WPCS zo"kz5ҕ Cs/βo61oܜ7̱Twe%y|_;@-]WnJFA/9<`N!2=;IYu].+:ncM) +1f/cxI+އA|JAcrۆۀz;NTj@g uq.s?S#CmLz},ݻ|^)2k.?>`$;cg%V]a>NQ`;ؖ(% 0> 0? 0v@ 003A 0<cA 0A 0>]B 0vB 0`C 0`qC 0`C 0`1D 0`D 08D 0)E 02E 0-F 0:)G 0YcG 0_G 0 H 0j%I 0J B*L D/=L D+lL 0L D/N 0JN 06O 0NO 0:VP 0^P 0<P 1e*QU6QU>QU*R 1u-R 72RbRRRKONICA MINOLTA 7085/IP-602,,,,0X(#$  0  ($XXXX<6X9`("Courier NewTT(F:2$ !XU`XXX        0  <4 9Z+ Courier New <6X9`("Courier NewTTXXx6X@DQX@<6X9`(CourierTTXXw6X@QX@(A Z6Times New Roman RegularQ 9Z+.Courier New Regular  $XQXXX      4    _Theamendmentwassubsequentlycodifiedat18U.S.C.  1201(g)(2)(1991).ThissubsectionwasrepealedbyPub.L.No.  10821,TitleI,108(b),April30,2003,117Stat.643.The \ Guideline,however,remainsinforce.2s 6x2y File3|xTABLE AU(;3$2#  0  .3  0   $XQXXX      8    _Ourdispositionrendersmoottheremainingissueinthe  appeal.  $XQXXX      2    _Theversionof_USSG_Ԁ XQXXXQ2A4.1ineffectatthetimeof  defendant'ssentencinginitsentiretyreads:   _Kidnapping_,Abduction,orUnlawfulRestraint    \ (a)BaseOffenseLevel: 24  @ (b)SpecificOffenseCharacteristics $t 0  0` (#(#  (1)Ifaransomdemandorademanduponthegovernmentwas J  made,increaseby 6 levels.` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#  (2)#XQXX XQ#(A)Ifthevictimsustainedpermanentorlifethreatening  bodilyinjury,increaseby 4 levels:(B)ifthevictim j sustainedseriousbodilyinjury,increaseby 2 levels;or N (C)ifthedegreeofinjuryisbetweenthatspecifiedin 2 subdivisions(A)and(B),increaseby 3 levels. X` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#  (3)0` ` (#` (#Ifadangerousweaponwasused,increaseby 2 levels. @8"  <` (#` (#   (4)0 ` (A)Ifthevictimwasnotreleasedbeforethirtydayshad   elapsed,increaseby 2 levels. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#(B)Ifthevictimwasnotreleasedbeforesevendayshad    elapsed,increaseby 1 level.`  ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#(C)Ifthevictimwasreleasedbeforetwentyfourhours D  hadelapsed,decreaseby 1 level.j ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#  (5)Ifthevictimwassexuallyexploited,increaseby 3  N  levels.2 ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#  (6)If XQXXXQԀthevictimisaminorand,inexchangeformoneyor   otherconsideration,wasplacedinthecareorcustodyof   anotherpersonwhohadnolegalrighttosuchcareor d custodyofthevictim,increaseby 3 levels.#XQXX XQq#Ԁ :` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#  (7)0` ` (#` (#Ifthevictimwaskidnapped,abducted,orunlawfully n restrainedduringthecommissionof,orinconnection D with,anotheroffenseorescapetherefrom;orifanother  offensewascommittedduringthe_kidnapping_,abduction,  orunlawfulrestraint,increaseto!v` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#(A)theoffenselevelfromtheChapterTwooffense L guidelineapplicabletothatotheroffenseifsuch "r offenseguidelineincludesanadjustmentfor_kidnapping_, H abduction,orunlawfulrestraint,orotherwisetakessuch  conductintoaccount;or` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#(B) 4 plustheoffenselevelfromtheoffenseguideline z applicabletothatotheroffense,butinnoeventgreater ^ thanlevel 43 ,inanyothercase,4` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#iftheresultingoffenselevelisgreaterthanthat  h  determinedabove. >!` (#` (# (c)CrossReference !" 0  0` (#(#  (1)0` ` (#` (#Ifthevictimwaskilledundercircumstancesthatwould "# constitutemurderunder18U.S.C.1111hadsuchkilling p#$ takenplacewithintheterritorialormaritime F$% jurisdictionoftheUnitedStates,apply2A4.1(First %l & DegreeMurder). CastelliniDowling<6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi- -  $XQXXX      6    _ XQXXXQWhethercriminalsareinfactmotivatedbyincentivescreated  bytheGuidelineswhentheycommitcrimesisanothermatter  entirely,ofcourse.#XQXX XQ#(G3D$ !XU`XXX   d   $XQXXX      1    _Perhapsthegovernmentfeareditcouldnotmeetthe  interstatecommercerequirementof18U.S.C.1201.  $XQXXX      3    _Thecaselawinterpreting XQXXXQ2A4.1#XQXX XQ#(b)(6)issparse.We  encounteredonlyonereportedcasediscussingtheGuideline,United  Statesv.Matthews,225F.Supp.2d893,897(N.D.Ill.2002),and \  thiscaseisinapposite.InMatthews,thedistrictcourtdeclined  toapplytheenhancement,requestedbythegovernment,becausethe  childneverleftthecustodyofthesolekidnapper.Id.Thecourt \ onlybrieflydiscussedtheenhancement,foundthatthiscore 2 elementwasnotsatisfied,anddidnotpurporttointerpretits X precisemeaning.Id. Q $XQXXX      7    _Wedonotdelveintowhether,inclaimsofBookererrorasto  Guidelinesinterpretation,defendantmustalsoshow,asinapre  Bookerworld,thattheerroritselfmettheseparaterequirements \ thattheerrorbeplain.Thegovernmentchosenottoreplyto 2 defendant'sBookerargumentandhasnotpresentedanysuchargument X tous. b $XQXXX      5    _Solicitationtokidnapisaseparatecrime,punishableunder  18U.S.C.373,andisdealtwithintheGuidelinesunder_USSG_  2X1.1. d*+ (_2623  ..*G+M (_25   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *D+M (_24   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *A+M (_23  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *>+M (_22   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *;+M (_21   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *8+M (_20  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *5+M (_19   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *2+M (_18    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  * (_1723  Ԁ*GM (_16   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *DM (_15   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *AM (_14  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *>M (_13   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *;M (_12   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *8M (_11  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *5M (_10   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  (2M &_9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  ( &_823  (GM &_7   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  (DM &_6   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  (AM &_5  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  (>M &_4   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  (;M &_3   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  (8M &_2  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  (5M &_1   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  &2M $_    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1      (&H2  (&H3  (&H4 XXX (&H5  (&H6  20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEKf<6X9`(Courier NewKSg\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard Kf<6X9`(Courier NewKSg\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/Kf<6X9`(Courier NewKSg\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7[(X7  ?h%2A`Arial?  Sg\  `&Times New RomanS7\(X7&  d dZ)1dxd'dxd<:zTop of For7^(X7  ?h%2A`Arial?  Sg\  `&Times New RomanS7\(X7Z)2dxd0KS.SampleKf<6X9`(Courier NewKSg\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterKf<6X9`(Courier NewKSg\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  456789:; 35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)ii)- -    !XQXXX  _=QXdd==QXdXd=TRY,3'X3' Letter 3' Letter3'T ? * ! X XXXQ rJX X      8QXXdd8UnitedStatesCourtofAppeals  rJ  FortheFirstCircuit  h  XQX h  A') ` dE< ` A      `     h No.032387 K  @UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,  G  @&Appellee,      `     h      p   @tt)v. O  @LLHENRYA.ALVAREZ_CUEVAS_, K  @ Defendant,Appellant.  A') ` dE<R` A S   @@ APPEALFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT 8 FORTHEDISTRICTOFPUERTORICO 4 Y[Hon.DanielR._Domnguez_,U.S.DistrictJudge]  kA') ` dE<;` A < @'Before !q   @@ Lynch,Lipez,andHoward,  ЀCircuitJudges.   A') ` dE<N ` A O "   RobertM.Thomas,Jr.,withwhomRoystonH.DelaneyandThomas 4!$ &Associateswereonbrief,forappellant.  "Z%   Nelson_Prez_Ԅ_Sosa_,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,Senior "0& AppellateAttorney,withwhomH.S.Garcia,UnitedStatesAttorney, #' andGermanA._Rieckehoff_,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,wereon $( brief,forappellee. b% )       *'ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,( dd ,( dd ,( dd +  )$.)$ W  SI)D%/ @38532@SJune30,2005 *&1  RHC+&2" @38532 @ R()D%3  (  * !    *,X` XX*  |-(4? _XQXX XQklOYmOY8QXXdXXd8 ` # XQXXXQ0# LYNCH,CircuitJudge .DefendantHenryAlvarez_Cuevas_  challengestheproprietyoftheapplicationoftheSentencing x Guidelinesinhiscaseandrequestsaremandforresentencingin $t lightoftheSupremeCourt'sdecisioninUnitedStatesv.Booker,   125S.Ct.738(2005).AlthoughAlvarez_Cuevas_Ԁdidnotpreserve |  hisBookerclaimandsomustmeettheplainerrorstandardunder ( x  Booker,wehaverecognizedthatanerrorininterpretationor $  applicationoftheGuidelinesmaysufficetowarrantaBooker   remand.UnitedStatesv.Antonakopoulos,399F.3d68,81(1stCir. ,|  2005).WhenBookerclaimsaremade,thefirsttwoprongsofplain ( erroranalysisaresatisfied:therewaserroranditwasplain.   ` Alvarez_Cuevas_ԀarguestherewasjustsuchaGuidelines 0 errorhere,astotheproperinterpretationoftheSentencing , Guideline,_USSG_Ԁ2A4.1(b)(6),whichcontrolssentencesforthe  crimeofhostagetaking. 4  ` Thecrimeofhostagetaking,atthetimedefendant's 0 crimewascommitted,waspunishedbyabaseoffenselevelof24,   subjecttoenhancements. Thatbaseoffenselevelwasrequiredto 8!" beenhancedifoneormoreofsevenfactualscenariosoccurred. "4$ TheGuidelineofintereststates: $& ` ` Ifthevictimisaminorand,inexchangefor <&!( moneyorotherconsideration,wasplacedin 'b") thecareorcustodyofanotherpersonwhohad '8#* nolegalrighttosuchcareorcustodyofthe ($+ victim,increaseby 3 levels. )$,   x*%- _` &` USSG2A4.1(b)(6).Thequestionpresented,offirstimpression,is   whethertheenhancementin2A4.1(b)(6)applieswhenafellow \ conspiratorinthehostagetakinghasretainedthetakenchildin X hisorhercustodyandtheconsiderationreceivedisnomorethan   theconspirator'sexpectedshareoftheransom.Weconcludethat `  theGuidelineisnotapplicabletoAlvarezCuevas,andsodefendant  \  hasestablishedareasonableprobabilityofreceivingalower   sentenceonremand,underAntonakopoulos,andthusweremandfor d  resentencinginlightofBooker. `     I.         ` OnNovember8,2000,thedefendantAlvarezCuevas,along  withcoconspiratorsManuelE.MurilloandJosM.FermnL;pez, 0 enteredthehomeofPabloMorlaHernndez,armedwithfirearms.  , TheyforcedMorlaHernndezandhissixyearoldstepdaughterinto  acar. TheydrovetoFermnL;pez'shomeinCarolina,PuertoRico, 4 andleftthechildtherewithFermnL;pezandhiswife,co 0 conspiratorLuzDeliaCollazoAyala. AlvarezCuevasandothers   thentookMorlaHernndeztoabarinSanturce,PuertoRico,and 8!" demanded$500,000forthesafereturnofMorlaHernndez'schild.  "4$ MorlaHernndezescapedfromthebarandcontactedthepolice.  $&  ` Laterthatevening,AlvarezCuevascalledMorlaHernndez <&!( andrepeatedhisdemandof$500,000withinthreedaysforMorla '8#* Hernndez'sstepdaughtertobereturned. Thenextday,November )$, 9,2000,AlvarezCuevasandhisfellowcoconspiratorsagreedto @+&. releasethechildforasmalleramountofmoneyandsomekilograms  ofcocaine. FromNovember9untilNovember13,therewereseveral \ telephoneconversationsbetweenthecoconspirators,including X AlvarezCuevas,andMorlaHernndezastothedeliveryofthe   ransom. SomeofthesecallsweremadefromFermnL;pez's `  residence. OnNovember13,2000,uponlearningthatfederalagents  \  wereinvestigatingthekidnapping,thecoconspiratorstookthe   childfromFermnL;pez'shouse,whereshehadbeencaredforby d  FermnL;pezandCollazo,andreleasedherunharmedinOceanPark, `  inSanJuan,PuertoRico;noransomwasexchanged. Thedefendant,   aswellasthethreenamedcoconspirators,werearrestedshortly h after.  d    II.   $ ` OnNovember29,2000,AlvarezCuevaswasindictedfor  hostagetaking,inviolationof18U.S.C.1203(a)(CountI),and 4 aidingandabettingtheunlawfulpossessionofafirearmduringthe 0 commissionofaviolentcrime,inviolationof18U.S.C.924(c)   (CountII). OnAugust7,2002,AlvarezCuevaspledguiltytoboth 8!" counts. HewassentencedonAugust29,2003.  "4$  ` OnCountI,thebaseoffenselevelwas24,underUSSG $& 2A4.1(a)(1). AlvarezCuevasthenreceivedtwoofenhancements:1) <&!( asixlevelenhancementunderUSSG2A4.1(b)(1)becausearansom '8#* demandwasmade;and2)athreelevelenhancementunderUSSG )$, 2A4.1(b)(6)because,asstatedinthePresentenceReport,_"the @+&. victimwasaminorand,inexchangeformoneyorother  consideration,wasplacedinthecareorcustodyofanotherperson \ whohadnolegalrighttosuchcareorcustody." Healsoreceived X athreeleveldownwarddepartureunder_USSG_Ԁ3E1.1foracceptance   ofresponsibility.  |   ` BasedontheresultantOffenseLevelof30,anda ( x  CriminalHistoryCategoryofI,Alvarez_Cuevas_'sGuidelines'range $  was97to121months'imprisonmentforCountI. Thedistrictcourt   sentencedhimto109months'imprisonmentonCountI,andtothe ,|  mandatoryminimumofsevenyearsforCountII,see18U.S.C. ( 924(c),tobeservedconsecutivelyforatotalprisontermof16  yearsandonemonth. Thedefendantdidnotobjecttoanyofthe 0 enhancementsorthecalculationoftheGuidelinesrangeat , sentencing.  ;$   III.  4 ,   ` Onappeal,Alvarez_Cuevas_Ԁmakesseveralarguments.He L firstarguesthatthedistrictcourterredinenhancinghis   sentencebasedon_USSG_Ԁ2A4.1(b)(6),becausethefactsofthiscase T!" donotcomewithintheplainlanguageoftheGuideline.Second, #P$ andrelatedly,hearguesinsupplementalbriefingthatasaresult $& ofBookerandthiscourt'sdecisioninUnitedStatesv. X&!( Antonakopoulos,399F.3d68,80(1stCir.2005),thedistrictcourt (T#* committedplainerrorinsentencinghimaccordingtoamandatory )%, Guidelinessystemandasaresulthissentenceshouldbevacated \+&. andremandedforresentencinginlightofBooker.Third,heargues  thattrialcounsel'sfailuretoobjecttothedepartureat \ sentencingconstitutedineffectiveassistanceofcounsel. X  ` Thegovernmentchargedthiscaseasahostagetakingcase   under18U.S.C.1203,ratherthanasa_kidnapping_Ԁcaseunder18 `  U.S.C.1201. #  1      ׀Thekeyelementsof1203are:"[_W]hoever_Ԁ...  \  seizesordetainsandthreatenstokill,toinjure,ortocontinue   todetainanotherpersoninordertocompelathirdperson...to d  doorabstainfromdoinganyactasanexplicitorimplicit `  conditionforthereleaseofthepersondetained...shallbe   punished...."18U.S.C.1203.Nonetheless,_USSG_Ԁ2A4.1 h appliestohostagetakingbecausethatsectioncovers"_Kidnapping_, d Abduction,[and]UnlawfulRestraint."Asaresult,2A4.1covers  sentencingfordifferentcrimeswithdifferentelements. l A.SentencingDeparture h  ` _USSG_Ԁ2A4.1(b)(6)states:  ` ` Ifthevictimisaminorand,inexchangefor p  moneyorotherconsideration,wasplacedin F ! thecareorcustodyofanotherpersonwhohad !l" nolegalrighttosuchcareorcustodyofthe !B# victim,increaseby 3 levels.< #  2       "$ _ԇ` 6` ~66AlvarezCuevasarguesthattheenhancementwasimproperfortwo  reasons:(1)thechildwasnever"placedinthecareorcustodyof \ anotherpersonwhohadnolegalrighttosuchcareor_custody," X lOY l l  becausetheenhancementreferstoplacingthevictiminthecustody  ofathirdparty,notoneofthekidnappers;(2)becausethosewho \ keptthechild,namely_Fermn_Ԅ_L;pez_Ԁand_Collazo_,werenotpaid X moneyorotherconsiderationtokeepthechildbutrathermerely   expectedtoreceivesomeoftheproceedsoftheransom,thechild `  wasnotplacedintheircustody"inexchangeformoneyorother  \  consideration."    ` Thegovernmentcontendsthatalltherequirementsforthe d  2A4.1(b)(6)enhancementweremethere:(1)thevictimwasclearly `  aminor;(2)thechildwasplacedinthecustodyof_Fermn_Ԅ_L;pez_   and_Collazo_Ԁ(bothcoconspirators)shortlyafterbeing_kidnapped_, h andneitherhadlegalrighttothatcustody,and2A4.1(b)(6)does d notbyitstermsrefertothirdparties;and(3)thisplacementof  thechildwasdoneinexchangefor"consideration,"intheformof l anexpectedshareoftheransommoney. h  ` Theliterallanguageof2A4.1(b)(6),standingalone,  doesnotdefinetheprecisebehaviortowhichtheenhancementis p  meanttoapply.WhereaGuideline'slanguagedoesnotgiveaclear !l" answer,weturntocontextandtorelevantbackground,intheform "$ ofotherexpressionsbytheCommissionorbackgroundstatutes,for t$& assistance.SeeUnitedStatesv.LunaDiaz,222F.3d1,46(1st  &p!( Cir.2000).  #  3       '#*  ` Thegovernmentarguesthatweshouldconstruethe  Guidelinetocoverthedefendant'sconductinthiscasebecausethe \ SentencingCommissionhasgivencourtsan"expressinstructionto X apply[]2A4.1broadlytoconspiracycases."Thegovernmentcites,   insupport,ApplicationNote4to_USSG_Ԁ2A4.1,whichstates,in `  part:"Inthecaseofaconspiracy,attempt,orsolicitationto  \  kidnap,2X1.1(Attempt,Solicitation,orConspiracy)requiresthat   thecourtapplyanyadjustmentthatcanbedeterminedwith d  reasonablecertainty."However,2X1.1merelyrequirescourtsto `  applyenhancementsincasesinwhichthereisareasonable   certaintythatthefactualbasisfortheenhancementexists.It h saysnothingaboutwhatthetextof2A4.1(b)(6)means. d  ` Thelegislativehistoryshedsabitoflight.The  2A4.1(b)(6)enhancementisaresultofanamendmentto18U.S.C. l 1201,thecrimeof_kidnapping_Ԁ(nothostagetaking),whichwas h passedaspartoftheOmnibusCrimeControlActof1990.The  amendment,Pub.L.No.101647,104Stat.4819, wasaddedtothe p  billlateinthedraftingstage,andthereislittleavailable !l"  legislativehistory. "$ mOY  m m   ` Thestructureoftheamendmentprovidessomeinsight,   however.Theamendmentaddedanewsubsectiontothe_kidnapping_ \ statute,  #  4      ׀asa"[_s]pecial_Ԁruleforcertainoffensesinvolving X children."TheamendmentdirectedtheSentencingCommissionto   amendtheGuidelinesfor_kidnapping_Ԁtoaddthefollowingspecific `  offensecharacteristicsifthevictimisundereighteenandthe  \  offenderiseighteenorolderandnotacloserelativeorlegal   guardianofthechild: d  ` ` Ifthevictimwasintentionallymaltreated `  (i.e.,deniedeitherfoodormedicalcare)to 6 alifethreateningdegree,increaseby4   levels;ifthevictimwassexuallyexploited  (i.e.,abused,usedinvoluntarilyfor h pornographicpurposes)increaseby3levels; > ifthevictimwasplacedinthecareor d custodyofanotherpersonwhodoesnothavea : legalrighttosuchcareorcustodyofthe  childeitherinexchangeformoneyorother  consideration,increaseby3levels;ifthe l defendantallowedthechildtobesubjectedto B anyoftheconductspecifiedinthissection h byanotherperson,thenincreaseby2levels. > ` 0L` "LLTheCommissionfollowedsuitbypassing_USSG_Ԁ2A4.1.   ` Theamendmentwasgearedtothecrimeof_kidnapping_,not F ! hostagetaking.Nonetheless,theGuidelineappliestobothcrimes. !B# ThelanguagealsoshowsCongress'sconcernwith_kidnapping_.The #% languageintheamendmentcontainingtheenhancementforoffenses J% ' involvingchildrenconcerning"anotherpersonwhodoesnothavea &F") legalrighttosuchcareorcustodyofthechild"parallelsthe  exceptiontotheenhancementwheretheoffenderisaparentoran \ individualhavinglegalcustodyofthechild.See18U.S.C. X 1201(g)(1)(B)(ii)(I),(VII).Itisalsoconsonantwiththe   definitionoftheterm"parent"inthe_kidnapping_Ԁstatuteasnot `  includingapersonwhose"parentalrightswithrespecttothe  \  victim...havebeenterminatedbyfinalcourtorder."Id.   1201(h).ThislanguageshowsthatCongresswasconcerned,inter d  alia,aboutthepossibilityof_kidnappings_Ԁbyparentswhose `  custodialrightshadbeenterminatedbycourtorder.    ` Thisleavesuswiththelogicofthesituationthatthe h amendmentandderivativeGuidelineweremeanttoaddress.The d enhancementsselfevidentlyaremeanttoincreasethesentencein  casesposinggreaterharmorgreaterpotentialharmtothevictim, l wherethatvictimisaminor. h  ` Thelanguageof2A4.1(b)(6),andofthe1990amendment,  mosteasilyfitsakidnapforhiresituation," #  5      ׀wherethechildis p  _kidnapped_,byspecialorder,tobeturnedovertothecustodyofa !l" thirdpartywhohasnocustodyrightsandwhohaspaidthe "$ kidnapperstodothejob.There,theminor,"inexchangeformoney t$& orotherconsideration,"isplacedintothecareofathirdparty  &p!( whohasnocustodyrights.Thethirdparty,forexample,maybea '#* parentwhosecustodialrightshavebeenterminated.Itmayalsobe  someonewhoischildlessbutwantstoraiseachild,or,evenmore \ sadly,ahouseofprostitution.Themotivesforthosewhohire X kidnappersarevaried.Itmakessensetoaddadditionalpunishment   forthekidnapper,who,insuchsituations,neverintendstoreturn `  thechildtoheroriginalhome.Underthisinterpretation,  \  2A4.1(b)(6)worksasacounterpartto2A4.1(b)(1),whichenhances   thepenaltywhenransomisdemanded.Inakidnapforhire d  situation,ransomisnotdemanded;ratherthekidnapperispaidto `  accomplishthetaskofplacingthechildinthecareorcustodyof   someonewhohasnolegalrighttosuchcareorcustody.Ifan h enhancementisappropriateforademandofransom,thenitis d appropriatetohaveaparallelenhancementforakidnapforhire.  Wethinkthisisthemostlikelymeaningof2A4.1(b)(6). l  ` Yetthelanguagepermitsanotherinterpretation,alsonot h thesituationhere.Theplainlanguageof2A4.1(b)(6),which  dealswithwhetheraminor,"inexchangeformoneyorother p  consideration,wasplacedinthecareorcustodyofanother,"does !l" notspecifyinwhichdirectiontheexchangeofmoneyorother "$ considerationmustgo.Normally,onewouldexpecttheflowof t$& moneytogotothekidnapper.Butitispossible,underthisbroad  &p!( language,forthemoneytoflowfromthekidnapper.Another '#* plausiblereadingof2A4.1(b)(6)involvestheransomdemanding x)$, kidnapper,whoinanefforttomakeithardertofindthevictim, $+t&. paysathirdpartytokeepandcareforthechild.Theinterestin  resolvingcrimeswithoutsuchimpedimentscouldeasilybethought \ tojustifyadditionalpunishments. X  ` If,asthegovernmentcontends,everyconspiratortoa   _kidnapping_Ԁissubjecttoanenhancementbecauseoneormoreofthe `  kidnappers,expectingtheshareoftheransommoney,caresforthe  \  childintheinterim,thenthedistinctionbetweenthiscommon   _kidnapping_Ԁsituationandthekidnapforhiresituation(orhiding d  thechildwithathirdparty)woulddisappear,anditwouldrender `  the"placedinthecustodyofanotherperson"requirementa   nullity. h  ` Evenmoresignificantly,thegovernment'sinterpretation d of2A4.1(b)(6)createsincentivestobehaviorbykidnapperswhich  shouldbediscouraged.Thechilddoesneedsomeonetocareforher l duringtheperiodofthe_kidnapping_.Thereshouldbenoincentive h forkidnapperstohideoreventoabandonchildren(thusavoiding  responsibilityfortheircustodyorcare).Suchchildrenmayfall p  intoevengreaterharm'swaybeforetheyarefound.The1990 !l" amendmentto18U.S.C.XQXX XQ1201# XQXXXQoh#Ԁgivingriseto2A4.1(b)(6)created "$ incentivesintheGuidelinesforkidnapperstoavoidmistreatment t$&  ofchildrentheyholdintheircarebeforethechildrenare  &p!( _returned.Itwouldbewrongtoreaditascreatingincentivesto  dotheopposite. #  6      ׀ \   ` AlvarezCuevas'ssentencingrange,basedonanOffense X Levelof30andaCriminalHistoryCategoryofI,was97121   months,andhewassentencedinthemiddleofthatrange,to109 `  months'imprisonment.Ifthe2A4.1(b)(6)enhancementhadnotbeen  \  applied,AlvarezCuevaswouldhavehadanOffenseLevelof27,   whichwouldhaveresultedinasentencingrangeof7087months. d  Thus,absenttheenhancement,AlvarezCuevaswouldhavebeen `  sentencedto2239fewermonthsofimprisonment.Thisdifference   insentence,ifnotcorrected,wouldcauseAlvarezCuevas h substantialprejudiceandaffectthefairnessofjudicial d proceedings.  #  7         ` Weremandtotheoriginalsentencingjudgefor l resentencinginlightofBooker,125S.Ct.738.Theentire h sentenceis,asaresult,subjecttoreconsideration,notjustthe  2A4.1(b)(6)enhancement.Otherthanthe2A4.1(b)(6)enhancement, p  whichmustbevacated,weexpressnoviewonwhetherthere_should !l" beanyfurtherchange. #  8      ׀SeeUnitedStatesv._Mercado_Ԁ_Irizarry_,404  F.3d497,503(1stCir.2005). \  ` Thesentenceis vacated and remanded tothesentencing X judgeforfurtherproceedingsinaccordwiththisopinion.    ` AQXdXdA=QXXdXd=