ÿWPCn% [ù-Ü'÷—Ë®ØË ²>ÂTéŠ$Yua÷sËJÊû}§H‡­{¤%ªe\°Ä“\+— åb'O¿p4-¡Krn°Áo«yF;¥·^†`a&¿~›xì@>œt¬¦]ùÍ`üfW_­bY5ëb”C7ömÓ‡Dí­1~ehˆt›fI¶Ùº‰Õìp¹è¾ã´N`'~oHbz/…¤19·9âi D=é¦é…«Ah‰?VÜ-Ãå6FìZ ÕÆÃ'°±ÐUS$vѾºÚÚ|¥UÛrQŠ XmÎ ‘VÚ.bAÆŽ5—Îçjr…ŽÙL ¥lÐÃ5P—ñ·– ®«(8X5Í0¤ ™Ïª (Ó6å UgZã3ØkòᮕNÑ%Vn-UR@Þø,Uæ­‰O à¦X¡rItóV’IaZýä3G<Òߪq’¨¼á0DA¸:ˆZXÖ¢‰Á”Û‘{ŸÔ4¶“KqÔ‡ððö[£5VÒN¨³°’Lñ @4Jfˆé'qô žA4å\x²1óÐÉ­J#pð3*Ñ÷çb•qCº 1ùrø*Q‚µm%¨I'|‡°6 ¼)¾¤ÞTGS–fN)š° øñ Ð1˜f3÷m!=ª¨…#ÉF U> %M 0GS U2š U@Ì Ì ^ w 4 0 ? 0cA b¤ 0D¬ eð bUE] m_NvU 8xU8°°eè†MëÓ£¾!¾!¾!¾!¾!¾![a#a#a#¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$¼$ BÄ$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$Ä$ 0á$˜HP LaserJet 8150 PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0<èÀ( 9Z+&Courier RegularX(îí$¡¡Ô€XmTXXXÔ)&)é Z‹CG Times (ÊÚE Z‹(Times New Roman •4  8_p4‚ ‚ÐHŠ3|x(;3mç$©©Ý ƒîí!ÝÔ€X-NXXXÔÝ  Ý- ù-(Ã$òòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó [Ý ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThere€are€two€òòBuieóó€exceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement,€ofÐ ° Ðwhich€the€one€claimed€to€apply€in€this€case€is€the€second,€broaderÐ †Ö Ðtype€discussed€in€the€text.€€Under€the€first€exception,€officersÐ \¬ Ðare€permitted€to,€"as€a€precautionary€matter€and€without€probableÐ 2‚ Ðcause€or€reasonable€suspicion,€look€in€closets€and€other€spacesÐ X Ðimmediately€adjoining€the€place€of€arrest€from€which€an€attackÐ Þ. Ðcould€be€immediately€launched."€€òòBuieóó,€494€U.S.€at€334.€€TheÐ ´  Ðgovernment€is€rightly€not€claiming€that€the€basement€search€hereÐ Š Ú Ðwas€of€a€"space€immediately€adjoining€the€place€of€arrest."- ù-ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ<4šÛ 9Z+‹ Courier New <4šÛ 9Z+‹ Courier New  [Ý ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Fourth€Circuit€has€produced€no€cases€in€point.€€The€FifthÐ ° ÐCircuit€has€few,€but€they€are€consistent€with€the€general€principleÐ †Ö ÐI€have€described.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòWaldropóó,€404€F.3d€365,€369Ð \¬ Ð(5th€Cir.€2005);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòMuozóó,€150€F.3d€401,€411„12€(5thÐ 2‚ ÐCir.€1998).€€The€Seventh€Circuit€is€similarly€consistent.€€òòSeeóó,Ð X 2 Ðòòe.g.óó,€òòLeafóó€v.€òòShelnuttóó,€400€F.3d€1070,€1088€(7th€Cir.€2005);€òòUnitedÐ ° ÐStatesóó€v.€òòBurrowsóó,€48€F.3d€1011,€1017€(7th€Cir.€1995);€òòUnitedÐ †Ö ÐStatesóó€v.€òòBarkeróó,€27€F.3d€1287,€1291€(7th€Cir.€1994).€€A€moreÐ \¬ Ðpermissive€view€is€taken€in€the€Eighth€Circuit.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€StatesóóÐ 2‚ Ðv.€òòCashóó,€378€F.3d€745,€749€(8th€Cir.€2004);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòHorneóó,Ð X Ð4€F.3d€579,€586€(8th€Cir.€1993). |Ý ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔWales€had€earlier€testified€that€the€agents€had€set€out€to€lookÐ ° Ðfor€Winston€at€110„A€Carr€Street,€but€on€arriving€at€the€locationÐ †Ö Ðhad€discovered€that€the€building€at€110€Carr€Street€had€twoÐ \¬ Ðunmarked€doors.€€Wales'€reference€to€"either€one"€was€a€referenceÐ 2‚ Ðto€the€confusion:€€Wales€evidently€did€not€have€information€aboutÐ X Ðwhether€anyone€was€in€either€of€the€two€apartments€that€might€haveÐ Þ. Ðbeen€110„A. áÝ ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€government€makes€a€pair€of€additional€arguments€in€favor€ofÐ ° Ðadmission€of€the€evidence€at€issue,€but€both€are€unavailing.€€TheÐ †Ö Ðfirst€is€easily€disposed€of:€the€government€argues€on€appeal€thatÐ \¬ Ðthe€safe€in€the€basement€would€inevitably€have€been€found€and€thusÐ 2‚ Ðshould€be€admissible€under€the€inevitable€discovery€rule€of€òòNixóó€v.Ð X ÐòòWilliamsóó,€467€U.S.€431€(1984),€but€it€did€not€make€that€argument€toÐ Þ. Ðthe€district€court€and€it€offers€no€reason€why€we€should€take€it€upÐ ´  Ðfor€the€first€time€on€appeal.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòDimeoóó,€28€F.3dÐ Š Ú Ð240,€241€n.3€(1st€Cir.€1994);€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòElwellóó,€984€F.2dÐ ` ° Ð1289,€1298€(1st€Cir.€1993).€€For€the€second,€the€government€raisesÐ 6 †  Ðthe€question€of€the€applicability€of€the€good„faith€exception€toÐ  \  Ðthe€warrant€requirement,€announced€in€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòLeonóó,€468Ð â 2  ÐU.S.€897,€924€(1984),€which€permits€an€officer€to€rely€on€aÐ ¸  Ðdefective€warrant€if€he€does€so€in€good€faith.€€The€good€faithÐ ŽÞ  Ðexception€is€inapposite€here,€however.€€The€doctrine€forgives€anÐ d´  Ðofficer€for€the€error€of€a€magistrate€or€other€official€who€issuesÐ :Š  Ða€warrant,€but€is€not€available€to€an€officer€who€objectivelyÐ `  Ðshould€have€known€that€the€information€supporting€the€applicationÐ æ6 Ðwas€unconstitutionally€obtained.€€"òòLeonóó€requires€not€merely€goodÐ ¼  Ðfaith,€but€objective€good€faith."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòCurzióó,€867€F.2dÐ ’â Ð36,€44€(1st€Cir.€1989)€(citing€òòLeonóó,€468€U.S.€at€924).€€I€need€notÐ h¸ Ðquestion€the€subjective€good€faith€of€the€agents€who€searchedÐ >Ž ÐWinston's€house€in€order€to€conclude,€as€I€do,€that€it€would€notÐ d Ðhave€been€reasonable€for€them€to€believe€that€their€searches€wereÐ ê: Ðconstitutionally€permissible. ™Ý ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔBecause€we€find€no€serious€question€as€to€whether€Winston€actedÐ ° Ðvoluntarily,€we€see€no€need€to€remand€to€the€district€court€to€makeÐ †Ö Ðthis€determination.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòByramóó,€145€F.3d€405,€407Ð \¬ Ð(1st€Cir.€1998). QÝ ƒ„B$ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔOnce€Winston's€girlfriend€Ortiz€opened€the€door,€the€agents€ofÐ ° Ðcourse€knew€that€she€was€there,€but€Ortiz's€presence€did€not€makeÐ †Ö Ðthe€presence€of€dangerous€third€parties€more€likely.  d(J2B$¤¤Ý ƒîí!ÝÔ€X-NXXXÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€Ý ƒîí!ÝÔ€X/¾XXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€°±x°XX/¾ÔÑ€ÑÑ8€/¾XXdÖdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÙ*ƒ!ÙÔ€°â°°°±xÔà@‹ ‹ ìàÔ‡°â°°°âÔò òUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsˆÐ ° ÐÔ€„à „°°âÔà@ÈÈ ìàFor€the€First€Circuitó óÔ#†„à „„„à #ԈР„Ô ÐÌÔ€„Щ„„„à ÔÔ€X/¾X„„ЩÔßA€y) °°` dE<C ` AßÐ D ” ÐÌÌNo.€05„1312Ð ÿ O ÐÌà@ìàUNITED€STATES€OF€AMERICA,ˆÐ « û ÐÌà@””%ìàAppellant,ˆÐ W§  ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ S  ÐÌà@ ìàCHARLES€WINSTON,€JR.,ˆÐ ¯ÿ  ÐÌà@<< ìàDefendant,€Appellee.ˆÐ [« ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<Ü` AßÐ Ý- ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ  Ðà@0 0 ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSˆÐ ˜è ÐÌà@` ` ìà[Hon.€Michael€A.€Ponsor,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ D” ÐÌßA€y) °°` d³E<ï` AßÐ ð@ ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÐ Õ% ÐÌà@ìàTorruella,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,ˆÐ Ñ Ðà@@ @ ìàCyr€and€Stahl,€òòSenior€Circuit€Judgesóó.ˆÐ W§ ÐÌßA€y) °°` dE< ` AßÐ  S! ÐÌÓ  Óà  àòòJohn„Alex€Romanoóó,€Attorney,€Appellate€Section€CriminalÐ è 8# ÐDivision,€United€States€Department€of€Justice,€with€whom€òòMichael€J.Ð ¾!$ ÐSullivanóó,€United€States€Attorney,€òòAriane€D.€Vuonoóó€and€òòThomas€J.Ð ”"ä% ÐO'Connoróó,€Assistant€United€States€Attorneys,€were€on€brief,€forÐ j#º& Ðappellant.Ð @$' Ðà  àòòDavid€P.€Hooseóó,€with€whom€òòKatz,€Sasson,€Hoose€and€Turnbullóó,Ð %f ( Ðwas€on€brief,€for€appellee.Ð ì%