ÿWPC•  Ž¶Ù ¶IQÛå¨*_DÌ J£”ß„^þ‰pŠK$lÚp iwÙ£«Æ^<6“Xš¨ÖµMáJy^º;&l€[½wq“z5·øüÔ/MÎH2§ºUþENÀÔSAO&÷H]dŽË‘ ÉÝ™í-e²®òšÙ>±áŠyŸJö#X;;rS *",aÙ ‘ ‡L/Ô,¢×*˜mCè´PrÜÄ…û)Ó¹ƒY²Q­âÕ7ØðaŸÙÊ÷yimTš@’ß­N~Üœ¢JÛðÉ]£ ¥õÔqÜû,ôåÊušÛm-ŒÈaTõí»†DSOÄþ¿ªQ]Ó³œ¥Àg÷ŸŸ§$«Bmâ©ò=ÊÒ»Ìö#ÔÊmå¸æ=û½¾=›jqêWhÀ@jíÕž‰ÐÒˆåp„=عÓ]ûÁ…×åØ@¢ÑY†°ž–3k2ø•µ¢Ÿµ…K%4ç2ønfÂOj2=SÄÄVjbë0IL@}œò‚Ó”`‚eQ¶éj#xâè(øÝáa8Ó#¦ê Ôè‘?¨OÊm+Ж&5¢÷b˨ÙÂß¾j«Z—ô£úƒÀó¬ï/ëS!ª&HÕTl‰gsô@ÐO‘ò±ØCŠâR²¹"_=:Ž¬" n+<W#ÁÂUFƒ %É 0(ÏU>÷s5 U@¨Ÿè^ ‡w“4—b«³ 0lÉ 0D5ºyE35D mF|]ÙNá 0Nãf1a33333>GGU0……………………… 1uµ 72* 0c\\\\\\ 1‡¿ 72F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Bx ˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0<4šÛ 9Z+‹.Courier New RegularX($¡¡´è\( 9Z+&Courier Regular iÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Ô‡!X‡æXXXÔIt€is€doubtful€whether€there€is€enough€evidence€ofÐ ° Ðinvolvement€against€Ô_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô€to€survive€summary€judgment.€€BurrellÐ †Ö Ðclaims€to€have€notified€Garvey€of€problems€with€Allen€in€a€letterÐ Nž Ðwhich€is€not€before€this€court.€€While€we€make€all€inferences€inÐ f ÐBurrell's€favor,€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô's€testimony€as€to€the€letter€would€beÐ Þ. Ðprohibited€under€the€best€evidence€rule.€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€produces€noÐ ¦ö Ðother€evidence€that€he€spoke€to€or€otherwise€notified€Ô_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô€ofÐ n ¾ Ðthe€risk€posed€by€Allen.€€Regardless,€for€the€sake€of€argument,Ð 6 † Ðwe€consider€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô's€claim€against€Ô_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô€in€his€individualÐ þ N Ðcapacity€together€with€his€claims€against€Ô_ÔGodekÔ_Ô,€Martinez,€Ô_ÔSeaverÔ_ÔÐ Æ   Ðand€Thomas,€each€of€whom,€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€says,€discussed€the€situationÐ Ž Þ  Ðin€Cell€Block€A€with€him€personally.Ô#†X¯¥XX!X‡æT#Ô(ÎáA Z(Times New Roman  •Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Š4q ˆXXÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔ€Deborah€Burrell€also€recounted€conversations€with€herÐ ° Ðhusband€in€which€she€suggested€that€he€request€a€transfer;Ð xÈ Ðaccording€to€her,€his€response€was€"No,€he€didn't€want€to,"Ð @ Ðbecause€"[Ô_Ôh]eÔ_Ô€didn't€think€it€was€fair."ò ò€ó ó€While€theseÐ X Ðconversations€were€privileged€under€the€Massachusetts€Ô_ÔspousalÔ_ÔÐ øH Ðcommunication€disqualification,€Mass.€Gen.€Laws€ch.€233,€ðð€20Ð À Ð(2002),€€applied€in€federal€proceedings€through€Fed.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.Ð ˆ Ø Ð501,€defense€counsel€conceded€at€oral€arguments€that€they€had€notÐ P   Ðmade€timely€objections.ò ò€ó ó€Because€of€their€hearsay€nature,Ð  h Ðhowever,€wÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡ær#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔÔ#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æS#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔe€do€not€consider€the€Ô_ÔspousalÔ_Ô€conversations€here€asÐ  X   Ðevidence€of€whether€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€sought€protective€custody.€òòSeeóóÐ ° ÐòòÔ_ÔGarsideÔ_Ôóó€v.€òòÔ_ÔOscoÔ_Ô€Drug,€Inc.óó,€895€F.2d€46,€49„50€(1st€Cir.€1990)Ð xÈ Ð(hearsay€evidence€inadmissible€at€trial€cannot€be€considered€on€aÐ @ Ðmotion€for€summary€judgment).Ô#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æû#ÔÔ#†X¯¥X ˆŠ4q=#Ôè›D-s Î^A-\( "- ù- Ñ ° Ñ((2üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó °Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Š4q ˆXXÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔ€ò òó óBurrell€also€asserts€that€he€wrote€letters€to€Ô_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô€andÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔGodekÔ_Ô,€describing€the€situation€and€asking€that€Allen€beÐ xÈ Ðtransferred€out€of€Block€A.€ò ò€ó óThese€letters€were€not€produced€byÐ @ ÐÔ_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô's€counsel€and€placed€into€the€summary€judgment€record,Ð 0€ Ðand,€as€a€result,€are€not€before€us.€ò òÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡ær#ÔÔ#†X¯¥X ˆŠ4qS#Ôó ó3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ rÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡!X‡æXXXÔ€This€case€does€not€involve€accusations€that€the€prisonÐ ° Ðofficials€themselves€used€excessive€force.€€A€different€standardÐ xÈ Ðis€used€in€these€situations.€€òòFarmeróó,€511€U.S.€at€835.Ô#†X¯¥XX!X‡æS#Ô (ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔøÀTABLE A 4Ý ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡!X‡æXXXÔà ` àPrison€officials€say€that€they€perceived€Burrell'sÐ ° Ðdesire€to€have€Allen€removed€from€Cell€Block€A€as€stemming€fromÐ xÈ ÐÔ_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô's€racism.€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€is€white;€Allen€is€African„American.€Ð @ ÐThomas€says€that€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€referred€to€Allen€and€others€as€theÐ X Ð"jungle€creatures,"€and€that€Martinez€said€that€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€wasÐ Ð  Ðtrying€to€remove€non„whites€from€his€cell€block.ò òó ó€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_ÔÐ ˜è Ðdisputes€this.Ô#†X¯¥XX!X‡æS#Ô<è\( 9Z+Courier 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)*i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Š½CEKQW]cioAutoList1A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.2A. dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ°` °œXÓÑ€ Ñò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓÓÓÓÑ8€‡æXXdÈdÈ8ÑòòóóÔ‡X.}XXXÔÔ‡°ãm°XX.}ÔÓ=€‡æXÐXdÐd=ÓÑ  ÑUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÐ ° ÐÔ#†X.}X°°ãmñ#ÔÔ‡„WЄXX.}ÔFor€the€First€CircuitÔ#†X.}X„„Wа#ÔÔ‡Šâ ˆXX.}ÔÔ#†Š4q ˆ ˆŠâÒ#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔó óÐ „Ô ÐÓdÓÓÓÌßA€V) °°` dE<«` AßÐ ¬ü ÐÌNo.€02„1504Ð ƒ Ó ÐÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓSTEPHEN€Ô_ÔBURRELLÔ_Ô,Ð Û + ÐÌÓ*Óà@ ìàPlaintiff,€Appellant,ˆÐ k »  ÐÓ  ÓÌà@@tt)ìàv.Ð ûK  ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  ÓHAMPSHIRE€COUNTY;€FRANK€Ô_ÔGODEKÔ_Ô,€individually€and€in€his€officialÐ ‹Û  Ðcapacity€as€corrections€officer€for€the€Hampshire€CountyÐ S£  ÐJail/House€of€Corrections;€ANTHONY€THOMAS,€individually€and€inÐ k  Ðhis€official€capacity€as€corrections€officer€for€the€HampshireÐ ã3 ÐCounty€Jail/House€of€Corrections;€JOHN€A.€Ô_ÔSEAVERÔ_Ô,€individuallyÐ «û Ðand€in€his€official€capacity€as€corrections€officer€for€theÐ sà ÐHampshire€County€Jail/House€of€Corrections;€ROBERT€Ô_ÔGARVEYÔ_Ô,Ð ;‹ Ðindividually€and€in€his€official€capacity€as€county€sheriff€forÐ S ÐHampshire€County;€and€WILLIAM€A.€MARTINEZ,€individually€and€inÐ Ë Ðhis€official€capacity€as€corrections€officer€for€the€HampshireÐ “ã ÐJail/House€of€Corrections,Ð [« ÐÓ ÓÌà@ÄÄìàDefendants,€Appellees.ˆÐ ë; ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<z` AßÐ {Ë ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ R¢ Ðà ` àà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSˆÐ j ÐÌà@` ` ìà[Hon.€Michael€A.€Ô_ÔPonsorÔ_Ô,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ ªú! Ðò òó óÌßA€V) °°` dE<9 ` AßÐ : Š# ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ !a% ÐÌÓ  ÓBoudin,€òòChief€Judgeóó,Ð ¡"ñ' ÐBownes,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgeóó,Ð i#¹( Ðand€Lynch,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó.Ð 1$) ÐÓ3 ÓÌßA€V) °°` dE<À%` AßÐ Á%!+ ÐÌÓ  Óà ` àòòMichael€J.€Schmidtóó,€with€whom€òòWheeler€&€Ô_ÔAreyÔ_Ôóó€was€onÐ ˜&è!- Ðbrief,€for€appellant.òòÐ `'°". Ðà ` àCharles€M.€Maguireóó,€Special€Assistant€Attorney€General,Ð ((x#/ Ðfor€appellees.Ð ð(@$0 ÐÌÌÔ*‹ƒVddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ H+˜&3H+˜& ‹‹ÐÐ SI¬+ü&4 €Sâ@37532„„‰€Sâ@‰‹‹SÐÌOctober€4,€2002Ð t,Ä'6 ÐÐ RHC<-Œ(7" €Sâ@37532 €Sâ@ ‹‹RÐÌÌÐ," <-Œ(:  ,ÐÓ‚ÓÑ€ OY Ñà ` àò òLYNCH,€Ô  ÔòòCircuit€Judgeóó.ó ó€Stephen€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€was€assaulted€andÐ ° Ðseverely€beaten€by€David€Allen,€a€fellow€inmate,€on€December€2,Ð à Ð1997€while€they€were€both€pretrial€detainees€at€the€HampshireÐ  p ÐCounty€Jail/House€of€Corrections€("the€Hampshire€Jail").€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_ÔÐ °  Ðbrought€a€damages€action€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€(2000)€againstÐ @  Ðcertain€jail€employees€and€Hampshire€County€Sheriff€Robert€Ô_ÔGarveyÔ_Ô.€Ð Ð   ÐHe€alleged€that€defendants€had€been€deliberately€indifferent€to€hisÐ `°  Ðhealth€and€safety,€in€violation€of€his€Fourteenth€Amendment€DueÐ ð@  ÐProcess€rights€as€a€pretrial€detainee.€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€also€asserted€thatÐ €Ð  Ðthe€Hampshire€Jail's€failure€to€classify€and€segregate€violent€andÐ ` Ðnonviolent€inmates€itself€violated€the€Eighth€Amendment.€€TheÐ  ð Ðdistrict€court€granted€summary€judgment€to€the€defendants€on€bothÐ 0€ Ðclaims.€€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€appeals€that€decision.€€We€affirm.Ð À Ðà@  &ìàI.€FactsˆÐ P  Ðà ` àOur€review€of€a€grant€of€summary€judgment€is€òòde€novoóó.€€WeÐ à0 Ðpresent€the€facts€from€the€summary€judgment€record€in€the€lightÐ pÀ Ðmost€favorable€to€Ô_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô,€and€draw€all€reasonable€inferences€inÐ P  Ðhis€favor.€€òòSeeóó€òòContoóó€v.€òòConcord€Hosp.,€Inc.óó,€265€F.3d€79,€80€n.1Ð à" Ð(1st€Cir.€2001).€€Summary€judgment€is€warranted€if€a€jury€could€notÐ  !p$ Ðreasonably€return€a€verdict€in€the€plaintiff's€favor.€€òòAndersonóó€v.Ð °"& ÐòòLiberty€Lobby,€Inc.óó,€477€U.S.€242,€248€(1986).€€Accordingly,€weÐ @$( Ðaccept€as€true€the€facts€alleged€by€the€plaintiff€in€his€complaint,Ð Ð% !* Ðdrawing€all€reasonable€inferences€in€his€favor.Ð `'°", ÐÓ  Óà @ àà0 @ àÓÓà ` àÔ_ÔBurrellÔ_Ô€was€incarcerated€at€the€Hampshire€Jail€€on€MarchÐ ð(@$. Ð7,€1997€while€awaiting€trial€on€federal€mail€fraud,€wire€fraud€andÐ €*Ð%0 Ðfictitious€name€charges.€€ò òó óAllen,€meanwhile,€had€been€incarceratedÐ ,`'2 ÐÔ_Ôin€the€Hampshire€Jail€since€May€5,€1996€while€awaiting€trial€onÐ ° Ðmurder€and€assault€charges.€€ò òó óAllen€and€Burrell€had€been€on€the€sameÐ @ Ðcell€block€since€August€26,€1997.Ð Ð  Ðà ` àThe€Hampshire€Jail€has€three€cell€blocks.€€Cell€Block€A,Ð ` ° Ðwhere€Burrell€was€held,€has€twelve€cells€on€each€of€two€tiers,€forÐ ð @ Ða€total€of€twenty„four€cells.ò òó ó€€Inmates€have€individual€cells,€whichÐ € Ð  Ðthey€are€able€to€lock€from€the€inside.€ò òó ó€Inmates€also€have€someÐ `  Ðlevel€of€choice€regarding€their€location;€when€cells€become€open,Ð  ð  Ðthey€can€request€to€move€within€their€cell€block.€€Early€in€hisÐ 0€  Ðstay€at€the€Hampshire€Jail,€Burrell€requested€a€particular€cellÐ À Ðwith€a€view€of€an€adjacent€forest,€because€he€"wanted€a€room€whereÐ P  Ð[he]€could€see€the€free€world."€€ò òó óBurrell€was€given€this€cell,€andÐ à0 Ðit€can€be€inferred€that€he€was€reluctant€to€give€up€his€cell€withÐ pÀ Ða€view.€ò òó ó€Ð P Ðà ` àMuch€of€Burrell's€claim€rested€on€what€he€said€wereÐ à ÐAllen's€known€and€demonstrated€violent€proclivities.€€Allen€wasÐ  p Ðinvolved€in€several€earlier€incidents€and€was€disciplined€by€prisonÐ °  Ðofficials€at€least€three€times.€€Two€of€the€incidents€for€whichÐ @" ÐAllen€was€disciplined€involved€violent€altercations€with€otherÐ Ð $ Ðinmates.€€We€list€the€incidents€which,€it€can€be€inferred,€wereÐ `"°& Ðknown€to€the€corrections€officers.Ð ð#@( Ðà ` à1.€€On€December€16,€1996,€a€corrections€officer€overheardÐ €%Ð * ÐAllen€telling€another€inmate€that€if€Allen€saw€an€inmate€namedÐ '`", ÐRobles,€he€would€hurt€him,€saying€"If€I€see€that€mother€fucker€I'mÐ  (ð#. Ðgonna€kill€him.€€He€better€stay€locked!€€He's€a€deadman,"€andÐ 0*€%0 Ðpunching€the€air€with€his€fist.€€Allen€was€not€disciplined€forÐ À+'2 Ðthis.€ò òó óÐ ° Ðà ` à2.€€The€following€day,€December€17,€1996,€Allen€punchedÐ @ Ðanother€inmate,€James€Peterson,€after€a€disagreement€growing€out€ofÐ Ð  ÐPeterson's€complaints€that€Allen's€music€was€too€loud.€€WhenÐ ` ° ÐPeterson€was€taken€to€the€hospital€for€treatment€of€his€injuries,Ð ð @ Ðhe€told€staff€that€he€had€been€hit€with€a€steel€bar.€ò ò€ó óAccording€toÐ € Ð  Ðthe€report€filed€on€the€disciplinary€hearing,€Allen€claimed€that€heÐ `°  Ðhit€Peterson€because€Peterson€called€him€a€"nigger,"€and€thisÐ ð@  Ðaccount€was€supported€by€the€testimony€of€a€witness.€ò òó ó€Allen€wasÐ €Ð  Ðfound€guilty€of€violating€Hampshire€Jail€Code€18€(fighting€with,Ð ` Ðassaulting,€or€threatening€another€person)€and€received€seven€daysÐ  ð Ðof€isolation.€ò òó ó€Allen€also€pled€guilty€to€criminal€charges€for€thisÐ 0€ Ðincident.€ò òó óÐ À Ðà ` à3.€€On€March€20,€1997,€Allen€was€disciplined€forÐ P  Ðinvolvement€in€a€fight€between€two€other€inmates.€€Allen€claimedÐ à0 Ðthat€he€was€only€breaking€up€a€fight.€€His€claim€was€supported€byÐ pÀ Ðwitnesses,€although€one€of€those€involved€in€the€fight€said€thatÐ P  ÐAllen€was€an€active€participant.€€ò òó óFor€his€involvement,€AllenÐ à" Ðreceived€seven€days€of€room€restriction€suspended€for€sixty€days,Ð  !p$ Ðand€four€days€of€room€restriction€with€a€credit€for€time€served.€ò òó óÐ °"& Ðà ` à4.€€On€August€15,€1997,€Allen€and€other€inmates€carriedÐ @$( ÐRaul€Munier,€also€an€inmate,€to€the€day€room€and€stuffed€him€in€aÐ Ð% !* Ðtrash€can.€€Munier€was€not€injured,€but€Allen€and€the€otherÐ `'°", Ðperpetrators€were€sanctioned€for€horseplay.ò òó óÐ ð(@$. Ðà ` à5.€€During€the€time€they€were€blockmates,€Burrell€sawÐ €*Ð%0 ÐAllen€fighting€with€other€inmates,€including€a€dispute€with€anotherÐ ,`'2 Ðinmate€named€David€Santiago.€€According€to€Burrell,€Allen€removedÐ ° Ða€shower€curtain€rod€and€beat€Santiago€about€the€face€and€chest.€ò ò€Ð @ Ðó óPrison€officials€also€noted€another€dispute€between€Allen€andÐ  p ÐSantiago€in€November€1997.€€ò òó óÐ °  Ðà ` àIn€addition,€it€can€be€inferred€that€Allen€had€probablyÐ @  Ðengaged€in€more€disruptive€behavior€than€just€the€listed€incidents,Ð Ð   Ðas€evidenced€by€his€peripatetic€circuit€through€the€HampshireÐ `°  ÐJail's€three€cell€blocks.€€Allen€was€moved€from€Cell€Block€C€toÐ ð@  ÐCell€Block€B€on€May€27,€1997,€and€then€from€Cell€Block€B€to€CellÐ €Ð  ÐBlock€A€on€August€26,€1997.€€Prison€officials€admit€thatÐ ` Ðdisciplinary€infractions€are€one€reason€for€moving€inmates.ò òó óÐ  ð Ðà ` àFrom€August€26,€1997€until€the€date€of€the€incident,€Ð 0€ ÐDecember€2,€1997,€Allen€and€Burrell€lived€one€cell€apart€on€theÐ À Ðsecond€tier€of€Cell€Block€A.€€While€no€disciplinary€sanctions€wereÐ P  Ðimposed€for€altercations€between€Allen€and€Burrell,€there€wereÐ à0 Ðseveral€incidents.€€Burrell€brought€at€least€two€of€these€threeÐ pÀ Ðincidents€to€the€attention€of€Hampshire€Jail€officials:Ð P  Ðà ` à1.€Burrell€and€Allen€had€a€disagreement€when€AllenÐ à" Ðchanged€the€channel€on€the€television€in€the€day€room€to€the€BlackÐ  !p$ ÐEntertainment€Television€channel;€Burrell,€who€had€been€watchingÐ °"& Ðanother€station,€said€that€he€didn't€want€to€change€the€channel,Ð @$( Ðand€Allen€responded,€"What€up."€€Burrell€then€returned€to€his€cell.ò òó óÐ Ð% !* Ðà ` à2.€During€the€summer,€Allen€pushed€his€way€through€a€lineÐ `'°", Ðof€inmates€waiting€to€go€outside€to€the€recreation€yard.€€BurrellÐ ð(@$. Ðtold€him€to€wait€his€turn.€€Once€they€were€both€outside,€AllenÐ €*Ð%0 Ðgrabbed€Burrell€by€the€arm€and€said€"You€motherfucker.€€Dis€meÐ ,`'2 Ðagain€like€that,€and€I'll€hurt€you."€€Burrell€responded,€"YeahÐ ° Ðright,"€and€walked€away€from€Allen.ò òó ó€€Burrell€reported€this€incidentÐ @ Ðto€Officer€Anthony€Thomas€within€a€day€or€so.ò òó óÐ Ð  Ðà ` à3.€€Less€than€a€month€before€the€December€assault,Ð ` ° ÐBurrell€and€Allen€were€in€the€gymnasium€together.€€Burrell€wasÐ ð @ Ðsitting€on€a€bench€after€playing€basketball,€and€Allen€joined€himÐ € Ð  Ðon€the€bench€and€then€accused€Burrell€of€sweating€on€him.€€BurrellÐ `  Ðgot€up€and€walked€away,€going€up€a€staircase.€€Allen€pushedÐ  ð  ÐBurrell,€causing€him€to€grab€the€railing,€but€not€hard€enough€toÐ 0€  Ðmake€Burrell€fall.€ò òó ó€Burrell€again€reported€the€incident€to€€Thomas.Ð À Ðà ` àIn€addition€to€these€incidents,€Allen's€habit€of€playingÐ P  Ðhis€radio€loudly€and€late€at€night€created€tension€between€AllenÐ à0 Ðand€Burrell.€€According€to€Burrell,€"David€had€a€large€boom€boxÐ pÀ Ðradio€and€he€would€turn€it€and€turn€it€up.€€And€myself€and€othersÐ P Ðwould€complain€to€David€Allen€and€he€would€say,€'This€is€my€box€andÐ à Ðthese€are€my€tunes€and€fuck€you.'"׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  p Ðà ` àBurrell€reported€these€incidents,€and€his€concerns€aboutÐ °  ÐAllen,€to€prison€officials€on€a€number€of€occasions.€€While€theÐ @" Ðsubstance€of€these€conversations€is€disputed,€prison€officials€wereÐ Ð $ Ðclearly€aware€of€tension€between€the€two€men.€€ò òó óWe€are,€in€anyÐ `"°& Ðâ âevent,€required€to€accept€Burrell's€version€as€true€for€summaryÐ ð#@( Ðjudgment€purposes.ò ò€€ó óÐ ° Ðâ âà ` àBurrell€spoke€to€Thomas€after€the€recreation€yardÐ à Ðincident,€and€said€that€he€was€afraid€that€there€was€going€to€be€aÐ  p Ðfight€between€Allen€and€him.€ò òó ó€Burrell€admits€that€he€did€not€askÐ °  Ðfor€protective€custody€at€that€time.€ò òó ó€After€the€incident€in€theÐ @  Ðgymnasium,€Burrell€again€spoke€to€Thomas,€this€time€in€an€areaÐ Ð   Ðcalled€the€"press€room."€€Thomas€responded€that€he€had€sent€a€memoÐ `°  Ðto€Garvey€and€Frank€Godek,€a€superintendent€at€the€Hampshire€Jail,Ð ð@  Ðabout€the€situation.€€Burrell€complained€that€Allen€was€aÐ €Ð  Ðdisruptive€influence,€and€requested€that€Allen€be€moved;€accordingÐ ` Ðto€Burrell,€Thomas€said,€"We've€already€moved€him€all€over€theÐ  ð Ðplace.€€There€are€no€more€places€to€move€him."€ò òó óÐ 0€ Ðà ` àBurrell€also€discussed€Allen€with€Lieutenant€John€SeaverÐ À Ðon€several€occasions.€€Burrell€told€Seaver€that€"a€fight€is€goingÐ P  Ðto€ensue.€€There€[is]€going€to€be€blood.€€Somebody's€going€to€getÐ à0 Ðhurt."ò òó ó€€Again,€he€asked€that€Allen€be€transferred€out€of€Cell€BlockÐ pÀ ÐA.€€According€to€Burrell,€Seaver€responded,€"We're€at€a€loss,€we'veÐ P  Ðmoved€him€everywhere."€ò òó óÐ à" Ðà ` àWilliam€Martinez,€the€corrections€officer€in€charge€ofÐ  !p$ ÐCell€Block€A,€also€remembers€discussing€Allen€with€Burrell.€Ð °"& ÐAccording€to€Martinez,€Burrell€wanted€Allen€moved€out€of€the€blockÐ @$( Ðbecause€Allen€played€his€radio€too€loudly.€ò òó ó€Martinez€recallsÐ Ð% !* Ðoffering€Burrell€either€the€option€of€moving€elsewhere,€orÐ `'°", Ðprotective€custody.ò òó ó€€Martinez€concedes€that€protective€custody€isÐ ð(@$. Ðnot€usually€offered€for€conflicts€as€simple€as€complaints€about€aÐ €*Ð%0 Ðloud€radio.€€Burrell€denies€he€was€given€either€option.€€Martinez'sÐ ,`'2 Ðstatement€is€evidence€of€his€knowledge€that€there€was€a€conflictÐ ° Ðbetween€Burrell€and€Allen€that€exceeded€routine€dimensions.Ð @ Ðà ` àò òó óBurrell€spoke€about€Allen€to€Godek€as€well.€€When€BurrellÐ Ð  Ðwas€arranging€to€have€a€word„processor€in€his€cell,€he€told€GodekÐ ` ° Ðthat€Allen€was€"a€bully"€and€that€Allen€had€caused€him€problems.ò òó ó׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ò òó óÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æI#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔÔ#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æ#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔÐ ð @ Ðà ` àBurrell€told€Seaver€and€Thomas€that€he€had€earned€a€blackÐ € Ð  Ðbelt€in€martial€arts,€and€that€he€had€received€the€CongressionalÐ `  ÐMedal€of€Honor.€ò òó ó€Burrell€admits€that€he€lied€to€prison€officialsÐ  ð  Ðabout€his€ability€to€take€care€of€himself.€€Thomas€says€he€believedÐ 0€  ÐBurrell,€and€testified€that€he€worried€for€the€safety€of€otherÐ À Ðinmates€should€Burrell€attack€them.€ò òó óÐ P  Ðà ` àFinally,€Burrell's€wife,€Deborah€Burrell,€also€spoke€toÐ à0 ÐThomas€about€tensions€in€Cell€Block€A.€€In€her€deposition,€sheÐ pÀ Ðdescribed€her€conversation€with€Thomas€as€"not€so€much€aboutÐ P Ðassaulting,€just€that€there€was€a€commotion€.€.€.€that€[Allen]€wasÐ à Ða€very€disagreeable€fellow."€€She€asked€them€either€to€talk€toÐ  p ÐAllen€or€move€him€out€of€Cell€Block€A.ò òó ó׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ò ò€€ó óShe€did€not€ask€forÐ °  Ðprotective€custody€for€her€husband.Ð ° Ðà ` àOn€the€day€of€the€assault,€Burrell€had€received€a€warningÐ @ Ðfrom€another€inmate€that€Willie€Brown,€a€friend€of€Allen's,€thoughtÐ Ð  ÐBurrell€was€providing€information€against€him,€and€that€BurrellÐ ` ° Ðshould€stay€away€from€Allen.€€After€lunch€that€day,€Burrell€wasÐ ð @ Ðsitting€in€his€cell€with€his€shoes€off.€€Allen€came€to€Burrell'sÐ € Ð  Ðcell€and€said,€"Burrell,€I€want€to€talk€to€you."€€Despite€theÐ `  Ðearlier€warning,€Burrell€"took€it€sort€of€as€a€peace€offering,"€putÐ  ð  Ðhis€shoes€on,€and€followed€Allen€back€to€his€cell.€€BurrellÐ 0€  Ðexplains€this€lapse€of€judgment€by€saying€he€thought€he€was€on€hisÐ À Ðown,€the€jail€officials€would€do€nothing€to€help€him,€and€he€had€toÐ P  Ðtry€to€work€things€out€with€Allen.€€€Even€though€he€saw€WillieÐ à0 ÐBrown€waiting€outside€Allen's€cell€and€wondered,€"Why€is€he€here?€Ð pÀ ÐHe€doesn't€ever€come€up€here,"€Burrell€still€entered€the€cell.€€€AsÐ P ÐBurrell€entered€the€room,€someone€threw€hot€water€in€his€face,Ð à Ðblinding€him.€€According€to€Burrell,€he€was€hit€from€behind,Ð  p Ðcollapsed€onto€the€floor,€and€then€Allen€beat€him€repeatedly€withÐ °  Ða€black€stick€and€the€bed€frame.€ò ò€€ó óÐ @" Ðà ` àAnother€inmate€brought€a€correction€officer€to€Allen'sÐ  !p$ Ðcell,€ending€the€beating.€€ò òó óBurrell€was€found€with€a€"significantÐ °"& Ðamount€of€swelling,€redness€and€blood"€on€his€face.€€Allen's€floorÐ @$( Ðwas€soaked€with€Burrell's€blood,€and€Burrell's€blood€was€on€Allen'sÐ Ð% !* Ðsheets€and€clothing.€€After€receiving€initial€medical€care€fromÐ `'°", Ðnurses€at€the€Hampshire€Jail,€Burrell€was€taken€to€Cooley€DickinsonÐ ° ÐHospital€for€treatment.€ò òó ó€We€are€told€that€Burrell€suffered€a€brokenÐ @ Ðnose€and€orbital€bone,€and€a€concussion.ò òó óÐ Ð  ÐÓ  ÓII.€AnalysisÐ ` ° ÐÓ¶PÓòòóóà ` àBurrell€brings€suit€against€Godek,€Thomas,€Seaver,€GarveyÐ ð @ Ðand€Martinez€in€both€their€individual€and€official€capacities€for€Ð € Ð  Ðdeliberate€indifference€to€a€risk€to€his€health€and€safety.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€WeÐ `  Ðevaluate€his€claims€against€the€defendants€in€their€individualÐ  ð  Ðcapacities€only.€€A€damages€suit€against€an€official€in€an€officialÐ 0€  Ðcapacity€is€tantamount€to€a€suit€against€the€entity€of€which€theÐ À Ðofficial€is€an€agent€(the€jail),€and€there€is€no€claim€here€thatÐ P  Ðthe€entity€followed€a€policy€or€custom€of€deliberate€indifference.€Ð à0 ÐòòHaferóó€v.€òòMeloóó,€502€U.S.€21,€25€(1991)Ô#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æC#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔÔ#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æÁC#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔ;€òòKentuckyóó€v.€òòGrahamóó,€473€U.S.Ð pÀ Ð159,€165„66€(1985)òòóó.€€Burrell€also€brings€suit€against€Garvey€andÐ P ÐHampshire€County€based€on€a€failure€to€supervise,€and€on€theÐ à ÐHampshire€Jail's€policy€of€not€classifying€and€segregating€inmatesÐ  p Ðaccording€to€whether€they€were€accused€of€violent€or€nonviolentÐ °  Ðoffenses.€€We€discuss€individual€and€municipal€liabilityÐ @" Ðseparately.Ð Ð $ ÐA.€òòDeliberate€IndifferenceóóÐ ° Ðà ` àPretrial€detainees€are€protected€under€the€FourteenthÐ @ ÐAmendment€Due€Process€Clause€rather€than€the€Eighth€Amendment;Ð Ð  Ðhowever,€the€standard€to€be€applied€is€the€same€as€that€used€in€Ð ` ° ÐEighth€Amendment€cases.€òòSeeóó€òòBellóó€v.€òòWolfishóó,€441€U.S.€520,€545Ð ð @ Ð(1979)€(the€Due€Process€Clause€protections€are€at€least€as€great€asÐ € Ð  Ðthose€under€the€Eighth€Amendment);€1€M.B.€Mushlin,€òòRights€ofÐ `  ÐPrisonersóó€ðð2.02€(2d€ed.€Supp.€2001)€(same).€€An€alleged€EighthÐ  ð  ÐAmendment€violation€is€analyzed€according€to€the€framework€laid€outÐ 0€  Ðin€òòFarmeróó€v.€òòBrennanóó,€511€U.S.€825€(1994),€as€further€explicated€inÐ À ÐòòGirouxóó€v.€òòSomerset€Countyóó,€178€F.3d€28€(1st€Cir.€1999),€andÐ P  ÐòòCalderð;ðn„Ortizóó€v.€òòLaboy„Alvaradoóó,€300€F.3d€60€(1st€Cir.€2002).Ð à0 Ðà ` àPrison€officials€have€a€responsibility€not€to€beÐ pÀ Ðdeliberately€indifferent€to€the€risk€to€prisoners€of€violence€atÐ P Ðthe€hands€of€other€prisoners.€€òòFarmeróó,€511€U.S.€at€833€("HavingÐ à Ðincarcerated€persons€with€demonstrated€proclivities€for€antisocial,Ð  p Ðcriminal,€and€often€violent,€conduct,€having€stripped€them€ofÐ °  Ðvirtually€every€means€of€self„protection€and€foreclosed€theirÐ @" Ðaccess€to€outside€aid,€the€government€and€its€officials€are€notÐ Ð $ Ðfree€to€let€the€state€of€nature€take€its€course.")€(internalÐ `"°& Ðquotations€omitted).òòóóÐ ð#@( Ðà ` àNot€every€injury€suffered€by€a€prisoner€at€the€hands€ofÐ €%Ð * Ðanother€results€in€constitutional€liability€on€the€part€of€prisonÐ '`", Ðofficials.€€òòId.óó€at€834.€€In€òòFarmeróó,€the€Court€established€that€onlyÐ  (ð#. Ð"deliberate€indifference"€by€prison€officials€to€an€inmate's€healthÐ 0*€%0 Ðor€safety€was€sufficient€to€establish€liability.€€€The€òòFarmeróó€testÐ À+'2 Ðfor€Eighth€Amendment€violations€initially€establishes€two€tests.€Ð ° ÐFirst,€the€deprivation€alleged€must€be,€objectively,€sufficientlyÐ @ Ðserious.€òòId.óó€€For€a€claim€based€on€failure€to€prevent€harm,€theÐ Ð  Ðplaintiff€must€demonstrate€he€was€incarcerated€under€conditionsÐ ` ° Ðimposing€a€substantial€risk€of€serious€harm.€òòId.óó€€Second,€theÐ ð @ Ðplaintiff€must€show€that€prison€officials€possessed€a€sufficientlyÐ € Ð  Ðculpable€state€of€mind,€namely€one€of€"deliberate€indifference"€toÐ `  Ðan€inmate's€health€or€safety.€òòId.óó€€That€state€of€mind€is€moreÐ  ð  Ðblameworthy€than€negligence.€€òòId.óó€at€835.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€second€prong€of€theÐ 0€  ÐòòFarmeróó€test€has€subparts€in€turn.Ô#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æ”T#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æRT#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔÐ À Ѐà ` àThe€"deliberate"€part€of€"deliberate€indifference"€wasÐ P  Ðdefined€by€the€Supreme€Court€as€requiring€that€a€prison€officialÐ à0 Ðsubjectively€"must€both€be€aware€of€facts€from€which€the€inferenceÐ pÀ Ðcould€be€drawn€that€a€substantial€risk€of€serious€harm€exists,€andÐ P Ðhe€must€also€draw€the€inference."€€òòId.óó€at€837.€€As€said€in€òòGirouxóó,Ð à Ð"[t]his€standard,€requiring€an€actual,€subjective€appreciation€ofÐ  p Ðrisk,€has€been€likened€to€the€standard€for€determining€criminalÐ °  Ðrecklessness."€178€F.3d€at€32.€Ô#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æXc#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔÔ#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æc#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔ€Within€that€subjective€framework,Ð @" Ða€factfinder€may€conclude€that€a€prison€official€knew€of€aÐ Ð $ Ðsubstantial€risk€from€the€very€fact€that€the€risk€was€obvious.€€òòId.óó€Ð `"°& ÐIn€response,€prison€officials€may€show€that€even€if€the€risks€wereÐ ð#@( Ðobvious€to€others,€it€was€not€obvious€to€them.€€Ð €%Ð * Ðà ` àThe€"indifference"€part€was€also€defined€by€the€SupremeÐ '`", ÐCourt.€€Prison€officials€cannot€be€indifferent,€of€course,€if€theyÐ  (ð#. Ðare€unaware€of€the€risk.€€But€even€if€they€are€aware,€they€cannotÐ ° Ðbe€deliberately€indifferent€if€they€responded€reasonably€to€theÐ @ Ðrisk,€even€if€the€harm€ultimately€was€not€avoided.€€òòFarmeróó,€511Ð Ð  ÐU.S.€at€844.€€Conceivably,€a€response€that€was€colorable€and€takenÐ ` ° Ðin€good€faith€might€still€be€enough€to€negate€deliberateÐ ð @ Ðindifference€even€if€it€were€inadequate€from€an€objectiveÐ € Ð  Ðstandpoint€(and€thus€negligent);€but€we€need€not€pursue€this€issueÐ `  Ðsince€a€reasonable€response€clearly€defeats€the€claim€ofÐ  ð  Ðconstitutional€violation.Ð 0€  Ðà ` àOur€holding€rests€on€the€"indifference"€part€of€theÐ À Ðsecond€prong€of€the€òòFarmeróó€test€„„€we€hold€that€the€officialsÐ P  Ðresponded€reasonably€to€a€known€risk€and€so€were€not€indifferent.€Ð à0 ÐGiven€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€as€understood€by€prisonÐ pÀ Ðofficials€at€the€time,€the€defendants€did€not€fail€to€takeÐ P Ðreasonable€measures€to€avert€potential€harm.€€€Even€evaluating€theÐ à Ðrecord€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€Burrell,€the€prisonÐ  p Ðofficials'€behavior€was€not€unreasonable€when€considered€within€theÐ °  Ðcontext€of€what€they€knew.€ò òó ó€Any€inquiry€into€the€reasonableness€ofÐ @" Ðthe€prison€officials'€actions€"incorporates€due€regard€for€prisonÐ Ð $ Ðofficials'€unenviable€task€of€keeping€dangerous€men€in€safe€custodyÐ `"°& Ðunder€humane€conditions."€òòId.óó€at€845€(internal€quotations€omitted).€Ð ð#@( ÐThe€focus€is€on€what€the€jailers€knew€and€what€they€did€inÐ €%Ð * Ðresponse.€€ò òó óÐ '`", Ðà ` àBurrell's€assertions€that€he€communicated€to€theÐ  (ð#. Ðdefendants€that€there€would€likely€be€a€fight€and€that€there€wouldÐ 0*€%0 Ðbe€blood€are€taken€as€true.€€His€concerns,€though,€were€not€theÐ À+'2 Ðonly€information€the€jail€officials€had.€€In€addition,€prisonÐ ° Ðofficials€also€received€€information€from€both€Burrell€and€his€wifeÐ @ Ðwhich€counteracted€Burrell's€expressed€concerns€and€whichÐ Ð  Ðinfluenced€the€officials'€response€to€the€risks.€€BurrellÐ ` ° Ðrepresented€himself€to€officials€as€proficient€in€martial€arts€andÐ ð @ Ðas€a€decorated€war€hero.€€Prison€officials€reasonably€could€haveÐ € Ð  Ðbelieved€that€if€tension€between€Burrell€and€Allen€erupted,€BurrellÐ `  Ðwould€not€be€defenseless.€€Indeed,€Thomas€said€that€thisÐ  ð  Ðinformation€led€him€to€fear€that€Burrell€might€harm€other€inmates.€Ð 0€  ÐBurrell€also€had€never€requested€protective€custody.€€He€says€hisÐ À Ðreasons€were€that€he€thought€protective€custody€entailed€moving€theÐ P  Ðaggressor,€in€other€words,€Allen,€out€of€the€cell€block.€€This€isÐ à0 Ðself„contradictory.€€Burrell€both€says€that€he€did€not€seekÐ pÀ Ðprotective€custody€and€that€he€asked€that€Allen€be€moved.€€TheÐ P Ðfocus€is€on€what€the€corrections€officers€knew€and€whether€theyÐ à Ðwere€deliberately€indifferent.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€they€knewÐ  p Ðof€Burrell's€unique€definition€of€protective€custody.€ò ò€ó óDeborahÐ °  ÐBurrell,€meanwhile,€went€to€prison€officials€to€discuss€the€problemÐ à" Ðof€Allen's€music„playing€and€to€request€Allen's€transfer.€€She€didÐ  !p$ Ðnot€seek€either€protective€custody€or€a€transfer€for€her€husband.€Ð °"& ÐThat€she€did€not€do€so€was€something€the€jail€officials€could€takeÐ @$( Ðinto€account,€given€her€advocacy€for€him€on€lesser€issues.Ð Ð% !* Ðà ` àPrison€officials€also€had€to€weigh€Burrell's€complaintsÐ `'°", Ðagainst€several€significant€lacunae.€€Allen,€to€their€knowledge,Ð ð(@$. Ðhad€no€motive€to€attack€Burrell.€€Burrell€was€neither€a€rival€gangÐ €*Ð%0 Ðmember€nor€an€informant.€€There€was€also€no€history€of€significantÐ ,`'2 ÐÑ OYÑâ  âÑ°°Ñâ  âÑ  Ñaltercations€between€Burrell€and€Allen€over€the€four€months€theyÐ ° Ðhad€been€blockmates.€€Moreover,€while€Allen€did€have€a€history€ofÐ @ Ðassaults€on€other€inmates,€it€had€been€nearly€nine€months€sinceÐ Ð  ÐAllen€had€been€disciplined€for€violent€behavior.ò òó óÐ ` ° Ðà ` àThe€officials€also€knew€that€Burrell,€his€assertedÐ ð @ Ðmartial€arts€prowess€aside,€could€go€into€his€cell€and€lock€theÐ € Ð  Ðdoor€if€he€felt€threatened€by€Allen.€€There€was€no€basis€for€themÐ `  Ðto€predict€Burrell€would€walk€into€the€lion's€den€and€be€mauled.€Ð  ð  ÐThe€claimed€failure€here€was€that€the€prison€officials€neitherÐ 0€  Ðtransferred€Allen€nor€put€Burrell€into€the€protective€custody€heÐ À Ðnever€sought.€€Under€the€totality€of€circumstances€known€to€theÐ P  Ðprison€officials,€no€jury€could€reasonably€find€that€the€officialsÐ à0 Ðhad€responded€unreasonably.Ð pÀ Ðà ` àòòGirouxóó€and€òòCalderð;ðn„Ortizóó€do€not€help€Burrell.€€InÐ P ÐòòGirouxóó,€jail€officials€inexplicably€introduced€a€person€posing€aÐ à Ðknown€danger,€another€inmate€who€had€repeatedly€threatened€Giroux,Ð  p Ðinto€the€holding€cell€where€Giroux€was€being€kept.€€They€did€soÐ °  Ðafter€taking€actions€which€they€appear€to€have€known€would€tarÐ @" ÐGiroux€as€an€informant€and€thereby€increase€the€risk€to€him.€Ð Ð $ ÐòòGirouxóó,€178€F.3d€at€29„30.€€òòCalderð;ðn„Ortizóó,€meanwhile,€wasÐ `"°& Ðevaluated€under€the€more€lenient€standard€for€dismissal€of€claimsÐ ð#@( Ðunder€Rule€12(b)(6),€not€as€a€summary€judgment€issue.€òòóó300€F.3d€atÐ €%Ð * Ð62.€€In€òòCalderð;ðn„Ortizóó,€moreover,€prison€officials€failed€to€makeÐ '`", Ðtheir€regular€patrols€of€the€housing€areas,€allowing€a€violentÐ  (ð#. Ðattack€to€go€on€for€between€half€an€hour€and€an€hour.€€òòId.óó€at€63.€Ð 0*€%0 ЀÐ À+'2 Ðà ` àSummary€judgment€was€appropriately€entered€on€the€claimsÐ ° Ðthat€jail€employees€Godek,€Thomas,€Seaver,€Garvey€and€Martinez€wereÐ @ Ðdeliberately€indifferent.Ð Ð  ÐB.€òòClaims€Against€Sheriff€Garvey€and€Hampshire€CountyóóÐ ` ° Ðà ` àBurrell€originally€claimed€that€Sheriff€Garvey€was€liableÐ ð @ Ðfor€both€a€failure€to€supervise€and€for€inadequate€training.€€HeÐ € Ð  Ðlater€dropped€the€claim€of€inadequate€training,€conceding€thatÐ `  Ðthere€was€no€basis€for€this€claim.€ò ò€ó óBurrell's€failure€to€superviseÐ  ð  Ðclaim€against€Garvey€is€doomed€by€his€inability€to€establish€thatÐ €Ð  Ðprison€officials€under€Garvey's€supervision€violated€his€EighthÐ ` ÐAmendment€rights.€€The€causal€chain€is€broken.€€òòNievesóó€v.Ð  ð ÐòòMcSweeneyóó,€241€F.3d€46,€50€(1st€Cir.€2001);€òòEvansóó€v.€òòAveryóó,€100Ð 0€ ÐF.3d€1033,€1039€(1st€Cir.€1996);€òòWillhauckóó€v.€òòHalpinóó,€953€F.2d€689,Ð À Ð714€(1st€Cir.€1991).ò òó óÐ P  Ðà ` àBurrell€also€claims€municipal€liability€on€the€part€ofÐ à0 ÐHampshire€County€for€having€an€unconstitutional€custom€or€policy€ofÐ pÀ Ðfailing€to€classify€and€segregate€inmates.€€Municipal€liability€mayÐ P  Ðbe€imposed€under€ðð€1983€when€the€enforcement€of€a€municipal€policyÐ à" Ðor€custom€was€the€moving€force€of€a€violation€of€federallyÐ  !p$ Ðprotected€rights.€€òòBd.€of€the€County€Comm'rsóó€v.€òòBrownóó,€520€U.S.Ð °"& Ð397,€404€(1997)Ô#†!X‡æXX!Š‡æxf#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æXX!X‡æÔÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æ6f#ÔÔ‡!Š‡æX ˆŠ4qÔ.€€A€policy€may€be€facially€constitutional,€butÐ @$( Ðmunicipalities€will€still€be€liable€if€the€policy€can€be€shown€toÐ Ð% !* Ðproduce€constitutional€violations.€€òòCity€of€Cantonóó€v.€òòHarrisóó,€489Ð `'°", ÐU.S.€378,€385„87€(1989).€€To€establish€liability,€we€look€atÐ ð(@$. Ðwhether€there€was€a€"direct€causal€link"€between€the€policy€and€theÐ €*Ð%0 Ðviolation,€òòid.óó€at€385,€or€if€the€policy€"actually€caused"€theÐ ,`'2 Ðviolation,€òòid.óó€at€391;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòFletcheróó€v.€òòTown€of€Clintonóó,€196Ð ° ÐF.3d€41,€55€(1st€Cir.€1999)€("direct€causal€link").€Ð @ Ðà ` àThe€district€court€correctly€held€that€the€HampshireÐ Ð  ÐJail's€policy€of€not€screening€and€then€segregating€potentially€Ð ` ° Ðviolent€prisoners€from€non„violent€prisoners€is€not€itself€aòòóó€facialÐ ð @ Ðviolation€of€the€Eighth€Amendment.€€òòBurrellóó€v.€òòHampshire€Countyóó,Ð € Ð  ÐNo.€Civ.A.€99„30269„MAP,€2002€WL€596210,€at€*6€(D.€Mass.€Apr.€10,Ð `  Ð2002).€€Of€course,€as€òòCalderð;ðn„Ortizóó€acknowledges,€lack€of€aÐ  ð  Ðclassification€system€may€be€part€of€an€Eighth€Amendment€violation.€Ð 0€  Ðòòóó300€F.3d€at€65„66.€€Burrell€argues€that€òòJanesóó€v.€òòHernandezóó,€215Ð À ÐF.3d€541€(5th€Cir.€2000),€should€be€persuasive€in€identifying€lackÐ P  Ðof€a€classification€system€as€an€Eighth€Amendment€violation.€€ButÐ à0 Ðthe€differences€between€the€situations€at€issue€here€and€in€òòJanesóó,Ð pÀ Ðwhere€a€traffic€offender€was€confined€in€a€single€large€cell€withÐ P Ða€number€of€known€violent€offenders,€òòid.óó€at€542,€lead€to€preciselyÐ à Ðthe€opposite€conclusion.€€The€Hampshire€Jail€policy,€in€whichÐ  p Ðinmates€were€housed€in€individual€cells€that€they€were€able€to€lockÐ °  Ðfrom€inside€at€any€time,€simply€does€not€pose€the€level€of€dangerÐ @" Ðdescribed€in€òòJanesóó.€ò òó óÐ Ð $ Ðà ` àNor€was€the€policy€the€"actual€cause"€of€Burrell'sÐ `"°& Ðinjury.€€As€a€factual€matter,€Burrell's€cell€could€be€locked€fromÐ ð#@( Ðthe€inside,€and€he€could€have€requested€protective€custody€orÐ €%Ð * Ðtransfer€to€another€cell€block.€€òòBurrellóó,€2002€WL€596210,€at€*6.€Ð '`", ÐMoreover,€Burrell€does€not€present€evidence€from€which€a€jury€couldÐ  (ð#. Ðconclude€that€the€Hampshire€Jail's€policy€poses€a€substantial€riskÐ 0*€%0 Ðof€harm€to€inmates.€€Burrell€did€not€present€evidence€of€a€patternÐ À+'2 Ðof€harm€to€inmates€going€beyond€his€own€assault.Ð ° Ðà ` àSummary€judgment€was€appropriately€entered€for€defendantsÐ @ ÐGarvey€and€Hampshire€County.ò òÐ Ð  Ðó óà ` àFor€these€reasons,€the€order€of€the€district€courtÐ ` ° Ðgranting€summary€judgment€is€ò òòòaffirmedóó.ó óÔ#†Š4q ˆX!Š‡æ_‰#ÔÔ#†X¯¥X ˆŠ4q‰#Ô