Undertakings€in€Context€of€Abuse€AllegationsÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÆ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºãÅ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÐ õ" ÐÌÔ#†X3XXXJºÂÆ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº€Æ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÓÓà ` àThere€is€also€authority€indicating€that€undertakingsÐ … $ Ðshould€be€used€more€sparingly€when€there€is€evidence€that€theÐ "°& Ðabducting€parent€is€attempting€to€protect€the€child€from€abuse.€Ð ¥#@( ÐThe€Department€of€State€has€indicated€that:Ð 5%Ð * ÐÓ{ÇÓà0 ` àIf€the€requested€state€court€is€presented€withÐ Å&`", Ðunequivocal€evidence€that€return€would€cause€the€child€aÐ '(#- Ð"grave€risk"€of€physical€or€psychological€harm,€however,Ð U(ð#. Ðthen€it€would€seem€less€appropriate€for€the€court€toÐ )¸$/ Ðenter€extensive€undertakings€than€to€deny€the€returnÐ å)€%0 Ðrequest.€€The€development€of€extensive€undertakings€inÐ ­*H&1 Ðâ âsuch€a€context€could€embroil€the€court€in€the€merits€ofÐ u+'2 Ðthe€underlying€custody€issues€and€would€tend€to€diluteÐ e Ðthe€force€of€the€Article€13(b)€exception.ÓNnÓÐ-È` (#` (# Ðâ âÓoËÓÓÓDepartment€of€State€Comment€on€Undertakings,€òòsupraóó,€attached€LegalÐ ½X ÐMemorandum.€€The€òòóóÔ#†X3XXXJºÇ#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3\Ç#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔDepartment€of€State's€guidance€on€the€ConventionÐ Mè Ðalso€supports€the€conclusion€that€a€court€need€not€considerÐ Ý x Ðextensive€undertakings€when€dealing€with€an€Article€13(b)€defenseÐ m   Ðbased€on€sexual€abuse;€the€Department€says€that€"[i]f€the€otherÐ ý ˜  Ðparent€removes€or€retains€the€child€to€safeguard€it€against€furtherÐ (  Ðvictimization€.€.€.€the€court€may€deny€the€petition."€€HagueÐ ¸  ÐInternational€Child€Abduction€Convention:€Text€and€Legal€Analysis,Ð ­H  Ð51€Fed.€Reg.€at€10,510.€€This€analysis€implies€that€the€court€mayÐ =Ø Ðdeny€the€return€petition€on€that€basis€alone,€and€is€notÐ Íh Ðnecessarily€required€to€consider€ameliorative€undertakings.€€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºÌ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº¯Ì#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔAs€theÐ ]ø ÐDepartment€of€State€comment€on€undertakings€notes,€undertakings€areÐ íˆ Ðmost€effective€when€the€goal€is€to€preserve€the€status€quo€of€theÐ } Ðparties€prior€to€the€wrongful€removal.€€This,€of€course,€is€not€theÐ  ¨ Ðgoal€in€cases€where€there€is€evidence€that€the€status€quo€wasÐ 8 Ðabusive.€€Ð -È! ÐÓÄËÓÔ#†»‚† »XXJºÐ#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†RÐ#ÔÔ‡X3X»»rÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÓÓà ` àLeading€commentators€on€the€Convention€also€agree€thatÐ ½X# Ðundertakings€should€be€applied€cautiously€in€these€cases:Ô#†X3XXXJº~Ò#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº_Ò#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ M!è% ÐÓÒÓà0 ` à[T]he€imposition€of€undertakings,€albeit€rare,€does€notÐ Ý"x' Ðrest€easily€with€assertions€made€in€relation€to€ArticleÐ ¥#@( Ð13(1)(b)€.€.€.€.€€Ðm$ )` (#` (# Ðà ` à.€.€.Ð 5%Ð * Ðà0 ` àTherefore€it€is€submitted€that€if€one€of€the€Article€12Ð ý%˜!+ Ðor€13€exceptions€is€applicable€the€court€should€notÐ Å&`", Ðexercise€its€discretion€to€return€the€child€unlessÐ '(#- Ðenforcement€of€the€undertakings€can€be€guaranteed.ÐU(ð#.` (#` (# ÐÌâ âÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¤Ó#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†bÓ#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔòòÓvkÓSeeóó€Beaumont€&€McEleavy,€òòsupraóó,€atÔ#†X3XXXJºrÖ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº‘Ö#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€162,€165Ô#†»‚† »XXJºY×#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº×#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô.Ð å)€%0 Ðà ` àUnder€the€Convention€and€its€implementing€legislation,Ð e Ðâ âthe€American€courts€have€a€duty€to€ensure€that€a€child€is€notÐ õ Ðreturned€to€a€situation€of€grave€risk€or€an€intolerable€situation.€Ð …  ÐòòSeeóó€PÔ#†X3XXXJºæ×#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº¤×#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ôrez„Vera€Report,€òòsupraóó,€ðð€29€("[T]he€interest€of€the€child€inÐ  ° Ðnot€being€removed€from€its€place€of€habitual€residence€.€.€.€€givesÐ ¥ @ Ðway€before€the€primary€interest€of€any€person€in€not€being€exposedÐ 5 Ð  Ðto€physical€or€psychological€danger€or€being€placed€in€anÐ Å `  Ðintolerable€situation.").€€Where€substantial€allegations€are€madeÐ Uð  Ðand€a€credible€threat€exists,€a€court€should€be€particularly€waryÐ å€  Ðabout€using€potentially€unenforceable€undertakings€to€try€toÐ u Ðprotect€the€child.€Ô#†X3XXXJºUÙ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3ÔÔ#†»‚† »XXJº—Ù#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†Ô€Undertakings€that€will€protect€the€child€fromÐ   Ðgrave€risk€for€only€a€very€limited€time€are€insufficient€to€defeatÐ •0 Ðan€Article€13(b)€claim.€€òòSeeóó€òòWalshóó,€221€F.3d€at€218€("TheÐ %À ÐConvention€does€not€require€that€the€risk€be€'immediate';€only€thatÐ µP Ðit€be€grave.")Ð Eà ÐÓ³ÖÓÓÆmÓÔ#†»‚† »XXJºƒÜ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJºAÜ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ôà ` àThe€determination€of€whether€any€valid€undertakings€canÐ Õp Ðbe€crafted€in€such€a€situation€is€inherently€fact„bound.€€òòSeeóó,Ð e  Ðòòe.g.óó,òòóó€òòTurneróó€v.€òòFroweinóó,€752€A.2d€955€(Conn.€2000)€(remanding€forÐ õ" Ðfurther€consideration€of€alternative€care€arrangements€and€legalÐ … $ Ðsafeguards€for€repatriation€of€child,€where€evidence€establishedÐ "°& Ðthat€father€sexually€abused€child€and€physically€abused€mother,Ð ¥#@( Ðhome€country€authorities€had€failed€to€respond€to€mother'sÐ 5%Ð * Ðcomplaints,€and€home€country€had€no€mechanism€for€a€no€contactÐ Å&`", Ðorder);€òòWalshóó,€221€F.3d€204€(holding€district€court's€order€withÐ U(ð#. Ðundertakings€would€not€sufficiently€protect€child€from€violentÐ å)€%0 Ðfather€who€abused€mother€and€regularly€ignored€court€orders).€Ð u+'2 ÐHowever,€the€terms€of€the€Convention,€as€well€as€the€Department€ofÐ e ÐState's€guidance,€indicate€that€the€protection€of€the€child€mustÐ õ Ðremain€paramount.Ô#†»‚† »XXJº`Þ#ÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÔ#†X3XXXJº¢Þ#ÔÔ‡XJºXXX3Ô€€Ô#†»‚† »XXJºaã#ÔÔ#†»r» »»‚†£ã#ÔÔ‡»‚† »»»rÔÔ‡XJºX »»‚†ÔÐ …  ÐÓ  ÓIII.Ð  ° ÐÓ]äÓòòConclusionóóÐ ¥ @ Ðà ` àThe€district€court€ultimately€did€not€decide€whether€theÐ 5 Ð  Ðfather€had€sexually€abused€his€younger€daughter.€€Neither€do€we.€Ð Å `  ÐDanaipour€may€be€innocent€of€these€accusations.Ð Uð  Ðà ` àAccusations€that€a€parent€has€sexually€abused€a€youngÐ å€  Ðchild€in€private€are€difficult€to€prove.€€They€are€also€difficultÐ u Ðto€disprove.€€And€claims€of€abuse,€whether€brought€in€good€faith€orÐ   Ðfor€other€reasons,€are€sometimes€used€as€weapons€in€divorce€andÐ •0 Ðcustody€battles.€€The€trial€courts€must€make€nuanced€judgments.€Ð %À ÐStill,€the€evidence€here€raises,€at€least,€a€clear€and€substantialÐ µP Ðclaim:€the€treating€child€psychologist€was€found€to€be€credible€inÐ Eà Ðher€recounting€of€the€child's€activities€and€statements,€thoseÐ Õp Ðactivities€and€statements€are€evidence€of€sexual€abuse€by€theÐ e  Ðfather,€and€the€psychologist€found€no€evidence€of€coaching€of€theÐ õ" Ðchild.€€Further,€there€is€considerable€supporting€expert€testimony.€Ð … $ Ðà ` àOn€these€facts,€the€district€court€must€adjudicate€theÐ "°& Ðissue€of€whether€sexual€abuse€occurred,€ordering€furtherÐ ¥#@( Ðevaluations€if€necessary€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€childrenÐ 5%Ð * Ðare€at€a€grave€risk€of€physical€or€psychological€harm,€or€ofÐ Å&`", Ðâ âotherwise€being€placed€in€an€intolerable€situation€if€returned.Ð U(ð#. Ðà ` àThe€district€court€decision€ordering€return€is€òòreversedóó,Ð e Ðand€the€case€is€òòremandedóó€for€proceedings€consistent€with€thisÐ õ Ðopinion.€Ô#†X3XXXJº ä#ÔÔ#†»r»XX3)ä#ÔÓ'ÞÓà ` àà ¨ àà  àâ â