WPC' b*ggV<iGM@$ L{1+D<|XmuB4vȾ\p~*͋Yo+Lح,Rp TUtiZ5?|IIa}.lm. }1 , `FxwNb5Oe? I1aӕy=- F;(bT+mѼ jȧD# ľ "mq=%/JhBE~@rC.#UNM % 0GU: 0 D" 0 fnTK N U8 UF ^  w+ 4/ C R ET fV aX ml N ^ b -  4 1$$5(((UF::: Bsss*!!9%HP LaserJet 2100 PCL6,,,,,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($ XXXX<6X9`("Courier NewTT(#$  0  (:2$ ! XOXXX    =;Xdd=    0  <6X9`("Courier NewTTXXx6X@DQX@<6X9`(CourierTTXXw6X@QX@ <4 9Z+ Courier New Q 9Z+.Courier New Regularj7Z \66Xy File3|xTABLE AUL:\JUDGES\Boudin\TEMPLATE\OPINIONS\ALDRICH.WPT- - ## u Xd#  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    *    _ ` OftheDistrictofMassachusetts,sittingbydesignation.  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    8    _ ` Evenifweweremeasuringforfeiturebysection5316,the  cashreportingrequirement,wewouldstillfindnoviolationofthe  ExcessiveFinesClause. XXX X ' $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    1     ` Josearguesthathisobjectionatthesentencinghearing  totheforfeitureofthedeclared$1,400sufficestomeritdenovo  reviewonappeal. Thisargumentfails,asdefendantneverobjected \ totheforfeitureonEighthAmendmentgroundsbeforethedistrict 2 court.  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    5     ` Section5316providesinrelevantpart:    (a)Exceptasprovidedinsubsection_ (c_ )of \ thissection,apersonoranagentorbailee 2 ofthepersonshallfileareportunder X subsection(b)ofthissectionwhenthe . person,agent,orbaileeknowingly--     ((1)transports,isabouttotransport,orhas `  transported,monetaryinstrumentsofmore 6   than$10,000atonetime--  \   ( k   X (A)fromaplaceintheUnitedStatestoor   throughaplaceoutsidetheUnitedStates;   or d    }  (B)toaplaceintheUnitedStatesfromor `  throughaplaceoutsidetheUnitedStates 6 ....  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    3     ` ForadiscussionoftheUSAPATRIOTAct'scivil  forfeitureprovisionsforinterbankaccounts,seeUnitedStatesv.  UnionBankforSavings&Investment,487F.3d8(1stCir.2007) \ (interpreting18U.S.C.981(k)).  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    4    _ ` #XXX X31U.S.C.5317(c)(1)(A)andthesupersededversionof  18U.S.C.982(a)(1)# XXX#X#Ԁarevirtuallyidentical.Compare31U.S.C.  5317(c)(1)(A),with18U.S.C.982(a)(1)(1994).Q 9Z+.Courier New Regular  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    2    _ ` Atthetime,18U.S.C.982(a)(1)provided:"Thecourt,  inimposingsentenceonapersonconvictedofanoffensein  violationofsection...5316,...shallorderthattheperson \ forfeittotheUnitedStatesanyproperty,realorpersonal, 2 involvedinsuchoffense,oranypropertytraceabletosuch X property."18U.S.C.982(a)(1)(1994);seealsoBajakajian,524 . U.S.at325. d u $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    7     ` AfterthedistrictcourtannouncedJose'ssentence,  defensecounselcharacterizedthecourtashavingfoundthatthe  fundswere"relatedtoadrugoffense." Thejudgeresponded: \   Ididn'tsaythatatanymoment....Isaid X that[Jose's]story...astohowhecame . aboutthemoneyishardtobelieve.AndIam   notsonaiveastothinkthatsomebodywould   throwaway$114,948inatrashcan.Thatis `  allIsaid.Ididn'tuseanythingabout 6   drugs,Counselor.  $ XXXX  =4,Xdd=    6     ` Thegovernmenthasnotarguedonappealthatthe  forfeitureismerelyaremedialcustomsremedythatdoesnot  constitutepunishmentsubjecttotheExcessiveFinesClause.See \ OneLotEmeraldCutStonesv.UnitedStates,409U.S.232,237 2 (1972)(percuriam)(holdingthatcustomsstatuterequiring X forfeitureofundeclaredgoodsconcealedinbaggageandimposinga . monetarypenaltyequaltovalueofgoodsimposed"remedialrather   thanpunitivesanctions").ButseeBajakajian,524U.S.at34041   (distinguishingbetweenpunishmentforcriminaloffensesandcivil `  inremforfeituresofgoodsimportedinviolationofcustomslaws). OTILIO Gim HernAramisRVelezP Sosa BauzMu MarMaarten Dkt SHTOlanoSaxenaBajakajianforfeitablerequire[d t]he PSRBerasf]ailureVtKelcocontenementwainage th[e ! XXXX  _TRX3'X3' Letter3'Letter3'LetterT ? * !X,XX X1XX,     hUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals1  FortheFirstCircuit  T XX T  A') ` dE< ` A      `     h No.051126 K  @UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,  G  @&Appellee,   @tt)v. O  @$OTILIOJOSE, K  @ Defendant,Appellant.  A') ` dE<R` A S @ APPEALFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT 8   FORTHEDISTRICTOFPUERTORICO ^ @@*[Hon.JuanM._P rez_Ԅ_Gim nez_,U.S.DistrictJudge]   A') ` dE<e` A f @@'Before K @@((LynchandHoward,CircuitJudges, G andYoung, #  *      ׀DistrictJudge.  A') ` dE<N ` A O "       Mauricio_Hern ndez_ԀArroyo,withwhomLawOfficesofMauricio 4!$ _Hern ndez_ԀArroyowasonbrief,forappellant.  "Z%   AramisG._R os_,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,withwhom "0& RosaEmiliaRodriguezVelez,UnitedStatesAttorney,Nelson_P rez_Ԅ #' Sosa,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,andMarianaE._Bauz _Ԅ $( Almonte,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,wereonbrief,for b% ) appellee. 8&!* *'ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,( dd ,( dd ,( dd +  ( $-( $  SI)n$. 1@393101@SAugust17,2007 )D%0  RHC*&1" 1@39310 1@ R ," )n$2 ? ,h 8  XXdd8   _ * !  *,X` XX* ` LYNCH,CircuitJudge .Thiscasepresentsourfirst   occasiontoaddressthebulkcashsmugglingprovisionsofthe2001 x USAPATRIOTAct,Pub.L.No.10756,371,115Stat.272,33638 $t (codifiedasamendedat31U.S.C.5332).DefendantOtilioJose   challengesthedistrictcourt'sforfeitureorderintheamountof |  $114,948,arguingthatitconstitutesanexcessivefinein ( x  violationoftheEighthAmendment. Hedoesnotchallengehis $  straightguiltypleatocountsarisingfromhisfailuretodeclare   theamountofcurrencyhewasattemptingtotakewithhimoutof ,|  thecountry. Weholdthattheforfeitureorderdoesnotconstitute ( anexcessivefine,butremand,attherequestoftheUnitedStates,  sothatthesumof$1,400canbedeductedfromtheamountof 0 forfeiture. ,   I.  ] ` OnAugust23,2004,Josecheckedtwopiecesofluggageon 4 aflightdepartingfromLuis_ Mu oz_ Ԁ_ Mar n_ ԀInternationalAirportin 0 PuertoRico.JosewasonhiswaytoSt.Maarten,Netherlands   Antilles. CustomsofficersinspectedJose'scheckedluggageand 8!" discoveredbundlesofcashwrappedintissuepaperhiddeninapair "4$ ofsneakersandotherbundleswrappedincarbonpaperhiddeninside $& asetofbedsheets.TheofficersapproachedJoseandexplainedto <&!( himthecurrencyreportingrequirementsfortransportedamountsin '8#* excessof$10,000.See31U.S.C.5316(a)(1)(A).Josedeclared )$, verballyandinwritingthathewasinpossessionof$1,400.In @+&. fact,thecashonJose,andinhisluggage,amountedtoahefty  $114,948. Joseexplainedthathehadfoundthemoneywhile \ visitingPuertoRico. HesaidthathewasataSanJuanhotelwhen X hesawsomeonethrowsomethingintoatrashcontainer;that   individuallookedaroundtoseeifanyonehadseenhimandthen `  leftthearea.Josewentdowntothetrashandpickedupabag  \  whichcontainedalargeamountofmoney. Hesaidtohimself,"This   ismyfortune,Ifoundit.IputitinmybagandIgohome." He d  claimedthathewasunawareofanyreportingrequirements.  `   ` JosewasarrestedonAugust23andlaterchargedinan   indictmentwith(1)knowinglyandwillfullyfailingtofilea h reportwhenhewasabouttotransportatonetimemonetary d instrumentsofmorethan$10,000fromaplaceintheUnitedStates  toaplaceoutsidetheUnitedStates,inviolationof31U.S.C. l 5316(a)(1)(A)(the"cashreportingrequirement");(2)makinga h materiallyfalse,fictitious,orfraudulentstatementor  representationinamatterwithinthejurisdictionofthe p  DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,anagencyoftheUnitedStates,in !l" violationof18U.S.C.1001(a);and(3)knowinglyandwillfully "$ concealingmorethan$10,000incurrencyinanattempttotransport t$& suchcurrencyfromaplaceintheUnitedStatestoaplaceoutside  &p!( theUnitedStateswithoutfilingareportasrequiredbythe '#* SecretaryoftheTreasury,inviolationof31U.S.C.5332(a)(the x)$, "bulkcashsmugglingstatute"). Theindictmentalsoincluded $+t&. allegationsseekingforfeitureofthe$114,948basedonthe  offensesallegedinCountsOneandThree,pursuantto31U.S.C. \ 5317(c)(1)(A)and31U.S.C.5332(b)(2),respectively.  X  ` OnNovember4,2004,Joseenteredastraightguiltyplea   toallthreecountsoftheindictment.Thedistrictcourtadvised `  defendantofhisrightsandfoundthathehadknowinglyand  \  voluntarilywaivedthembypleadingguilty. Thecourtalso   explainedtoJosethatbypleadingguiltyhecouldexpectthe d  governmenttoproceedtoforfeitthemoneyinvolvedintheoffense `  asaresultoftheviolationsofthecashreportingrequirementand   thebulkcashsmugglingstatute. Joseagreedexceptforthe$1,400 h hediddeclare,whichheexpectedtobeallowedtokeep. The d governmentclarifiedthatithadalreadyfiledadministrative  proceedingstotrytoreturnthe$1,400todefendant.The l governmentsoughtforfeitureoftheremainingfunds,whichJosehad h attemptedtosmuggle,butnothingmorethanthat.    ` OnDecember13,2004,thegovernmentrequesteda p  preliminaryorderofforfeiturefortheentireamountof$114,948. !l"  Thegovernment'smotioncitedbothsections5317(c)(1)(A)(thecash "$ reportingrequirement)and5332(b)(2)(thebulkcashsmuggling t$& statute)asauthorityfortheforfeiture. Itattachedaproposed  &p!( orderwhichreferenceddefendant'sviolationofsections '#* 5316(a)(1)(A)and5322. Thecitationtosection5322,ratherthan x)$, section5332,clearlywasatypographicalerror.Thegovernment's $+t&. forfeitureargumentatthesentencinghearingwasbasedonboththe  cashreportingrequirementandthebulkcashsmugglingstatute.  \  ` AtthehearingonDecember14,2004,thedistrictcourt X statedthatitwasnotsonaiveastobelievedefendant'sstory   abouthowhecametopossessthe$114,948. Thejudgefoundthat `  Josehadattemptedtomisleadthecourt,andhesentencedJoseto  \  18months'imprisonmentoneachcount,tobeservedconcurrently.    Josealsoreceivedthreeyearsofsupervisedreleaseandwas d  orderedtopayaspecialmonetaryassessmentof$100oneachcount. `   Inlightofdefendant'sfinancialsituation,thecourtdidnot   imposeafine. JudgmententeredonDecember14,2004;no h forfeitureorderwasincludedinthejudgment,asprovidedfor d underFed.R._ Crim_ .P.32.2(b)(3).    ` OnDecember20,2004,thegovernmentfiledamotionto l amendthejudgment,callingthedistrictcourt'sattentiontothe h factthatthejudgmentdidnotincludeaforfeitureorderandto  theoutstandingissueconcerningthe$1,400thatJosehaddeclared. p   OnDecember23,2004,thedistrictcourtadoptedthegovernment's !l" earlierproposedorder(withitstypographicalerror)andissueda "$ preliminaryorderofforfeitureastotheentireamountof t$& $114,948.Thecourtdidnotamenditsearlierjudgmenttoinclude  &p!( theforfeitureorder.  '#*  ` InDecember2005,defendant'sappellatecounselfileda x)$, briefpursuanttoAndersv.California,386U.S.738(1967), $+t&. assertingthattherewerenononfrivolousissuesforappeal. On  March21,2006,thiscourtrejectedtheAndersbrief,butgranted \ counsel'srequesttowithdraw.Weorderedappointmentofnew X counselandrequestedbriefingon(1)whetherthedistrictcourt   erredinfailingtoconformwithFed.R._ Crim_ .P.32.2,(2)whether `  thedistrictcourterredinfailingtoresolveacontestedissue  \  regardingtheamountofforfeiture,and(3)whethertheforfeiture   orderviolatestheEighthAmendment'sprohibitionofexcessive d  fines. Presentcounselfordefendanthassubmittedameritsbrief `  onlyastothethirdissueoutlinedinourMarch21order.    Accordingly,thefirstandsecondissueshavebeenwaived.See h UnitedStatesv._ Vigneau_ ,337F.3d62,68n.1(1stCir.2003); d UnitedStatesv._ Chapdelaine_ ,23F.3d11,13(1stCir.1994).We  consideronlywhetherthedistrictcourt'sforfeitureorder l constitutesanexcessivefineinviolationoftheEighthAmendment. h   II.  3 ` TheEighthAmendmentprovides:"Excessivebailshallnot p  berequired,norexcessivefinesimposed,norcruelandunusual !l" punishmentsinflicted."U.S.Const.amend.VIII.Wereviewde "$ novowhetherafineisconstitutionallyexcessive,butgivedue t$& deferencetothedistrictcourt'sfactualfindings.UnitedStates  &p!( v.Ortiz_ Cintr n_ ,461F.3d78,81(1stCir.2006).Onappealfrom '#* aforfeitureorderallegedtobeanexcessivefine,itisthe x)$, defendant'sburdentoshowunconstitutionality.Seeid.at8182; $+t&. UnitedStatesv._ Heldeman_ ,402F.3d220,223(1stCir.2005).   Here,wereviewtheforfeitureorderonlyforplainerrorbecause \ JosedidnotraisehisEighthAmendmentclaimbeforethedistrict X court. #  1      ׀SeeUnitedStatesv.Beras,183F.3d22,28(1stCir.   1999)."Toestablishplainerror,adefendantmustdemonstrate `  that:(1)therewaserror;(2)theerrorwasplain;(3)theerror  \  affectedthedefendant'ssubstantialrights;and(4)theerror   adverselyimpactedthefairness,integrity,orpublicreputationof d  judicialproceedings."UnitedStatesv.Riggs,287F.3d221,224 `  (1stCir.2002)(citingUnitedStatesv.Olano,507U.S.725,   732-36(1993);UnitedStatesv.Saxena,229F.3d1,5(1stCir. h 2000)). d  ` Jose'sargumentreliesheavilyontheSupremeCourt's  decisioninUnitedStatesv.Bajakajian,524U.S.321(1998).In l Bajakajian,thedefendantandhisfamilyhadfailedtoreportthe h $357,144incashtheywereattemptingtotakewiththemoutofthe  UnitedStatesonJune9,1994.Id.at32425.Thedefendantpled p  guiltytoachargeofviolating31U.S.C.5316(a)(1)(A)and !l"  electedtohaveabenchtrialontheforfeiturecountbroughtunder "$ 18U.S.C.982(a)(1).& #  2      ׀Id.at325.Thedistrictcourtfound   that,undersection982(a)(1),theentire$357,144wasforfeitable \ becauseitwas"involvedin"theoffense.Id.at32526. X Nonetheless,thecourtorderedtheforfeitureofonly$15,000,   believingthatfullforfeiturewouldviolatetheExcessiveFines `  Clause.Id.at326.Onthegovernment'sappeal,theNinthCircuit  \  heldthatforfeitureofcurrencypursuantto18U.S.C.982(a)(1)   wasperseunconstitutionalbecauseunreportedcurrencywasnotan d  "instrumentality"ofthecrimeoffailuretoreport.UnitedStates `  v.Bajakajian,84F.3d334,33638(9thCir.1996).    ` Oncertiorari,theSupremeCourtheldthatitwas h irrelevantwhetherBajakajian'smoneywasaninstrumentalityofhis d offense.524U.S.at333.Instead,theCourtaskedfirstwhether  theforfeitureconstitutedpunishmentandwasthusa"fine"within l themeaningoftheExcessiveFinesClause,id.at32728,andthen h consideredwhethertheforfeiturewasconstitutionallyexcessive  thatis,whethertheforfeiturewas"grosslydisproportionaltothe p  gravityofthedefendant'soffense,"id.at337.TheCourtheld !l" thattheforfeitureofBajakajian'smoney,whichwas"imposedat "$ theculminationofacriminalproceedingandrequire[d]conviction t$& ofanunderlyingfelony,"constitutedpunishmentandwasthusa  "fine."Id.at328.Onthequestionofexcessiveness,theCourt \ thoughtitwassignificantthatthedistrictcourthadfoundthat X Bajakajian'soffensewasunrelatedtoanyotherillegalactivities.   Id.at33738.Bajakajian"owednocustomsdutiestothe `  Government,anditwasperfectlylegalforhimtopossessthe  \  $357,144incashandtoremoveitfromtheUnitedStates.His   crimewassimplyfailingtoreportthewhollylegalactof d  transportinghiscurrency."Id.at338n.13.TheCourtfurther `  consideredthemaximumpenaltiesavailableunderthestatute,as   wellasthefactthatundertheSentencingGuidelines"themaximum h sentencethatcouldhavebeenimposedon[Bajakajian]wassix d months,whilethemaximumfinewas$5,000."Id.at33839&n.14.  TheCourtalsofoundthat"[t]heharmthat[Bajakajian]causedwas l ...minimal."Id.at339.Theseobservationscontributedtothe h Court'sconclusionthatthefullforfeitureofBajakajian'smoney  "wouldbegrosslydisproportionaltothegravityofhisoffense." p  Id.at33940. !l"  ` CongressrespondedtoBajakajianintheUSAPATRIOTAct "$ whenitamendedlawsgoverningcivilandcriminalforfeitureinthe t$& wakeofSeptember11,2001.Pub.L.No.10756,319,371,372,  &p!( 115Stat.at31112,33639(amending18U.S.C.981and982,21 '#*  U.S.C.853,and31U.S.C.5317,andcreating31U.S.C. x)$, 5332). #  3      ׀TheUSAPATRIOTActinsertedacriminalforfeiture   provisionin31U.S.C.5317(c)(1)(A)forpropertyinvolvedina \ violationof31U.S.C.5316andcorrespondinglydeletedthe X referenceto31U.S.C.5316in18U.S.C.982(a)(1).  #  4      ׀Id.   372,115Stat.at33839. `   ` TheActalsodefinedthenewcrimeof"bulkcash  \  smuggling"at31U.S.C.5332.Id.371,115Stat.at33738.   Section5332(a)(1)provides: d    Whoever,withtheintenttoevadeacurrency `  reportingrequirementundersection5316, 6 knowinglyconcealsmorethan$10,000in   currencyorothermonetaryinstrumentsonthe  personofsuchindividualorinany h conveyance,articleofluggage,merchandise, > orothercontainer,andtransportsor d transfersorattemptstotransportortransfer : suchcurrencyormonetaryinstrumentsfroma  placewithintheUnitedStatestoaplace  outsideoftheUnitedStates,orfromaplace l outsidetheUnitedStatestoaplacewithin B theUnitedStates,shallbeguiltyofa h currencysmugglingoffenseandsubjectto > punishmentpursuanttosubsection(b).XP   JP  contrast,ifthesmugglingofbulkcashwere d itselfanoffense,thecashcouldbe : confiscatedasthecorpusdelictiofthe  smugglingoffense.W   W WUSAPATRIOTAct,Pub.L.No.10756,371(a)(6),115Stat.at337  (emphasesadded). \  ` Congresswasexplicitthatitspurposesinenacting X section5332were"(1)tomaketheactofsmugglingbulkcash   itselfacriminaloffense;(2)toauthorizeforfeitureofanycash `  orinstrumentsofthesmugglingoffense;and(3)toemphasizethe  \  seriousnessoftheactofbulkcashsmuggling."Id.371(b),115   Stat.at337.Congresswasparticularlyconcernedthatthe d  transportationandsmugglingoflargesumsofcashwasa"warning `  sign[]ofdrugtrafficking,terrorism,moneylaundering,   racketeering,taxevasionandsimilarcrimes."Id.371(a)(3), h 115Stat.at337.Further,becausecourierswhoattempttosmuggle d cashoutofthecountryaretypicallylowlevelemployeesof  criminalorganizations,Congressbelievedthat"onlythe l confiscationofthesmuggledbulkcashcaneffectivelybreakthe h cycleofcriminalactivityofwhichthelaunderingofthebulkcash  isacriticalpart."Id.371(a)(5),115Stat.at337. p   ` Congress,inenactingsection5332,respondedto !l" Bajakajianinawaythatitbelievedwould,inmostcircumstances, "$ constitutionallypermitthefullforfeitureofcurrencynot t$& reportedtoauthoritiesasrequiredbysection5316. XXX XTheReportof  &p!( theHouseCommitteeonFinancialServicesstated: '#*   TheCommitteebelieves...thatbulkcash x)$, smugglingisaninherentlymoreserious N*%- offensethansimplyfailingtofileaCustoms $+t&. report.Becausetheconstitutionalityofa +J'/ forfeitureisdependentonthe"gravityofthe  offense"underBajakajian,itisanticipated  thatthefullforfeitureofsmuggledmoney \ willwithstandconstitutionalscrutinyinmost 2 cases.cb X  Ub GbH.R.Rep.No.107250,at53(2001).# XXX Xa#ԀSection5332makesclearthat   Congresshasnowprohibitedwhatitcalls"bulkcashsmuggling," `  andthatitconsidersthistobeaveryseriousoffense.Congress  \  hasthustippedtheforfeitureequationinfavoroftheprosecution   inbulkcashsmugglingcases.Bajakajianitselfstatedthat d  "judgmentsabouttheappropriatepunishmentforanoffensebelong `  inthefirstinstancetothelegislature."524U.S.at336(citing   _ Solem_ v.Helm,463U.S.277,290(1983)("Reviewingcourts... h shouldgrantsubstantialdeferencetothebroadauthoritythat d legislaturesnecessarilypossessindeterminingthetypesand  limitsofpunishmentsforcrimes....");Gorev.UnitedStates, l 357U.S.386,393(1958)("Whateverviewsmaybeentertained h regardingseverityofpunishment,...thesearepeculiarly  questionsoflegislativepolicy.")).ButseeUnitedStatesv.Ely, p  468F.3d399,402n.2(6thCir.2006)(statingthatthedifference !l" betweenthesupersededversionof18U.S.C.982and31U.S.C. "$ 5332"[couldnot]beviewedasameaningfulchange"). t$&  ` Weturntothequestionofwhetherthedistrictcourt's  &p!( forfeitureorderwasplainlyerroneous,givendefendant'schallenge '#* undertheExcessiveFinesClause.Inconsideringthisquestion,we x)$, neednot,anddonot,addresswhetherCongress,inenactingsection $+t&. 5332,haseliminatedinallinstancesanyEighthAmendmentconcerns  withrespecttobulkcashsmugglingforfeitures.Inlightofthe \ factsofthiscase,weconcludethattherewasnoerroratall, X muchlessplainerror.    ` Weconsiderfirstwhethertheforfeitureorder `  constitutedpunishment.See_ Heldeman_ ,402F.3dat223  \  ("ForfeituresaresubjecttotheEighthAmendment'sexcessivefines   clause'iftheyconstitutepunishmentforanoffense.'"(quoting d  Bajakajian,524U.S.at328)).Theorderhere,whichwas"imposed `  attheculminationofacriminalproceeding,"andwhich"require[d]   convictionofanunderlyingfelony,"constitutedpunishment.+ #  6      ׀ h Bajakajian,524U.S.at328. d  ` Next,weconsiderwhethertheforfeitureofthe$114,948  wouldbe"grosslydisproportionaltothegravityofthedefendant's l offense."Id.at337.ForEighthAmendmentexcessivefine h purposes,pertinentfactorsinclude:"(1)whetherthedefendant  fallsintotheclassofpersonsatwhomthecriminalstatutewas p  principallydirected;(2)otherpenaltiesauthorizedbythe !l" legislature(ortheSentencingCommission);and(3)theharmcaused  bythedefendant."_ Heldeman_ ,402F.3dat223;seealsoBajakajian, \ 524U.S.at33740;Beras,183F.3dat29. X  ` Onthefirstfactor,weinquirewhetherthestatuteis   principallydirectedtowarddefendant.Giventhatwetakethe `  forfeitureordertobeindependentlybasedonCountThree,we  \  considerwhethersection5332,thebulkcashsmugglingstatute,is   designedforoffenderslikeJose.InitsUSAPATRIOTActfindings, d  Congressrecognizedthat"courierswhoattempttosmuggle... `  cashoutoftheUnitedStatesaretypicallylowlevelemployeesof   largecriminalorganizations."Pub.L.No.10756,371(a)(5), h 115Stat.at337(emphasisadded).Here,thedistrictcourtdid d notfindthatdefendant'sfundswerenotlinkedtoothercrimes,as  wasthecaseinBajakajian.See524U.S.at326.Althoughitis l truethatthedistrictcourtdidnotexpresslyfindthatthefunds h wererelatedtoillegalactivities,* #  7      ׀itisJosewhobearsthe  burdenofshowingthattheforfeitureisunconstitutional.See p  Ortiz_ Cintr n_ ,461F.3dat8182;_ Heldeman_ ,402F.3dat223. !l" Indeed,defendant'sfarfetchedstoryexplaininghowhefoundthe  moneyraisesserioussuspicionsaboutwhetherthefundswere \ legallyderived.Forfeituresbasedonviolationsofthebulkcash X smugglingstatuteareprincipallydirectedtowardmoneylaunderers,   drugtraffickers,taxevaders,andterrorists,aswellastheir `  couriers.SeeUSAPATRIOTAct,Pub.L.No.10756,371(a)(3),  \  (5),115Stat.at337.GiventhefactsofthiscaseandJose's   unlikelystory,wecannotsaythatsection5332isnotprincipally d  designedforpersonssuchasdefendant. `   ` Turningtothesecondfactor,Jose,likeBajakajian,   facedastatutorymaximumof5years'imprisonment.See31U.S.C. h 5322(a),5332(b)(1);Bajakajian,524U.S.at339n.14.Jose, d however,facedatougherGuidelinessentencethanBajakajian.The  maximumGuidelinessentencethatcouldhavebeenimposedonJose l was18months'imprisonmentandafineof$30,000 ,whereasthe h maximumGuidelinessentencethatcouldhavebeenimposedon  Bajakajianwas6months'imprisonmentandafineofonly$5,000. p  Thus,theforfeitureatissuehereislessthan4timesthemaximum !l" fineallowableundertheGuidelines,whereastheforfeiturein "$ Bajakajianexceededthemaximumfineunderthethenmandatory t$& Guidelinesbyafactorofmorethan70.ThisunderminesJose's  &p!( argumentthattheforfeitureorderisgrosslyoutofproportionto '#* thegravityofhisoffense.SeeBeras,183F.3dat29n.5(noting x)$, thatBajakajian"suggeststhatthemaximumpenaltiesprovidedunder $+t&. theGuidelinesshouldbegivengreaterweightthanthestatute  becausetheGuidelinestakeintoconsiderationtheculpabilityof \ theindividualdefendant"). X  ` Thethirdfactorrequiresustoevaluatetheharmcaused   bydefendant.WeconsidertheharmcausedbyJose'sviolationof `  section5332,thebulkcashsmugglingstatute.AsCongressstated  \  initsenactmentoftheUSAPATRIOTAct,itwantedto"emphasize   theseriousnessoftheactofbulkcashsmuggling."Pub.L.No. d  10756,371(b),115Stat.at337.Further,Congressfoundalink `  betweenthelaunderingofbulkcashandvarioustypesofserious   criminalactivity.Seeid.371(a)(3),115Stat.at337.It h expresslytiedtheenforcementofsection5332toeffortsto"break d thecycleofcriminalactivityofwhichthelaunderingofthebulk  cashisacriticalpart."Id.371(a)(5),115Stat.at337.We l adheretoCongress'sviewthatdefendant'sviolationofthebulk h cashsmugglingstatuteconstitutesasignificantharm.Compare  Bajakajian,524U.S.at339("Failuretoreport[Bajakajian's] p  currencyaffectedonlyoneparty,theGovernment,andina !l" relativelyminorway....Hadhiscrimegoneundetected,the "$ Governmentwouldhavebeendeprivedonlyoftheinformationthat t$& $357,144hadleftthecountry.").  &p!(  ` Thusfarwehaveconcluded:(1)defendant'sfundsmay '#* wellhavebeenlinkedtoothercriminalactivities,(2)theamount x)$, offorfeitureisnotgrosslyoutoflinewiththemaximumfine $+t&. authorizedbytheSentencingGuidelines,and(3)Congresshas  clearlyexpresseditsbeliefthatbulkcashsmugglingisaserious \ offenselinkedtovariouskindsofharm.Theconsiderationofa X fourthfactormakesabundantlyclearthattherewasnoerrorhere. #  8      ׀    ` TheSupremeCourtnotedinBajakajianthattheExcessive `  FinesClausewastakenfromtheEnglishBillofRightsof1689.  \  524U.S.at335;seealsoBrowningFerrisIndus.ofVt.,Inc.v.   KelcoDisposal,Inc.,492U.S.257,26667(1989).TheEnglish d  BillofRightsof1689waspassedinresponsetothesubversionof `  MagnaChartabyStuartjudgeswhoimposedexcessivefines.   Bajakajian,524U.S.at335.MagnaCharta,inturn,requiredthat h "amercements(themedievalpredecessorsoffines)shouldbe d proportionedtotheoffenseandthattheyshouldnotdeprivea  wrongdoerofhislivelihood."Id.(emphasisadded);seealsoid. l at33536("'AFree-manshallnotbeamercedforasmallfault,but h afterthemannerofthefault;andforagreatfaultafterthe  greatnessthereof,savingtohimhiscontenement;(2)anda p  Merchantlikewise,savingtohimhismerchandise;(3)andany !l" other'svillainthanoursshallbelikewiseamerced,savinghis "$ wainage.'"(quotingMagnaCharta,9Hen.III,ch.14(1225),1 t$& Stat.atLarge67(1762ed.))).Giventhehistorybehindthe  &p!( ExcessiveFinesClause,itisappropriatetoconsiderwhetherthe '#* _ forfeitureinquestionwoulddepriveJoseofhislivelihood.Cf.  Bajakajian,524U.S.at33940&n.15(concludingthatthefull \ forfeituresoughtbythegovernmentwouldbegrossly X disproportionaltothegravityofdefendant'soffense,butnoting   thatdefendantdidnotpresentanyargumentsregardingwealth, `  income,ordeprivationoflivelihood).  \   ` Itcannotreasonablybearguedthatforfeitureofthe   $114,948woulddeprivedefendantofhislivelihood.Asthe d  districtcourtnotedatsentencing,"accordingto[Jose's]own `  words,th[e]moneywasn'thistostartwith....Sowhetherthe   governmentforfeitsitornot,itisreallyofnoconsequenceto h himbecauseitwasn'thistobeforfeited."Themoney,by d defendant'sownadmission,wasnotrelatedtoeffortstomaintain  hislivelihood.Further,atthechangeofpleahearing,the l governmentindicatedthatJose'sbusinessmerchandise,whichwas h takenfromhiminPuertoRico,wasintheprocessofbeingsentto  hiswifeinSt.Maartensothatshecouldresellthegoodsthere, p  inaccordancewithJose'sbusinesspractice. Weconcludethatthe !l" forfeitureorderdoesnotimplicatethehistoricalconcerns "$ underlyingtheExcessiveFinesClause. t$&  ` Fortheforegoingreasons,weholdthatdefendanthas  &p!( failedtoshowthattherewaserror,muchlesserrorthatwas '#*  plain.Theamountofforfeituresimplyisnot"grossly x)$, disproportionaltothegravityofthedefendant'soffense."Id.at  337. \   ` Thegovernmenthasrequestedalimitedremandsothatit X canpursueitsintention,statedatthechangeofpleahearing,to   returntodefendantthe$1,400hedeclared.Thegovernmentplans `  tomovetoamendthedistrictcourt'sordertoreflectthe  \  remainingbalanceof$113,548. Weremandforthislimitedpurpose.   Inallotherrespects,weaffirmthedistrictcourt'sforfeiture d  order.