ÿWPCÀ 1ë2#ÏLf­«}ïåþudۺţ °!‘µäÌ·«+5ZîÖê›æînX*ÿ•ýFÀ×IìËóÍ\ó)žpä}ƈÁxýjÄÌØ ·ff= ¸]ÇuA‰ý@I =0U²]qÄÉØûùKëý{Œ»?â]6·PmÛÓ %ÊuQøBÐ=¶."æ³ç?ÖKö»"“Wz°ò¶Ýïö6–A#eÖ©œ¦+ßWJ+67$á §x¢ë'ŒoÜWøjñì¯ äµûhOB‘2¾ÌÓú½A]œ&j¤š´çùîœtŠ„ʽ¿­¾. ±¦ ñ2#\sóä/ärÎöŠp€ìÏß*ËÔ‡B½®ƒš°6¿øÙcÜ—M]Ï刿ku‡S|f"ìi§æ—ùõr·×T…S3ï¸ìgãŒrææ ]pCV$Ýâüœ¯Q*Œ |»[ç®<£’æºa÷¡f_´Ñ#I?²ª‰%Ìv¤ES3F—{jŒÇCÙîôþ€{çꮣ¦VãÆææ> ÂêO(†vÿß›ò§ÿ_‹ËÞ¶µŒ`„ÊÿK‚ù¥L[ƒXœ™û!ú—7ËäËVq<(#Á0 %ñ 0D÷ 0(;‚c 0Æå8« nTã N7 7 ^ 9 wE 4I ] l mn E… f‡ a‰ N >Ÿ KÝ b(Â00òò—úúúúúUF‘UF×U@UF]]] B£˜HP LaserJet 5Ü,,,,Ü0"X(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó($¡¡ Ô  1. ' Turner0Turner .   (d:2{$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€!¢‘!X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó .Ý ƒ{$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€!¢‘!X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€also€moved€to€suppress€certain€statements€thatÐ ° Ðhe€had€made€after€his€arrest€but€before€receiving€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€Ð †Ö ÐòòSeeóó€òòMirandaóó€v.€òòArizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€479€(1966).€€The€districtÐ \¬ Ðcourt€excluded€those€statements€and€the€government€has€notÐ 2‚ Ðcontested€that€disposition.«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉDQX@<þ6X9`(CourierTTXXwþ6X@ÉüQX@½mœ1s fqç06Xy File3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀøÀTABLE Aq:\template\OPINIONS\SELYA.WPT AÝ ƒ{$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€!¢‘!X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€case„specific€approach€means,€of€course,€that€ourÐ ° Ðopinion€is€duly€limited€to€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€Just€asÐ †Ö Ðwe€decline€to€adopt€a€per€se€rule€banning€the€òòTerryóó€doctrine€fromÐ \¬ Ðresidential€settings,€we€similarly€decline€any€rule„like€suggestionÐ 2‚ Ðthat€òòTerryóó's€requirement€of€particularized€suspicion€is€in€any€wayÐ X Ðdiminished€within€the€home€simply€because€an€officer€legitimatelyÐ Þ. Ðenters€upon€its€premises.€€òòCf.óó€òòYbarraóó€v.€òòIllinoisóó,€444€U.S.€85,€94Ð ´  Ð(1979)€(holding€that€the€authority€to€search€commercial€premisesÐ Š Ú Ðdoes€not€include€the€authority€to€frisk€all€patrons€of€theÐ ` ° Ðestablishment€for€weapons€absent€"reasonable€belief€or€suspicionÐ 6 †  Ðdirected€at€the€person€to€be€frisked").- ù- ¸Ý ƒ{$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€!¢‘!X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔGiven€our€resolution€of€these€issues,€we€have€no€occasion€toÐ ° Ðinquire€whether€probable€cause,€exigent€circumstances,€and/or€theÐ †Ö Ðemergency€doctrine€provided€additional€justification€for€theÐ \¬ Ðofficers'€actions.  Ý ƒ{$ÝÓ  ÓÓ=€!¢‘!X‚ÐXdÐd=Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€argues€vociferously€that€any€consent€byÐ ° ÐMargaret€Jones€would€be€irrelevant€because,€as€a€mere€guest€with€noÐ †Ö Ðproprietary€interest€in€the€residence,€she€lacked€authority€to€giveÐ \¬ Ðconsent.€€Since€we€discern€no€clear€error€in€the€district€court'sÐ 2‚ Ðimplied€finding€that€Annsyya€Jones€consented€to€the€entry,€we€needÐ X Ðnot€determine€the€relevance€of€Margaret€Jones's€alleged€consent.€Ð Þ. ÐFor€clarity's€sake,€however,€we€note€that€actual€authority€is€notÐ ´  Ðnecessarily€the€sole€focus€of€the€voluntary€consent€inquiry;Ð Š Ú Ðapparent€authority€can€support€a€finding€of€consent€as€long€as€theÐ ` ° Ðofficer€reasonably€believed€that€the€person€giving€consent€wasÐ 6 †  Ðauthorized€to€do€so.€€òòSeeóó€òòIllinoisóó€v.€òòRodriguezóó,€497€U.S.€177,€186Ð  \  Ð(1990);€òòMarshallóó,€348€F.3d€at€285.ÿ.Courier New Regular<4šÛ 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman .Courier New Regular dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRY,3Ø'Xà3Ø' Letter 3Ø' Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÑ ? ÑÙ*ƒ !Ùò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡"°ji°X"XÔÔ‡#°eà°°"°jiÔUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÐ ° ÐÔ#†#Xµ°X°#°eàÅ#ÔÔ‡#„Í5 „X#Xµ°ÔFor€the€First€CircuitÔ#†#Xµ°X „#„Í5Y#ÔÔ#†"X¢‘XX#Xµ°ä#Ôó óÐ „Ô ÐÓ¹ÓÌÌßA€') °°` dE< ` AßÐ  à ÐÌNo.€04„1297Ð u Å ÐÌà@ìàUNITED€STATES€OF€AMERICA,ˆÐ ! q ÐÌà@ÐÐ&ìàAppellee,ˆÐ Í   ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ yÉ  ÐÌà@<< ìàCARL€S.€Ô_ÔROMAINÔ_Ô,€JR.,ˆÐ %u  ÐÌà@ ìàDefendant,€Appellant.ˆÐ Ñ! ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ b² ÐÌà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSˆÐ ^ ÐÌà@œ œ ìà[Hon.€William€G.€Young,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ º  ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<e` AßÐ f¶ ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ K› ÐÌÓ  Óà@@((ìà€Ô_ÔSelyaÔ_Ô,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,Ð ÷G ÐÌÔ_ÔStahlÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔLevalÔ_Ô,*€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgesóó.Ð £ó  ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<N ` AßÐ O Ÿ" ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àòòÔ_ÔSyrieÔ_Ô€D.€Friedóó,€Federal€Defender€Office,€for€appellant.Ð 4!„$ Ðà  àòòVirginia€M.€Ô_ÔVanderÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJagtÔ_Ôóó,€Assistant€United€States€Attorney,Ð  "Z% Ðwith€whom€òòMichael€J.€Sullivanóó,€United€States€Attorney,€was€onÐ à"0& Ðbrief,€for€appellee.Ð ¶#' ÐÌÌÔ*‹ƒ'ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8&ˆ!*8&ˆ! ‹‹ÐÓÝÓÐ SIœ&ì!+  ¹â@38349„„‰ ¹â@‰‹‹SÐÌDecember€29,€2004Ð r'Â"- ÐÐ RHCH(˜#."  ¹â@38349  ¹â@ ‹‹RÐÐ(œ&ì!/  (ÐÓ  ÓÙ* !ÙÌÌÓ  ÓÌ__________Ð Ð+ '2 Ð*Of€the€Second€Circuit,€sitting€by€designation.Ð  ¦,ö'3? ÐÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓÓÑ8€$¢‘$XXdÖdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*Óà ` àò òSELYA,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó.ó ó€€Faced€with€criminal€chargesÐ ° Ðrelated€to€his€possession€of€a€firearm€and€ammunition,€defendant„Ð xÈ Ðappellant€Carl€S.€Romain,€Jr.€moved€to€suppress€those€artifacts.€Ð $t ÐAfter€the€district€court€denied€his€motion,€the€appellant€enteredÐ Ð  Ða€conditional€guilty€plea,òòóó€reserving€the€right€to€challenge€thatÐ | Ì Ðorder.€€He€now€appeals,€importuning€us€to€hold€that€the€policeÐ ( x  Ðobtained€the€firearm€and€ammunition€in€violation€of€his€FourthÐ Ô$  ÐAmendment€rights.Ð €Ð  Ðà ` àIn€mounting€this€challenge,€the€appellant€contests€theÐ ,|  Ðconstitutionality€both€of€the€officers'€entry€onto€certain€premisesÐ Ø( Ðand€of€their€ensuing€actions.€€The€record,€however,€adequatelyÐ „Ô Ðsupports€the€lower€court's€conclusion€that€the€officers€wereÐ 0€ Ðlawfully€on€the€premises€pursuant€to€the€principal€occupant'sÐ Ü, Ðconsent€and€that€they€seized€the€incriminating€articles€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðcourse€of€a€permissible€security€frisk.€€Consequently,€we€upholdÐ 4„ Ðthe€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress€and€affirm€the€appellant'sÐ à0 Ðconviction€and€sentence.Ð ŒÜ  Ðò òI.€€BACKGROUNDó óÐ 8!ˆ" Ðà ` àIn€reviewing€the€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppress,€"[w]eÐ #P$ Ðrecount€the€relevant€facts€as€the€trial€court€found€them,Ð ¬$ü& Ðconsistent€with€record€support."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòLeeóó,€317€F.3dÐ X&¨!( Ð26,€30€(1st€Cir.€2003).Ð (T#* Ðà ` àOn€the€evening€of€October€19,€2002,€a€911€emergencyÐ °)%, Ðoperator€fielded€a€call€from€a€woman€who€exclaimed€that€"someone'sÐ \+¬&. Ðin€here€with€a€gun.€€I€was€visiting€here€with€my€friend,€and€he'sÐ ° Ðin€here€with€a€gun."€€When€the€operator€inquired€whether€the€womanÐ \¬ Ðwas€placing€the€call€surreptitiously,€the€woman€responded€by€askingÐ X Ðthat€the€call€be€traced.Ð ´  Ðà ` àA€police€dispatcher€sent€Officers€Martin€O'Malley€andÐ ` ° ÐJoseph€Garcia€to€the€location€whence€the€call€originated.ò òó ó€€TheÐ  \  Ðdispatcher€told€the€officers€that€he€was€"getting€a€call€at€65Ð ¸  ÐLonsdale,€third€floor.€€The€female€says€there's€a€man€in€theirÐ d´  Ðapartment€there€with€a€gun€.€.€.€allegedly€armed€with€a€handgunÐ `  Ðthere."€€According€to€Officer€O'Malley,€the€dispatcher€explainedÐ ¼  Ðthat€the€caller€was€"very€evasive€on€the€phone€and€was€pretendingÐ h¸ Ðas€if€she€was€talking€with€a€friend."Ð d Ðà ` àBecause€the€dispatcher€gave€the€assignment€"Priority€1"Ð À Ðstatus,€the€officers€hastened€to€the€Lonsdale€Street€address.€Ð l¼ ÐOfficer€Emanuel€Damberville€joined€them€there.€€Officer€Garcia€wentÐ h Ðto€the€back€of€the€building€while€his€confreres€climbed€the€stairsÐ Ä Ðto€the€third€floor.€€The€police€knocked€at€the€front€door€of€theÐ pÀ  Ðthird„floor€flat€and€two€women€opened€the€door.€€The€officersÐ !l" Ðexplained€why€they€were€there€and€inquired€whether€there€was€anyoneÐ È"$ Ðwith€a€gun€in€the€apartment.€€One€of€the€women,€later€identified€asÐ t$Ä& ÐAnnsyya€Jones,€replied€in€the€negative.€€The€other€woman,€laterÐ  &p!( Ðidentified€as€Margaret€Jones,€nodded€affirmatively.Ð Ì'#* Ðà ` àThe€officers€then€asked€whether€they€could€take€a€lookÐ x)È$, Ðinside€the€apartment.€€The€women€responded€that€they€did€not€mindÐ $+t&. Ðand€welcomed€the€officers€inside.€€The€officers€did€not€know€atÐ ° Ðthat€time€who€the€women€were€or€how€they€came€to€be€on€the€premisesÐ \¬ Ð(although€it€was€subsequently€determined€that€Annsyya€Jones€was€theÐ X Ðtenant€and€that€Margaret€Jones€was€a€visitor).Ð ´  Ðà ` àAlmost€immediately€after€the€policemen€entered,€theÐ ` ° Ðappellant€emerged€from€a€bedroom€and€demanded€to€know€why€they€wereÐ  \  Ðthere.€€Officer€O'Malley€explained€that€the€police€had€received€aÐ ¸  Ðradio€call€and€asked€whether€the€appellant€was€carrying€a€gun.€€TheÐ d´  Ðappellant€replied€in€the€negative€but,€apparently€aggravated€by€theÐ `  Ðofficers'€presence,€began€to€flail€his€arms€and€shout:€€"What€areÐ ¼  Ðyou€doing€here?€€What€do€you€want?"€€Then€the€appellant,€who€wasÐ h¸ Ð"visibly€agitated,"€strode€into€Officer€O'Malley€"as€if€he€[were]Ð d Ðtrying€to€walk€through€[him]."€€The€officer€responded€by€seizingÐ À Ðthe€appellant€and€placing€him€against€a€nearby€wall.€€When€askedÐ l¼ Ðagain€whether€he€was€armed,€the€appellant€repeated€that€he€was€not.Ð h Ðà ` àLeaving€Officer€Damberville€to€watch€the€appellant,Ð Ä ÐOfficer€O'Malley€went€to€see€what€he€could€learn€from€the€twoÐ pÀ  Ðwomen.€€He€took€Margaret€Jones€into€the€kitchen€and€asked€whetherÐ !l" Ðshe€had€placed€the€911€call.€€She€told€him€that€she€had€and€thatÐ È"$ Ðthe€man€whom€the€officers€had€encountered€was€carrying€a€firearm€inÐ t$Ä& Ðthe€front€of€his€pants.€€When€Officer€O'Malley€continued€hisÐ  &p!( Ðquestioning,€she€remained€adamant€that€the€appellant€had€a€gun€inÐ Ì'#* Ðâ âhis€waistband.Ð x)È$, Ðà ` àOfficer€O'Malley€returned€to€the€appellant€and€asked€forÐ ° Ðâ âa€third€time€whether€he€was€carrying€a€firearm.€€After€receiving€aÐ \¬ Ðnegative€response,€the€officer€performed€a€pat„down,€starting€atÐ X Ðthe€appellant's€waist.€€Feeling€what€he€believed€to€be€a€firearm,Ð ´  Ðhe€lifted€the€appellant's€sweatshirt€and€observed€the€butt€of€aÐ ` ° Ðgun.€€The€appellant€attempted€to€pull€away,€provoking€a€struggle.€Ð  \  ÐAt€that€juncture,€Officer€Garcia€entered€the€apartment€and€helpedÐ ¸  Ðhis€colleagues€subdue€the€appellant.€€The€officers€retrieved€a€.32Ð d´  Ðcaliber€automatic,€loaded€with€six€bullets,€from€the€front€of€theÐ `  Ðappellant's€pants.Ð ¼  Ðà ` àIn€short€order,€the€police€arrested€the€appellant,Ð h¸ Ðascertained€that€he€had€no€license€to€carry€the€gun,€andÐ d Ðtransported€him€to€the€station€house€for€booking.Ð À Ðò òII.€€TRAVEL€OF€THE€CASEó óÐ l¼ Ðà ` àIn€due€season,€a€federal€grand€jury€charged€the€appellantÐ 4„ Ðwith€being€a€felon€in€possession€of€a€firearm€and€ammunition€andÐ à0 Ðwith€possession€of€the€same€articles€while€being€subject€to€aÐ ŒÜ  Ðdomestic€restraining€order.€€òòSeeóó€18€U.S.C.€ðððð€922(g)(1),€922(g)(8).€Ð 8!ˆ" ÐThe€appellant€moved€to€suppress€the€firearm€and€the€ammunition,Ð ä"4$ Ðcontending€(i)€that€the€police€had€unlawfully€entered€theÐ $à& Ðapartment,€and€(ii)€that,€even€if€the€entry€was€lawful,€the€911Ð <&Œ!( Ðcall€amounted€to€no€more€than€an€anonymous,€uncorroborated€tip,Ð è'8#* Ðâ âwhich€did€not€supply€reasonable,€articulable€suspicion€sufficientÐ ”)ä$, Ðto€bring€the€ensuing€detention€and€frisk€within€the€constitutionalÐ ° Ðpale.Ð \¬ Ðâ âà ` àThe€district€court€held€an€evidentiary€hearing€at€whichÐ X Ðboth€Officer€O'Malley€and€the€appellant€testified.€€The€courtÐ ´  Ðcredited€the€former's€testimony€"in€every€material€particular."€Ð ` ° ÐPredicated€on€that€testimony,€the€court€impliedly€found€consent€toÐ  \  Ðenter€the€apartment€and€explicitly€found€that€the€collocation€ofÐ ¸  Ðcircumstances,€including€the€911€call,€Margaret€Jones's€affirmativeÐ d´  Ðnod€in€response€to€Officer€O'Malley's€initial€query€about€theÐ `  Ðpresence€of€an€armed€man€in€the€apartment,€and€the€appellant'sÐ ¼  Ðaggressive€behavior€when€the€police€arrived,€combined€to€justifyÐ h¸ Ðthe€temporary€detention.€€The€court€then€found€that€those€facts,Ð d Ðaugmented€by€the€information€gleaned€during€the€officer's€privateÐ À Ðinterview€with€Margaret€Jones,€justified€the€protective€frisk.€Ð l¼ ÐBased€on€those€findings,€the€court€denied€the€motion€to€suppress.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð h Ðà ` àThe€appellant€subsequently€entered€a€conditional€guiltyÐ Ä Ðplea,€òòseeóó€Fed.€R.€Crim.€P.€11(a)(2),€reserving€the€right€to€seekÐ pÀ  Ðappellate€review€of€the€suppression€order.€€After€the€court€imposedÐ !l" Ða€180„month€incarcerative€term,€the€appellant€prosecuted€theÐ È"$ Ðinstant€appeal.Ð t$Ä& ÐÐ  &p!( Ðò òIII.€€ANALYSISó óÐ ° Ðà ` àThe€appellant's€asseverational€array€breaks€down€into€twoÐ xÈ Ðdiscrete€segments€involving€(i)€the€officers'€entry€into€theÐ $t Ðapartment€and€(ii)€the€temporary€detention€and€frisk€that€ensued.€Ð Ð  ÐWe€consider€each€segment€in€turn,€accepting€the€district€court'sÐ | Ì Ðfindings€of€fact€to€the€extent€they€are€not€clearly€erroneous€andÐ ( x  Ðsubjecting€its€legal€conclusions€to€de€novo€review.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnitedÐ Ô$  ÐStatesóó€v.€òòZapataóó,€18€F.3d€971,€975€(1st€Cir.€1994).Ð €Ð  Ðà@¤¤#ìàò òA.€€òòThe€Entryóó.ó óˆÐ ,|  Ðà ` àThe€Fourth€Amendment€does€not€protect€privacy€in€any€andÐ ôD Ðall€circumstances.€€Among€other€limitations,€a€criminal€defendantÐ  ð Ðwho€wishes€to€embark€upon€a€Fourth€Amendment€challenge€"must€showÐ Lœ Ðthat€he€had€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€areaÐ øH Ðsearched€and€in€relation€to€the€items€seized."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.Ð ¤ô ÐòòAguirreóó,€839€F.2d€854,€856€(1st€Cir.€1988).€€Although€the€usage€isÐ P  Ðimprecise,€òòseeóó€òòRakasóó€v.€òòIllinoisóó,€439€U.S.€128,€138„40€(1978),Ð üL Ðcourts€frequently€refer€to€this€threshold€requirement€asÐ ¨ø  Ðimplicating€"standing,"€òòseeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòAguirreóó,€839€F.2d€at€856„57.€Ð T!¤" ÐFor€simplicity's€sake,òòóó€we€shall€adopt€that€nomenclature€here.Ð #P$ Ðà ` àInasmuch€as€a€criminal€defendant€cannot€challenge€aÐ ¬$ü& Ðsearch€or€seizure€unless€and€until€he€has€crossed€the€"standing"Ð X&¨!( Ðthreshold,€we€preface€our€discussion€of€the€appellant's€claim€thatÐ (T#* Ðthe€officers'€entry€into€the€apartment€violated€his€FourthÐ °)%, ÐAmendment€rights€with€a€few€words€about€his€standing.€€FollowingÐ \+¬&. Ðthat€discourse,€we€proceed€to€chart€the€remainder€of€the€relevantÐ ° Ðlegal€landscape€and€apply€the€discerned€principles€to€the€facts.Ð \¬ Ðà ` àRelying€on€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€in€òòMinnesotaóó€v.Ð X ÐòòOlsonóó,€495€U.S.€91€(1990),€the€appellant€posits€that€his€status€asÐ ´  Ða€fairly€regular€overnight€guest€in€the€apartment€gave€him€aÐ ` ° Ðreasonable€expectation€of€privacy€within€its€confines€(and,Ð  \  Ðtherefore,€that€he€has€standing€to€mount€a€Fourth€AmendmentÐ ¸  Ðchallenge€to€the€officers'€entry).€€We€accept€that€argument€for€twoÐ d´  Ðreasons.Ð `  Ðà ` àFirst,€although€the€government€disputed€the€appellant'sÐ ¼  Ðstanding€in€its€opposition€to€his€motion€to€suppress,€it€has€notÐ h¸ Ðrekindled€that€dispute€on€appeal.€€An€appellate€court€is€free€toÐ d Ðdeem€abandoned€claims€or€defenses€that€the€government€(or€any€otherÐ À Ðlitigant,€for€that€matter)€fails€to€argue.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.Ð l¼ ÐòòRodriguez„Marreroóó,€390€F.3d€1,€___€(1st€Cir.€2004)€[No.€01„1647,Ð h Ðslip€op.€at€32];€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòCaraballo„Cruzóó,€52€F.3d€390,€393Ð Ä Ð(1st€Cir.€1995).€€The€government€has,€therefore,€effectivelyÐ pÀ  Ðconceded€the€existence€of€standing.Ð !l" Ðà ` àSecond,€the€district€court€credited€the€appellant'sÐ È"$ Ðtestimony€as€to€the€frequency€and€duration€of€his€visits€to€theÐ t$Ä& Ðapartment€and€made€findings€of€fact€to€the€effect€that€theÐ  &p!( Ðappellant€had€keys€to€the€flat€and€was€there€on€the€evening€inÐ Ì'#* Ðquestion€as€an€overnight€guest.€€These€findings€are€unimpugnable,Ð x)È$, Ðand€they€bring€the€appellant€squarely€within€the€rule€that€anÐ $+t&. Ðovernight€guest€has€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€hisÐ ° Ðhost's€abode.€€òòOlsonóó,€495€U.S.€at€98.€€Consequently,€even€apartÐ \¬ Ðfrom€the€government's€implied€concession,€it€appears€that€theÐ X Ðappellant€has€standing€to€challenge€the€officers'€entry€into€theÐ ´  Ðapartment.Ð ` ° Ðà ` àWe€next€consider€the€legal€principles€applicable€to€theÐ  \  Ðentry.€€The€Fourth€Amendment€protects€individuals€"againstÐ ¸  Ðunreasonable€searches€and€seizures."€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV.€€AÐ d´  Ðwarrantless€police€entry€into€a€residence€is€presumptivelyÐ `  Ðunreasonable€unless€it€falls€within€the€compass€of€one€of€a€fewÐ ¼  Ðwell„delineated€exceptions.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòCoraineóó,€198€F.3dÐ h¸ Ð306,€309€(1st€Cir.€1999).€€One€such€exception€is€for€a€consensualÐ d Ðentry.€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòLaineóó,€270€F.3d€71,€74„75€(1st€Cir.€2001).€Ð À ÐThe€government€bears€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€consent€wasÐ l¼ Ðvalidly€obtained.€€òòId.óó€at€75.€€This€entails€a€showing€that€anÐ h Ðappropriate€person€voluntarily€gave€a€valid€consent.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÐ Ä Ðà ` àTypically,€whether€consent€is€voluntary€turns€onÐ pÀ  Ðquestions€of€fact,€determinable€from€the€totality€of€theÐ !l" Ðcircumstances.€€òòSchnecklothóó€v.€òòBustamonteóó,€412€U.S.€218,€227Ð È"$ Ð(1973);òòóó€òòLaineóó,€270€F.3d€at€75.€€For€that€reason,€a€finding€ofÐ t$Ä& Ðvoluntary€consent€(other€than€one€based€on€an€erroneous€legalÐ  &p!( Ðstandard)€is€reviewable€only€for€clear€error,€òòLaineóó,€270€F.3d€atÐ Ì'#* Ð74,€and€the€trial€court's€credibility€determinations€ordinarilyÐ x)È$, Ðmust€be€respected,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòMarshallóó,€348€F.3d€281,€286Ð $+t&. Ð(1st€Cir.€2003).€€The€operative€inquiry€is€whether€the€evidenceÐ ° Ðpresented€at€the€suppression€hearing€fairly€supports€the€court'sÐ \¬ Ðfinding€with€respect€to€voluntary€consent.€€òòLaineóó,€270€F.3d€at€75.€Ð X ÐIn€formulating€our€answer€to€this€inquiry,€"a€district€court'sÐ ´  Ðchoice€between€two€plausible€competing€interpretations€of€the€factsÐ ` ° Ðcannot€be€clearly€erroneous."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòWeidulóó,€325€F.3dÐ  \  Ð50,€53€(1st€Cir.€2003).Ð ¸  Ðà ` àIn€this€case,€the€government€presented€competent€evidenceÐ d´  Ðof€a€consensual€entry.€€Officer€O'Malley€testified€that€bothÐ `  ÐAnnsyya€and€Margaret€Jones€responded€to€his€request€to€look€aroundÐ ¼  Ðthe€flat€by€"welcom[ing]€us€into€the€apartment"€(we€focus€herein€onÐ h¸ ÐAnnsyya,€because€she€was€the€principal€occupant€of€the€apartmentÐ d Ðand,€therefore,€a€person€plainly€authorized€to€give€validÐ À Ðconsent).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€When€cross„examined,€the€officer€reiterated€that€heÐ l¼ Ð"actually€asked€them€if€we€could€come€in€the€apartment€and€theyÐ h Ðwelcomed€us€in."€€The€district€court€credited€Officer€O'Malley'sÐ Ä Ðtestimony€"in€every€material€particular."€€Since€this€testimony€isÐ pÀ  Ðplausible€on€its€face€and€not€inconsistent€with€the€otherÐ ° Ðinformation€that€is€known€about€the€events€in€question,€theÐ \¬ Ðdistrict€court's€finding€warrants€our€approbation.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,Ð X ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòDel€Rosarioóó,€388€F.3d€1,€12€(1st€Cir.€2004).Ð ´  Ðà ` àThe€appellant€maintains€that€our€decision€in€òòUnitedÐ ` ° ÐStatesóó€v.€òòWeidulóó€demands€a€different€result.€€There,€we€affirmedÐ  \  Ðthe€trial€court's€finding€that€there€was€no€voluntary€consent.€Ð ¸  ÐòòWeidulóó,€325€F.3d€at€54.€€The€appellant€argues€that€theÐ d´  Ðcircumstances€were€similar€and,€thus,€that€the€trial€court€in€thisÐ `  Ðcase€clearly€erred€in€drawing€an€opposite€conclusion.€€We€disagreeÐ ¼  Ðfor€two€reasons.€€First,€the€facts€as€supportably€found€by€theÐ h¸ Ðtrial€courts€in€the€two€cases€are€significantly€different.€€Second,Ð d Ðthe€appellant's€argument€totally€overlooks€the€standard€of€review.Ð À Ðà ` àIn€òòWeidulóó,€the€defendant€called€medical€emergencyÐ l¼ Ðservices,€reported€that€he€had€a€gun€to€his€head,€and€proclaimedÐ h Ðthat€he€was€about€to€commit€suicide.€€òòId.óó€at€52.€€The€call€hadÐ Ä Ðoriginated€from€the€home€of€the€defendant's€fiance€and€policeÐ pÀ  Ðofficers€were€dispatched€to€that€locus.€€òòId.óó€€While€the€officersÐ !l" Ðwere€in€transit,€the€fiance€telephoned€the€police€dispatcher,Ð È"$ Ðannounced€that€the€situation€had€been€diffused,€and€indicated€thatÐ t$Ä& Ðno€help€was€needed.€€òòId.óó€òòóó€The€police€nevertheless€proceeded€to€theÐ  &p!( Ðscene€and,€with€the€fiance's€cooperation,€entered€her€home€andÐ Ì'#* Ðremoved€the€defendant.€€òòId.óó€€After€arranging€for€his€transportationÐ x)È$, Ðto€a€hospital,€the€officers€reentered€the€home€without€permission.€òòóóÐ $+t&. ÐOnce€inside,€they€persisted€in€a€room„by„room€search.€€òòId.óó€at€52„Ð ° Ð53.Ð \¬ Ðà ` àOn€these€facts,€the€district€court€found€that€the€fianceÐ X Ðhad€not€voluntarily€consented€to€the€search€and,€therefore,Ð ´  Ðsuppressed€the€evidence€seized.€€òòId.óó€at€51,€54.€€We€affirmed€on€theÐ ` ° Ðbasis€that€the€lower€court's€factual€findings€were€"fairlyÐ  \  Ðsupported€by€the€record"€and€that€the€government's€evidenceÐ ¸  Ðfavoring€the€opposite€conclusion€(for€example,€that€the€fiance€hadÐ d´  Ðsaid€"okay"€or€remained€mute€when€the€police,€after€effecting€theÐ `  Ðunauthorized€reentry,€inquired€about€searching€particular€rooms)Ð ¼  Ðdid€not€suffice€to€render€those€findings€clearly€erroneous.€€òòId.óó€atÐ h¸ Ð54.Ð d Ðà ` àLeaving€to€one€side€that€the€facts€of€òòWeidulóó€are€plainlyÐ À Ðdistinguishable€from€those€of€the€instant€case,€that€decision€doesÐ l¼ Ðnot€help€the€appellant.€€Assuming€the€trial€court's€use€of€correctÐ h Ðlegal€principles,€the€proper€office€of€an€appellate€court€reviewingÐ Ä Ðthe€grant€or€denial€of€a€motion€to€suppressòòóó€is€not€to€decideÐ pÀ  Ðwhether€it,€if€sitting€in€the€trial€court's€stead,€might€haveÐ !l" Ðreached€a€contrary€conclusion,€but,€rather,€to€decide€whether€theÐ È"$ Ðtrial€court's€factual€findings€derive€adequate€support€from€theÐ t$Ä& Ðrecord.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòRutkowskióó,€877€F.2d€139,€144€(1stÐ  &p!( ÐCir.€1989);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòReliance€Steel€Prods.€Co.óó€v.€òòNat'l€Fire€Ins.Ð Ì'#* ÐCo.óó,€880€F.2d€575,€576€(1st€Cir.€1989)€(noting€that€factfinding€andÐ x)È$, Ðcredibility€determinations€are€"the€staples€of€a€trial€court'sÐ $+t&. Ðdiet").€€Exercising€that€office,€the€òòWeidulóó€court€held€that,€on€theÐ ° Ðfacts€of€record,€a€"no€consent"€finding€was€not€clearly€erroneous.€Ð \¬ ÐWe€exercise€the€same€office,€and€there€is€no€discrepancy€betweenÐ X Ðthe€òòWeidulóó€court's€decisionòòóó€and€the€decision€that€we€reach€today.Ð ´  Ðà ` àIn€a€final€effort€to€scotch€the€possibility€of€aÐ ` ° Ðconsensual€entry,€the€appellant€notes€that€the€lower€court€neverÐ  \  Ðmade€an€express€finding€that€Annsyya€Jones€validly€consented€to€theÐ ¸  Ðentry.€€That€is€true€as€far€as€it€goes€ð"ð€but€it€does€not€take€theÐ d´  Ðappellant€very€far.€€The€law€does€not€require€trial€courts€toÐ `  Ðrender€encyclopedic€decisions.òòóóÐ ¼  Ðà ` àThis€case€is€a€good€example.€€Officer€O'Malley€testifiedÐ h¸ Ðthat€the€two€women€consented€to€the€officers'€entry€and€welcomedÐ d Ðthem€into€the€flat.€€The€trial€judge€credited€Officer€O'Malley'sÐ À Ðtestimony€explicitly€and€unreservedly.€€The€most€logical€inference,Ð l¼ Ðthen,€is€that€the€judge€concluded€that€Annsyya€Jones€had€consentedÐ h Ðto€the€entry.€€No€more€is€exigible€to€allow€us€to€treat€the€court'sÐ Ä Ðdecision€as€premised€upon€that€finding.Ð pÀ  Ðà ` àThat€ends€this€aspect€of€the€matter.€€The€districtÐ !l" Ðcourt's€implied€finding€that€Annsyya€Jones€voluntarily€consented€toÐ È"$ Ðthe€gendarmes'€entrance€into€her€apartment€validates€the€entry€andÐ t$Ä& Ðeliminates€the€need€for€some€other€constitutionally€acceptableÐ  &p!( Ðjustification€(say,€a€search€warrant).€€We€hold,€therefore,€thatÐ Ì'#* Ðthe€officers'€entry€into€the€apartment€was€not€in€violation€of€theÐ x)È$, ÐFourth€Amendment.Ð $+t&. Ðà@  ìàò òB.€€òòThe€Temporary€Detention€and€Friskóó.ó óˆÐ ° Ðà ` àThe€appellant€maintains€that€even€if€the€officers'€entryÐ xÈ Ðinto€the€apartment€passed€constitutional€muster,€they€lacked€lawfulÐ $t Ðauthority€to€detain€him€and€perform€a€frisk€for€weapons.€€This€lineÐ Ð  Ðof€argument€redirects€our€analytic€course€to€the€law€governing€theÐ | Ì Ðsearch€and€seizure€of€persons.Ð ( x  Ðà ` àA€temporary€detention€of€an€individual€constitutes€aÐ Ô$  Ðseizure€within€the€purview€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€and,€therefore,Ð €Ð  Ðis€subject€to€the€constitutional€imperative€that€it€must€beÐ ,|  Ðreasonable€under€all€the€circumstances.€€òòSeeóó€òòTerryóó€v.€òòOhioóó,€392Ð Ø( ÐU.S.€1,€16,€19€(1968);€òòLeeóó,€317€F.3d€at€31ò ò.ó ó€€The€òòTerryóó€CourtÐ „Ô Ðestablished€the€baseline€rule,€holding€that€an€officer€may€conductÐ Lœ Ða€brief€investigatory€stop€if€he€has€a€reasonable,€articulableÐ øH Ðsuspicion€that€criminal€activity€is€afoot.€€òòSeeóó€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€atÐ ¤ô Ð30.€€Although€the€showing€required€to€meet€this€standard€isÐ P  Ðconsiderably€less€demanding€than€that€required€to€make€out€probableÐ üL Ðcause,€the€officer€nonetheless€must€possess€(and€be€able€toÐ ¨ø  Ðarticulate)€more€than€a€hunch,€an€intuition,€or€a€desultory€inklingÐ T!¤" Ðof€possible€criminal€activity.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€27.Ð #P$ Ðà ` àA€court€inquiring€into€the€validity€of€a€òòTerryóó€stop€mustÐ ¬$ü& Ðuse€a€wide€lens€and€survey€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€òòSeeóóÐ X&¨!( ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSokolowóó,€490€U.S.€1,€8€(1989).€€The€inquiry€mustÐ (T#* Ðconsider€"whether€the€officer's€actions€were€justified€at€theirÐ °)%, Ðinception,€and€if€so,€whether€the€officer's€subsequent€actions€wereÐ \+¬&. Ðfairly€responsive€to€the€emerging€tableau."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.Ð ° ÐòòChhienóó,€266€F.3d€1,€6€(1st€Cir.€2001).€€Generally€speaking,€a€stopÐ \¬ Ðis€justified€at€its€inception€if€the€officer€can€"point€to€specificÐ X Ðand€articulable€facts€which,€taken€together€with€rationalÐ ´  Ðinferences€from€those€facts,€reasonably€warrant€[the]€intrusion."€Ð ` ° ÐòòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€21;€òòseeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòYoungóó,€105€F.3d€1,€7Ð  \  Ð(1st€Cir.€1997).Ð ¸  Ðà ` àPolice€officers€are€not€limited€to€personal€observationsÐ d´  Ðin€conducting€investigatory€activities,€and€reasonable€suspicionÐ `  Ðfor€a€òòTerryóó€stop€may€be€based€on€information€furnished€by€others.€Ð ¼  ÐòòSeeóó€òòAdamsóó€v.€òòWilliamsóó,€407€U.S.€143,€147€(1972).€€That€does€notÐ h¸ Ðmean,€however,€that€an€officer€may€indiscriminately€credit€gossipÐ d Ðor€innuendo.€€An€officer€may€rely€upon€an€informant's€tip€toÐ À Ðestablish€reasonable€suspicion€only€if€the€information€carriesÐ l¼ Ð"sufficient€'indicia€of€reliability'"€to€warrant€acting€upon€it.€Ð h ÐòòAlabamaóó€v.€òòWhiteóó,€496€U.S.€325,€328€(1990)€(quoting€òòAdamsóó,€407€U.S.Ð Ä Ðat€147).€€That€determination€entails€an€examination€of€all€theÐ pÀ  Ðcircumstances€bearing€upon€the€tip€itself€and€the€tipster'sÐ !l" Ðveracity,€reliability,€and€basis€of€knowledge.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€328„29.òòÐ È"$ Ðà ` àóóThe€propriety€of€an€officer's€actions€after€an€initialÐ t$Ä& Ðstop€depends€on€what€the€officer€knows€(or€has€reason€to€believe)Ð  &p!( Ðand€how€events€unfold.€€òòSeeóó€òòChhienóó,€266€F.3d€at€6.€€The€touchstoneÐ Ì'#* Ðis€reasonableness.€€Thus,€in€determining€whether€a€pat„down€searchÐ x)È$, Ðis€an€appropriate€step€following€a€valid€òòTerryóó€stop,€the€key€isÐ $+t&. Ðwhether,€under€the€circumstances,€"the€officer€is€justified€inÐ ° Ðbelieving€that€the€person€is€armed€and€dangerous€to€the€officer€orÐ \¬ Ðothers."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSchiavoóó,€29€F.3d€6,€8€(1st€Cir.€1994).òòóóÐ X Ðà ` àWith€these€tenets€in€mind,€we€rehearse€the€facts€known€toÐ ´  Ðthe€officers,€as€well€as€those€that€they€reasonably€could€haveÐ ` ° Ðinferred,€at€the€time€they€placed€the€appellant€against€the€wall.€Ð  \  ÐWe€proceed€from€there€to€the€facts€known€or€inferable€at€the€timeÐ ¸  Ðof€the€pat„down.Ð d´  Ðà ` àThe€officers€received€information€from€the€dispatcherÐ `  Ðthat€a€911€caller€had€reported€that€she€was€inside€an€apartmentÐ ¼  Ðwith€an€armed€man.€€The€emergency€nature€of€a€911€call€supported€aÐ h¸ Ðreasonable€inference€that€the€woman€felt€threatened€by€herÐ d Ðsituation€and€desired€police€protection;€the€dispatcher's€commentÐ À Ðthat€the€woman€was€pretending€to€be€talking€to€a€friend€supportedÐ l¼ Ða€further€inference€that€the€circumstances€prevented€her€fromÐ h Ðproviding€a€full€picture€of€the€peril€presented€by€the€man€with€theÐ Ä Ðgun.Ð pÀ  Ðà ` àWhen€the€officers€reached€the€premises,€one€of€the€twoÐ !l" Ðwomen€who€opened€the€door€confirmed€that€an€armed€man€was€inside.€Ð È"$ ÐThe€fact€that€this€was€done€by€a€nod€rather€than€by€a€declarativeÐ t$Ä& Ðstatement€does€not€divest€it€of€significance;€the€woman's€gestureÐ  &p!( Ðprovided€face„to„face€corroboration€of€the€essence€of€the€911Ð Ì'#* Ðâ âreport,€and€her€unwillingness€to€vocalize€lent€credence€to€theÐ x)È$, Ðpossibility€that€she€faced€some€kind€of€threat€that€inhibited€herÐ ° Ðfrom€speaking€aloud.Ð \¬ Ðâ âà ` àWhen€the€officers€entered€the€flat,€a€man€materializedÐ X Ðfrom€another€room,€flew€into€a€rage,€and€charged€toward€them.€€HisÐ ´  Ðpresence€in€the€apartment€made€it€highly€likely€that€he€was€the€manÐ ` ° Ðreported€to€be€carrying€a€firearm.€€His€belligerence,€combined€withÐ  \  Ðthe€initial€tip,€gave€rise€to€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€he€mightÐ ¸  Ðhave€been€involved€in€criminal€wrongdoing€(say,€menacing€theÐ d´  Ðoccupants€of€the€apartment)€as€well€as€a€reasonable€concern€for€theÐ `  Ðofficers'€safety.Ð ¼  Ðà ` àIt€is€common€ground€that€"[e]valuating€whether€anÐ h¸ Ðofficer's€suspicions€are€(or€are€not)€reasonable€is€a€fact„Ð d Ðsensitive€task,€bound€up€in€the€warp€and€woof€of€the€surroundingÐ À Ðcircumstances."€€òòChhienóó,€266€F.3d€at€8.€€As€such,€some€"[d]eferenceÐ l¼ Ðis€due€to€the€experienced€perceptions€of€the€officers."€€òòUnitedÐ h ÐStatesóó€v.€òòWoodrumóó,€202€F.3d€1,€7€(1st€Cir.€2000).€€Ceding€thatÐ Ä Ðdeference€here,€we€conclude,€without€serious€question,€that€theÐ pÀ  Ðtemporary€detention€ð"ð€placing€the€appellant€up€against€the€wall€ð"ðÐ !l" Ðwas€justified€at€its€inception€because€the€officers€had€aÐ È"$ Ðreasonable€suspicion€that€the€appellant€was€armed€and€had€acted€inÐ t$Ä& Ðsuch€a€way€as€to€threaten€the€person€who€placed€the€911€call.Ð  &p!( Ðà ` àHaving€concluded€that€the€officers€were€warranted€inÐ Ì'#* Ðbriefly€detaining€the€"visibly€agitated"€man€(whom€they€reasonablyÐ x)È$, Ðsuspected€of€carrying€a€gun)€in€order€to€investigate€the€situationÐ $+t&. Ðfurther,€we€next€consider€the€frisk.€€In€addressing€this€point,€itÐ ° Ðis€important€to€recall€that€Officer€O'Malley's€private€audienceÐ \¬ Ðwith€Margaret€Jones€yielded€several€nuggets€of€information:€€thatÐ X Ðshe€had€placed€the€911€call;€that€the€man€whom€the€police€hadÐ ´  Ðdetained€was€the€man€she€had€described€as€armed€in€that€call;€andÐ ` ° Ðthat€the€gun€was€in€the€waistband€of€the€man's€pants.€€Having€minedÐ  \  Ðthese€nuggets€and€noted€the€appellant's€frenetic€behavior,€theÐ ¸  Ðpolice€had€a€plausible€basis€for€suspecting€that€the€appellant€wasÐ d´  Ðarmed€and€dangerous.€€That,€in€turn,€formed€the€basis€for€aÐ `  Ðreasonable€belief€that€a€frisk€was€necessary€to€protect€the€safetyÐ ¼  Ðof€both€the€civilians€within€the€apartment€and€the€officersÐ h¸ Ðthemselves.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòTayloróó,€162€F.3d€12,€17Ð d Ð(1st€Cir.€1998)€(noting€that,€in€the€context€of€a€valid€òòTerryóó€stop,Ð À Ða€reasonable€safety€concern€justifies€disarming€the€suspect).Ð l¼ Ðà ` àò òó óThe€frisk€that€Officer€O'Malley€subsequently€conductedÐ h Ðwas€restricted€to€the€bare€minimum€needed€to€detect€the€presence€ofÐ Ä Ða€firearm.€€He€began€at€the€appellant's€waist€(where€the€informantÐ pÀ  Ðhad€stated€that€the€appellant€kept€his€weapon)€and€went€no€furtherÐ !l" Ðthan€to€extract€the€gun.€€This€course€of€action€was€reasonableÐ È"$ Ðunder€the€circumstances€and,€thus,€constitutionally€appropriate.€Ð t$Ä& ÐòòSeeóó€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€26.Ð  &p!( Ðà ` àThe€appellant€advances€three€counter„arguments€in€anÐ Ì'#* Ðâ âeffort€to€blunt€the€force€of€this€reasoning.€€None€is€persuasive.Ð x)È$, Ðà ` àFirst,€the€appellant€attempts€to€attack€the€officers'Ð ° Ðâ âevidentiary€portfolio€by€characterizing€Margaret€Jones€as€anÐ \¬ Ðanonymous€(and,€thus,€inherently€unreliable)€tipster.€€In€pressingÐ X Ðthis€attack,€the€appellant€points€out€that€the€police€did€not€knowÐ ´  ÐMargaret€Jones€before€the€occurrence€of€these€events€and€that€sheÐ ` ° Ðremained€nameless€from€the€time€of€the€911€call€until€after€theÐ  \  Ðarrest.€€In€the€appellant's€view,€her€continuing€anonymityÐ ¸  Ðtriggered€an€unmet€requirement€of€independent€corroboration.Ð d´  Ðà ` àThe€appellant€bases€this€argument€on€the€Supreme€Court'sÐ `  Ðdecision€in€òòFloridaóó€v.€òòJ.L.óó,€529€U.S.€266€(2000).€€But€he€readsÐ ¼  Ðthat€decision€through€rose„colored€glasses.€€In€òòJ.L.óó,€the€Court,Ð h¸ Ðdiscussing€a€tip€that€emanated€from€an€"unknown€caller"€who€phonedÐ d Ðfrom€an€"unknown€location"€and€offered€no€indication€of€the€basisÐ À Ðfor€the€information€provided,€confirmed€that€such€an€anonymous€tip,Ð l¼ Ðstanding€alone,€seldom€will€exhibit€sufficient€indicia€ofÐ h Ðreliability€to€support€reasonable€suspicion€for€an€investigatoryÐ Ä Ðstop.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€270.€€The€Court€took€pains€to€contrast€such€aÐ pÀ  Ðsource€with€"a€known€informant€whose€reputation€can€be€assessed€andÐ !l" Ðwho€can€be€held€responsible€if€her€allegations€turn€out€to€beÐ È"$ Ðfabricated."€€òòId.óóÐ t$Ä& Ðà ` àWhile€this€case€falls€somewhere€between€these€twoÐ  &p!( Ðdescriptions,€Margaret€Jones€more€closely€resembles€the€latterÐ Ì'#* Ðexample€because€the€police€confirmed€that€the€caller€was€not€merelyÐ x)È$, Ðcommunicating€an€anonymous€tip€of€dubious€reliability.€€She€saidÐ $+t&. Ðfrom€the€start€that€she€was€in€an€apartment€with€a€man€who€had€aÐ ° Ðgun,€supporting€a€likelihood€that€she€had€seen€the€gun.€€And€theÐ \¬ Ðmanner€in€which€she€communicated€the€information€on€the€telephoneÐ X Ðsuggested€a€likelihood€that€she€was€concerned€for€her€own€safety.€Ð ´  ÐThereafter,€her€willingness€to€reconfirm€the€accusation€in€person,Ð ` ° Ðunder€circumstances€that€might€immediately€reveal€its€truth€orÐ  \  Ðfalsity,€suggests€a€higher€degree€of€reliability€than€a€whollyÐ ¸  Ðanonymous€telephone€call€(as€to€which€the€caller€would€suffer€noÐ d´  Ðadverse€consequences€if€the€police€took€action€and€the€tip€provedÐ `  Ðapocryphal).Ð ¼  Ðà ` àGiven€these€considerations,€Margaret€Jones's€tip€cannotÐ h¸ Ðplausibly€be€said€to€be€anonymous€and€unreliable€in€the€sense€thatÐ d Ðconcerned€the€òòJ.L.óó€Court.€€Unlike€a€faceless€telephoneÐ À Ðcommunication€from€out€of€the€blue,€a€face„to„face€encounter€canÐ l¼ Ðafford€police€the€ability€to€assess€many€of€the€elements€that€areÐ h Ðrelevant€to€determining€whether€information€is€sufficientlyÐ Ä Ðreliable€to€warrant€police€action.€€òòSeeóó€òòWhiteóó,€496€U.S.€at€328„29.€Ð pÀ  ÐA€face„to„face€encounter€provides€police€officers€the€opportunityÐ !l" Ðto€perceive€and€evaluate€personally€an€informant's€mannerisms,Ð È"$ Ðexpressions,€and€tone€of€voice€(and,€thus,€to€assess€theÐ t$Ä& Ðinformant's€veracity€more€readily€than€could€be€done€from€a€purelyÐ  &p!( Ðanonymous€telephone€tip).€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòHeardóó,€367Ð Ì'#* ÐF.3d€1275,€1279€(11th€Cir.€2004);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòCampaóó,€234€F.3dÐ x)È$, Ð733,€738€(1st€Cir.€2000).€€In„person€communications€also€tend€to€beÐ $+t&. Ðmore€reliable€because,€having€revealed€one's€physical€appearanceÐ ° Ðand€location,€the€informant€knows€that€she€can€be€tracked€down€andÐ \¬ Ðheld€accountable€if€her€assertions€prove€inaccurate.€€òòSeeóó€òòJ.L.óó,€529Ð X ÐU.S.€at€270„71.€€Finally,€a€face„to„face€encounter€often€providesÐ ´  Ða€window€into€an€informant's€represented€basis€of€knowledge;€forÐ ` ° Ðexample,€her€physical€presence€at€or€near€the€scene€of€the€reportedÐ  \  Ðevents€can€confirm€that€she€acquired€her€information€through€first„Ð ¸  Ðhand€observation.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòLewisóó,€40€F.3d€1325,Ð d´  Ð1334€(1st€Cir.€1994).Ð `  Ðà ` àIn€this€case,€the€appellant€would€have€us€attachÐ ¼  Ðdecretory€significance€to€the€fact€that€Margaret€Jones€was,€at€theÐ h¸ Ðtimes€material€hereto,€anonymous€ð"ð€the€officers€did€not€learn€herÐ d Ðname€until€after€they€had€made€the€arrest.€€This€perspective€givesÐ À Ðan€artificially€literal€meaning€to€the€adjective€"anonymous"€and,Ð l¼ Ðin€the€bargain,€mistakenly€emphasizes€the€label€rather€than€theÐ h Ðcontents€of€the€package.€€The€dispositive€difference€between€thisÐ Ä Ðcase€and€òòJ.L.óó€is€that,€here,€the€officers€had€in„person€contactsÐ pÀ  Ðwith€Margaret€Jones,€and€those€contacts,€although€limited,€allowedÐ !l" Ðthem€to€gauge€her€veracity€and€to€make€some€informed€assessment€ofÐ È"$ Ðthe€reliability€of€the€tip€(e.g.,€her€face„to„face€reconfirmationÐ t$Ä& Ðand€her€presence€in€the€apartment€provided€some€assurance€that€herÐ  &p!( Ðassertions€were€based€upon€first„hand€knowledge).Ð Ì'#* Ðà ` àIn€the€last€analysis,€words€are€like€chameleons;€theyÐ x)È$, Ðfrequently€have€different€shades€of€meaning€depending€upon€theÐ $+t&. Ðcircumstances.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòHanover€Ins.€Co.óó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€880Ð ° ÐF.2d€1503,€1504€(1st€Cir.€1989).€€The€informant€here€was€notÐ \¬ Ð"anonymous"€as€the€òòJ.L.óó€Court€employed€that€term€and€theÐ X Ðinformation€was€not,€as€in€òòJ.L.óó,€a€"tip"€that€had€no€discernibleÐ ´  Ðbasis.€€Hence,€we€agree€with€the€district€court€that€it€wasÐ ` ° Ðreasonable€for€the€officers€to€rely€on€the€as„yet„namelessÐ  \  Ðinformant's€statements€in€making€their€òòTerryóó€determinations.Ð ¸  Ðà ` àThe€appellant€next€argues€that€a€combination€of€two€factsÐ d´  Ðð"ð€that€Officer€O'Malley€had€a€specific€purpose€(retrieving€a€gun)Ð `  Ðand€a€specific€target€(the€waistband€of€the€appellant's€pants)€ð"ðòòóóÐ ¼  Ðinvalidates€the€protective€frisk€and€converts€it€into€a€search€forÐ h¸ Ðevidence€(which€would€have€had€to€have€been€justified€by€probableÐ d Ðcause).Ð À Ðà ` àThis€is€resupinate€reasoning.€€In€determining€whether€anÐ l¼ Ðofficer€had€reasonable€suspicion€to€justify€a€òòTerryóó€stop€andÐ h Ðprotective€frisk,€the€officer's€subjective€motives€do€not€enterÐ Ä Ðinto€the€decisional€calculus.€€òòSeeóó€òòWhrenóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€517€U.S.Ð pÀ  Ð806,€812€(1996);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòTrueberóó,€238€F.3d€79,€92€(1stÐ !l" ÐCir.€2001).ò òòòóóó ó€€The€appellant€has€pointed€to€no€relevant€authorityÐ È"$ Ðsuggesting€that€a€particular€subjective€motive€alters€the€familiarÐ t$Ä& Ðfocus€of€the€òòTerryóó€analysis,€which€is€"the€òòobjectiveóó€significanceÐ  &p!( Ðof€the€particular€facts€under€all€the€circumstances."€€òòWoodrumóó,€202Ð Ì'#* ÐF.3d€at€7€(emphasis€supplied).€€What€is€more,€if€the€police€conductÐ x)È$, Ða€òòTerryóó€frisk€justified€by€fear€for€their€safety€arising€fromÐ $+t&. Ðinformation€about€a€gun€in€a€person's€waistband,€the€waist€area€isÐ ° Ðlogically€the€first€place€that€one€would€expect€the€officers€toÐ \¬ Ðlook.Ð X Ðà ` àIf€more€were€needed€ð"ð€and€we€doubt€that€it€is€ð"ð€theÐ ´  ÐSupreme€Court€has€applied€the€òòTerryóó€doctrine€in€reviewing€aÐ ` ° Ðtargeted€frisk€of€a€defendant's€waistband.€€In€òòAdamsóó€v.€òòWilliamsóó,Ð  \  Ðthe€Court€concluded€that€a€"policeman's€action€in€reaching€to€theÐ ¸  Ðspot€where€the€gun€was€thought€to€be€hidden€constituted€a€limitedÐ d´  Ðintrusion€designed€to€insure€his€safety"€and€was€reasonable€underÐ `  Ðthe€circumstances.€€òòóó407€U.S.€at€148.€€It€follows€inexorably€thatÐ ¼  ÐOfficer€O'Malley's€beeline€to€the€place€where€he€suspected€a€weaponÐ h¸ Ðwould€be€found€does€not€undermine€our€characterization€of€theÐ d Ðintrusion€as€a€valid€òòTerryóó€frisk.Ð À Ðà ` àIn€a€last„ditch€stand,€the€appellant€contends€that€theÐ l¼ ÐòòTerryóó€doctrine€lacks€force€within€the€home€because€of€theÐ h Ðheightened€expectations€of€privacy€that€operate€in€that€domain.€€ToÐ Ä Ðsupport€this€contention,€he€leans€upon€the€dissenting€opinion€inÐ pÀ  ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòBeaudoinóó,€362€F.3d€60,€71€(1st€Cir.€2004)€(Lipez,Ð !l" ÐJ.,€dissenting).€€A€dissenting€opinion€is,€of€course,€not€bindingÐ È"$ Ðprecedent,€and€the€majority€opinion€in€òòBeaudoinóó,€which€isÐ t$Ä& Ðcontrolling€on€this€panel,€applied€òòTerryóó€in€the€quasi„residentialÐ  &p!( Ðsetting€involved€there€(a€doorway€of€a€hotel€room).€€òòSeeóó€òòUnitedÐ Ì'#* ÐStatesóó€v.€òòBeaudoinóó,€362€F.3d€60,€67„68€(1st€Cir.)€(en€banc),€òòcert.óóÐ x)È$, Ðòòdeniedóó,€125€S.€Ct.€484€(2004)€[No.€04„5440].Ð $+t&. Ðà ` àIn€all€events,€the€òòBeaudoinóó€dissent€focused€on€theÐ ° Ðvalidity€of€the€initial€seizure€of€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€76„77Ð \¬ Ð(Lipez,€J.,€dissenting).€€It€did€not€directly€address€theÐ X Ðmultifaceted€question€of€whether€and€in€what€circumstances€aÐ ´  Ðsecurity€frisk€is€permissibleòòóó€where,€as€in€this€case,€an€officerÐ ` ° Ðlegitimately€secures€consent€to€enter€residential€premises.€€FairlyÐ  \  Ðread,€then,€the€òòBeaudoinóó€dissent€does€not€commit€to€a€per€se€ruleÐ ¸  Ðthat€would€prevent€the€òòTerryóó€doctrine€from€crossing€the€thresholdÐ d´  Ðinto€the€home.Ð `  Ðà ` àòòBeaudoinóó€aside,€the€appellant's€argument€cannot€withstandÐ ¼  Ðscrutiny.€€In€òòTerryóó,€the€Supreme€Court€recognized€the€need€toÐ h¸ Ðreconcile€an€individual's€Fourth€Amendment€right€againstÐ d Ðunreasonable€personal€invasions€with€the€"immediate€interest€of€theÐ À Ðpolice€officer€in€taking€steps€to€assure€himself€that€the€personÐ l¼ Ðwith€whom€he€is€dealing€is€not€armed€with€a€weapon€that€couldÐ h Ðunexpectedly€and€fatally€be€used€against€him."€€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€atÐ Ä Ð23.€€The€appellant€argues,€in€effect,€that€because€the€òòTerryóó€CourtÐ pÀ  Ðdealt€with€"the€myriad€daily€situations€in€which€policemen€andÐ !l" Ðcitizens€confront€each€other€òòonóó€òòtheóó€òòstreetóó,"€òòid.óó€at€12€(emphasisÐ È"$ Ðsupplied),€this€court€should€limit€its€logic€to€such€publicÐ t$Ä& Ðencounters€and€should€not€extend€that€logic€to€protective€actionsÐ  &p!( Ðtaken€in€the€course€of€legitimate€investigative€activitiesÐ Ì'#* Ð(including€emergency€responses€to€911€calls)€that€bring€policeÐ x)È$, Ðwithin€the€sanctuary€of€a€person's€home.€€This€argument€isÐ $+t&. Ðmisguided.€€It€invites€us€to€disregard€entirely€one€side€of€theÐ ° Ðbalance€that€òòTerryóó€struck€(the€serious€concern€for€officer€safety)Ð \¬ Ðsimply€because€the€interest€on€the€other€side€(the€right€to€beÐ X Ðsecure€against€intrusions€in€the€home)€deserves€heightenedÐ ´  Ðprotection.Ð ` ° Ðà ` àWe€decline€this€invitation.€€We€find€no€support€for€theÐ  \  Ðproposition€that€the€in„home€setting€automatically€eclipses€any€andÐ ¸  Ðall€interests€in€officer€safety.€€To€the€contrary,€in€decidingÐ d´  Ðwhether€a€requirement€less€demanding€than€probable€cause€canÐ `  Ðjustify€certain€police€activities€involving€the€home,€the€Court€hasÐ ¼  Ðemphasized€that€"there€is€'no€ready€test€for€determiningÐ h¸ Ðreasonableness,'"€òòMarylandóó€v.€òòBuieóó,€494€U.S.€325,€332€(1990)Ð d Ð(quoting€òòTerryóó,€392€U.S.€at€21),€and€has€balanced€the€nature€of€theÐ À Ðintrusion€against€the€contextualized€concern€for€officer€safety,Ð l¼ Ðòòseeóó€òòid.óó€at€332„34€(holding€that€the€heightened€risk€of€jeopardy€toÐ h Ðthe€police€in€the€context€of€an€in„home€arrest€outweighed€theÐ Ä Ðintrusion€entailed€in€a€protective€sweep€of€the€premises€forÐ pÀ  Ðdangerous€individuals).€€In€much€the€same€vein,€the€Court€recentlyÐ !l" Ðreemphasized€that€"for€the€most€part€òòperóó€òòseóó€rules€are€inappropriateÐ È"$ Ðin€the€Fourth€Amendment€context."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòDraytonóó,€536Ð t$Ä& ÐU.S.€194,€201€(2002).€€The€appropriate€inquiry,€as€we€have€said,Ð  &p!( Ðentails€a€consideration€of€the€totality€of€the€circumstancesÐ Ì'#* Ðâ âsurrounding€an€encounter.€€òòId.óó€Ð x)È$, Ðà ` àIn€applying€the€òòTerryóó€doctrine€to€areas€in€and€around€theÐ ° Ðâ âhome,€our€case€law€has€followed€these€principles,€eschewing€bright„Ð \¬ Ðline€rules€and€treating€the€residential€nature€of€the€premises€asÐ X Ðpart€of€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€in€determining€whetherÐ ´  Ðreasonable€suspicion€justified€particular€police€actions.€€òòSeeóó,Ð ` ° Ðòòe.g.óó,€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòMooreóó,€235€F.3d€700,€702„04€(1st€Cir.€2000)Ð  \  Ð(sustaining€a€òòTerryóó€stop€and€frisk€of€a€person€detained€in€aÐ ¸  Ðsecond„floor€internal€stairwell€upon€his€egress€from€a€third„floorÐ d´  Ðapartment);€òòCampaóó,€234€F.3d€at€736„38€(upholding€a€òòTerryóó€stop€andÐ `  Ðfrisk€of€a€defendant€apprehended€inside€an€apartment€and€moved€intoÐ ¼  Ðthe€hallway).€€Other€courts€have€held,€as€we€do€today,€that€once€anÐ h¸ Ðofficer€is€legitimately€on€residential€premises€pursuant€to€consentÐ d Ðor€other€lawful€authority,€individualized€suspicion€that€a€personÐ À Ðis€armed€may€justify€a€frisk.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòBrooksóó,€2€F.3dÐ l¼ Ð838,€842€(8th€Cir.€1993)€("Following€a€consensual€or€otherwiseÐ h Ðlawful€entry€into€a€private€dwelling,€police€can€pat€a€suspect€downÐ Ä Ðfor€weapons€if€they€have€a€reasonable,€particularized€suspicionÐ pÀ  Ðthat€the€suspect€is€armed.");€òòUnited€Statesóó.€v.€òòFlippinóó,€924€F.2dÐ !l" Ð163,€165„66€(9th€Cir.€1991)€(similar).Ð È"$ Ðà ` àThe€most€natural€reading€of€òòTerryóó€suggests€that€itsÐ t$Ä& Ðrationale€is€designed€to€address€the€need€for€officer€safety€in€theÐ  &p!( Ðcourse€of€òòallóó€legitimate€investigative€activities.€€We€have€beenÐ Ì'#* Ðfaithful€to€the€core€principle€of€òòTerryóó€here€by€requiringÐ x)È$, Ðindividualized€suspicion€and€accounting€for€the€totality€of€theÐ $+t&. Ðcircumstances€that€enter€into€the€delicate€balance€posed€byÐ ° Ðconstitutional€and€practical€concerns.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \¬ Ðò òIV.€€CONCLUSIONó óÐ X Ðà ` àWe€need€go€no€further.€€The€record€in€this€case€supportsÐ Ð  Ðthe€conclusion€that€the€officers€entered€the€premises€with€theÐ | Ì Ðconsent€of€the€principal€occupant.€€Similarly,€it€supports€theÐ ( x  Ðconclusion€that€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€gave€rise€to€aÐ Ô$  Ðreasonable,€articulable€suspicion€sufficient€to€justify€the€ensuingÐ €Ð  Ðdetention€and€frisk.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€we€uphold€the€district€court'sÐ ,|  Ðdenial€of€the€motion€to€suppress.Ð Ø( ÐÌò òòòAffirmedóó.ó ó