WPCz ܡ O麽x&P/c'@iw* ?yvB.gyJ$#vczf wͶ 6|])\a8L<ƙu;?|?fL=#H:nCʣ@\5%1Mj;cJ׬*fL]䆝5~$f7"šxѫJP8}sqV zs# iA ͽneoea}giGؽ|4$uMJUWƥ0B򝋰2)\,٘t|ĹFm<&qDy* ʺa H UZ"]ڸ?T }vX5 hz; eK"d\˚pH~LOVO>qe*"Zt??Ln̓OSKwLgBMxic3r(#0 % 0D 0GCU 8U: 0nTN5 UN7 U F N ^ b+ ^ 3 E? fA aC wW 4[ o ~ m J # s)wY"-0000000 B]KONICA MINOLTA 7085 Copy Room,,,,,,,,0X(#$  0  ($XXXX<4 9Z+ Courier New <6X9`("Courier NewTT(:2$ !Xa<XXX    = XXdd=    0  <6X9`("Courier NewTTXXx6X@DQX@<6X9`(CourierTTXXw6X@QX@vr Z6Times New Roman Regular<4 9Z+.Courier New RegularL:\JUDGES\Boudin\TEMPLATE\OPINIONS\ALDRICH.WPT- -zK7Z TABLE A\6 yfiles3|xU @ $XXXX  =XXdd=    4    _ԀThefivewitnessesincludedthefourwhotestifiedat  Portes'strialaswellasEduardoPerez.  $XXXX  =XXdd=    5    _ԀIndeed, XXXXԀ_Portes_Ԁhimself,inhisobjectiontothe_PSR_,stated  thattheamountofheroinattributabletohimshouldbeonlythat  associatedwith"thespecificoffensesthathewaschargedwithin \ theindictment."Theamountassociatedwiththosespecific 2 offensesconsistsofthe251.3gramsfoundintheBuickandthe X 14.5gramsfoundatOneWayneTerrace.#XXX X# i $XXXX  =XXdd=    2    _ԀNinedefendantswerechargedintheoriginalindictment,of  whomonly_Portes_ԀandJulioSantanawenttotrial. XXXXJorgeLuisDiaz  _Mejia_,Nelson_Marrero_Ԅ_Morrel_,Hector_Mena_ԄPerez,and_Elso_Ԁ_Valverde_#XXX Xq# \ pledguiltyand,asnoted,testifiedforthegovernmentattrial. 2 _Matos_,LuisAdolfoDiaz,and_Mayra_ԀLopezpledguiltybutwerenot X involvedinPortes'strial.SantanawastriedseparatelyinMarch . 1996forconspiracytopossesscocainebasewiththeintentto   distributeit,inviolationof21U.S.C.846,butthedistrict   courtdeclaredamistrialafterthejurywasunabletoreacha `  verdict.Followingasecondtrial,Santanawasconvictedonall 6   countsinApril1996,butwereversedhisconvictioninMay1999,  \  seeUnitedStatesv.Santana,175F.3d57(1stCir.1999).Santana  2  subsequentlypledguiltyinNovember1999.Atenthdefendant,    EduardoPerez,wasidentifiedfollowingthefilingoftheoriginal  indictment,chargedinthesecondsupersedingindictment,and  subsequentlyenteredaguiltyplea.  $XXXX  =XXdd=    6    _Ԁ XXXX_Portes_Ԁdidargueatsentencingthatthecooperating  witnesses'testimonyaboutthedrugquantitieswasunreliable,and  thatthedrugledgersalsowereunreliablebecausetheydidnot \ clearlydifferentiatebetweencocaineandheroinamounts.However, 2 evenifwewhollydisregardthatevidenceincalculatingtheamount X ofdrugs,the_uncontroverted_ԀamountsfoundintheBuickandatOne . WayneTerraceandpurchasedbytheundercoveragenttotalwellin   excessoftheonehundredgramsnecessarytoincreasethestatutory   maximumtofortyyears'imprisonment.#XXX X#    O $XXXX  =XXdd=    1    _ԀTheseformeremployeesalsowerechargedwithvariousdrug  offenses,butpledguiltyratherthangototrial.  $XXXX  =XXdd=    3    __Portes_Ԁdidnotrequestsuchaninstruction. ## u Xd# d !XXXX  _TRX3'X3' Letter3'Letter3'LetterT ? * ! X.bXXX 2X X.b     @_ hUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals Go 2  FortheFirstCircuit  @ Go XX @  A') ` dE< ` A   No.051691 K  @UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,  G  @&Appellee,   @tt)v. O  @ ROBERTO_PORTES_,A/K/AJUNIORDIAZPENA, K  @ Defendant,Appellant.  A') ` dE<R` A S   @@ APPEALFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT 8 FORTHEDISTRICTOFMASSACHUSETTS 4 @@  d[Hon.PattiB.Saris,U.S.DistrictJudge]d  A') ` dE<;` A < @'Before !q   @@((Lynch,CircuitJudge,  Selya,SeniorCircuitJudge,   andLipez,CircuitJudge. y! A') ` dE<!` A !K$        ` TinaSchneiderforappellant. "0&    ` HeidiE._Brieger_,AssistantUnitedStatesAttorney,with #' whomMichaelJ.Sullivan,UnitedStatesAttorney,wasonbrief,for $( appellee. b% ) *'ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,( dd ,( dd ,( dd +  '4#,'4#  SIH(#- 8@393658@SOctober11,2007 )n$/  RHC)D%0" 8@39365 8@ R(H(#1  (  * !  _ |-(4?  h  8  XXdd8    _  *,X` XX* ` LIPEZ,CircuitJudge .Followingaconvictionforvarious  chargesstemmingfromhisoperationofaheroindistribution N organization,appellantRoberto_Portes_Ԁchallengesthesentence J imposedbythedistrictcourt.Specifically,hecontendsthatthe   courtcommittederrorby(1)sentencinghimpursuanttoastatute R   withanincreasedstatutorymaximumonthebasisofadrugquantity  N  thatthejurydidnotfindbeyondareasonabledoubt,inviolation   of_Apprendi_v.NewJersey,530U.S.466(2000);and(2)treating V  theSentencingGuidelinesasmandatory,incontraventionofUnited R Statesv.Booker,543U.S.220(2005).Werejectbothclaims  theformerduetotheoverwhelmingandessentially_uncontroverted_ Z evidenceoftherequisitequantityofdrugs,andthelatterbecause V _Portes_Ԁhasfailedtodemonstrateareasonablelikelihoodthatthe  districtcourtwouldimposeadifferentsentenceunderanadvisory ^ Guidelinesregime.Consequently,weaffirm_Portes_'ssentence.  Z    I.   b A.FactualBackground  ~ !  ` In1994,theDrugEnforcementAdministration("DEA") F"# begananinvestigationofaheroindistributionorganizationthat #B% _Portes_Ԁoperated.Attrial,fourof_Portes_'sformeremployees % ' (JorgeLuisDiaz_Mejia_,Nelson_Marrero_Ԅ_Morrel_,Hector_Mena_ԄPerez, J'")  and_Elso_Ԁ_Valverde_),whohadagreedtocooperatewiththe (F$+ government,testifiedaboutthemechanicsoftheorganization. #  1      ׀   OneparticipantwoulddrivefromWorcester,MassachusettstoNew \ Yorkonceortwiceaweektoretrievedrugsfromacontactthere. X ThecashtopurchasethedrugswouldbetransportedtoNewYorkin   asecretcompartmentintheBuick;thedrugswouldbeplacedin `  thatcompartmentonthereturntrip.BackinWorcester,the  \  participantswouldweighandpackagetheheroinatvarious   locations,including_Portes_'sresidenceat47FlorenceStreet;a d  roomattheClarionSuitesHotelrentedinthenameofJuniorPena, `  oneof_Portes_'saliases;aspaceleasedatOneWayneTerrace;and   theresidenceofRodolfo_Matos_,anotherof_Portes_'semployees.Law h enforcementagents_surveilled_Ԁalltheselocationsatvarioustimes. d Theyalsorentedaroomacrossthehallfromtheroomatthe  ClarionSuitesHotel,fromwhichtheyobservedmostofthe l participantsintheconspiracyarrivingatandleavingtheroom, h sometimesputtingitemsintotheirpockets.   ` Thefourcooperatingwitnessestestifiedthat_Portes_ p  employedtheminprocessinganddistributingtheheroin.They !l" performedtaskssuchassealingenvelopescontainingheroin,using "$ apresstomakeoneouncetabletsofheroin,anddelivering t$&  packagesofherointocustomers._Mena_ԄPereztestifiedthat_Portes_  &p!( keptledgersrecordingtheamountofheroindeliveredtovarious  customersandtheamountofmoneythosecustomersowed. \   ` ADEAspecialagent,actinginanundercovercapacity, X arrangedtopurchaseheroinfrom_Matos_Ԁonfiveoccasions.On   January24,1995,theagentmet_Matos_Ԁat16_Svea_ԀStreetin `  Worcesterandpaidhim$7,400fortwoounces(55.1grams)ofheroin  \  inacompressed,tabletformwrappedinredandwhitepaperand   tape.OnFebruary23,theagentmet_Matos_Ԁat_Matos_'sresidencein d  Worcesterandpaidhim$11,400forthreeounces(84.3grams)of `  heroin.Priortothismeeting,_Matos_Ԁwentto_Portes_'sresidence;   shortlythereafter,_Marrero_ԄMoreland_Valverde_ԀwenttotheClarion h SuitesHotelforaboutfiveminutes,thenreturnedto_Portes_'s d residence._Matos_Ԁthenreturnedtohisownresidence.   ` OnMay2,theagentpurchasedtwoounces(55.7grams)of l heroinfrom_Matos_Ԁfor$7,600whiletheysatinawhiteBuick h LeSabre._Matos_Ԁretrievedtheheroinfromasecretcompartmentin  theglovecompartmentofthecar.Priortothistransaction,_Matos_ p  wentto_Portes_'sresidence,wherehemet_Portes_,_Mena_ԄPerez,and !l" RubenPerez.Afterexiting_Portes_'sresidence,_Matos_ԀandPerez "$ enteredtheBuick,whichwasparkedoutside,andPerezappearedto t$& "fiddle"withtheglovecompartmentarea.Perezthengotoutof  &p!( thecarand_Matos_ԀdrovetomeettheagentintheBuick. '#*  ` OnJune1,theagentmet_Matos_ԀattheAuburnMallin x)$, Worcesterandpaidhim$7,600fortwoounces(56.1grams)of $+t&. heroin.Atthattimetheagentindicatedthathewishedto  purchasealargerquantityofheroinforadiscountedprice. \ Subsequently,theagentand_Matos_Ԁnegotiatedoverthephoneforthe X saleofeightouncesofheroinfor$29,600.Diaz_Mejia_Ԁtestified   that,onAugust10,hesaw_Portes_Ԁwrappingandsealingnineone `  ouncetabletsofheroininsideOneWayneTerrace.Theplanned  \  transactionneveroccurredbecausemostofthedefendantswere   arrestedthatday.However,inexecutingsearchwarrants,law d  enforcementagentsseizednineounces(251.3grams)ofheroinfrom `  thehiddencompartmentoftheBuick.Theyalsoseizedalarge   quantityofdrugparaphernaliafromOneWayneTerrace,muchof h whichcontainedtraceamountsofheroin,andabagcontaining14.5 d gramsofheroininapowderedform.   B.ProceduralHistory  l  ` Thesecondsupersedingindictment,returnedonJune6, 4 1996,broughtvariouschargesrelatingtotheheroindistribution 0 organizationagainst_Portes_Ԁandhiscodefendants. #  2      ׀Threecounts   wererelevantto_Portes_.CountOnecharged_Portes_Ԁandvarious  otherswithconspiracytopossessheroinwithintenttodistribute, \ inviolationof21U.S.C.841(a)(1)and_ _Ԁ846.CountFour X charged_Portes_Ԁwiththepossessionofheroinwiththeintentto   distributeitonAugust10,1995,inconnectionwiththe"alleged `  heroinfoundatOneWayneTerrace,"inviolationof21U.S.C.  \  841(a)(1).CountFivecharged_Portes_Ԁwithpossession,andaiding   andabetting_Mena_ԄPerez'spossessionof,heroinonAugust10,1995, d  withtheintenttodistributeit,inconnectionwiththe"heroin `  allegedlyfoundinthewhiteBuickLeSabre,"inviolationof21   U.S.C.841(a)(1)and18U.S.C.2.Onthesethreecounts,the h indictmentdidnotincludeanyspecificallegationswithrespectto d thequantityofdrugsinvolved.   ` Attrial,thedistrictcourtdidnotinstructthejury l thatitmustfindanyspecificquantityofdrugs. #  3      ׀Indeed,its h instructionsstated:"Ifyoufindthatthematerialinvolvedis  heroin,beyondareasonabledoubt,youneednotbeconcernedabout p  thequantity."Thejuryreturnedaguiltyverdictonthethree !l" drugcountsrelatedto_Portes_. "$  ` ThePresentenceReport("_PSR_")statedthat_Portes_Ԁwas t$& responsibleforanamountofheroinbetweentenandthirty  &p!( kilograms,resultinginabaseoffenselevelofthirtysix.The  _PSR_Ԁaddedseveralenhancements:twolevelsforthegunfoundatOne \ WayneTerrace,under_U.S.S.G._Ԁ2D1.1(b)(1);fourlevelsbecause X _Portes_Ԁwasaleaderofacriminalactivityinvolvingfiveormore   participants,under_U.S.S.G._Ԁ3B1.1(a);andtwolevelsfor `  obstructingjusticedueto_Portes_'sthreatstocooperating  \  defendants,under_U.S.S.G._Ԁ3C1.1.Aftertotalingthese   enhancements,the_PSR_Ԁconcludedthat_Portes_Ԁwassubjecttothe d  maximumoffenseleveloffortythree.The_PSR_Ԁalsoestablishedthe `  sentencingrangeforeachoffense:atenyearmandatoryminimumand   astatutorymaximumoflifeimprisonmentonCountOne;amaximumof h twentyyears'imprisonmentonCountFour;andafiveyearmandatory d minimumandastatutorymaximumoffortyyearsonCountFive.   ` _Portes_Ԁobjectedtothedrugquantitystatedinthe_PSR_, l contendingthat,"baseduponthetestimonyatthetrial,itis h impossibletocalculatethequantityofheroinattributedtohimto  beintherangeof10kilograms."Hecontendedthattheonly p  heroinattributabletohimshouldbetheamountrelatedto"the !l" specificoffensesthathewaschargedwithintheindictment." "$  ` Priortosentencing_Portes_,thedistrictcourtconducted t$& afourdayevidentiaryhearing.Thegovernmentpresentedtestimony  &p!( fromfivecooperatingwitnesses, #  4      ׀whotestifiedregardingthe '#* amountofheroininvolvedin_Portes_'soffenses;andfromaDEA  specialagent,whotestifiedthat,basedonhisreviewofthedrug \ ledgers,thestatementsoftheninecooperatingdefendants,the X heroinseized,andtheheroinpurchased,theconspiracyinvolveda   totalof21,584gramsofheroin._Portes_Ԁcontestedthisdrug `  quantitycalculation,disputingthecredibilityofthegovernment's  \  cooperatingwitnessesastodrugquantityandarguingthatthe   amountinquestionwas"lessthantenkilograms." d   ` Thecourtconcludedthat_Portes_Ԁwasresponsibleformore `  thanthreekilogramsofheroin"beyondareasonabledoubt"andfor   seventoeightkilogramsofheroin"byapreponderanceofthe h evidence."Inmakingthesedeterminations,thecourtreliedonthe d heroinseizedfromOneWayneTerraceandtheBuick,theherointhat  _Matos_Ԁsoldtotheundercoveragent,andtheheroinlistedinthe l drugledgers(whichthecourtdiscountedsomewhatbecausethe h ledgersincludedentriesforcocaineaswellasheroin  transactions).Thecourtstatedthatitdidnotrelyonthe p  cooperatingwitnesses'testimonyinmakingthesedeterminations. !l" Basedonthisdrugquantity,thecourtdeterminedthat_Portes_'s "$ baseoffenselevelwasthirtyfour;afterapplyingtheenhancements t$& describedinthe_PSR_,histotaloffenselevelwasfortytwo.It  &p!( thensentencedhimtothirtyyears'imprisonmentonCountsOneand '#* Fiveandtwentyyears'imprisonmentonCountFour,tobeserved x)$, concurrently.Italsosentenced_Portes_Ԁtofiveyearsofsupervised $+t&. releaseoneachcount,tobeservedconcurrently,andorderedhim  topaya$1millionfine._Portes_Ԁnowappealsthissentence. \    II. X QI ` _Portes_Ԁraisestwoclaimsonappeal.First,heargues   thatthedistrictcourt'srelianceondrugquantitiesthatwerenot |  foundbyajurybeyondareasonabledoubtviolated_Apprendi_v. New ( x  Jersey,530U.S.466(2000).Second,hecontendsthatthedistrict $  courttreatedtheSentencingGuidelinesasmandatory,inviolation   of UnitedStatesv.Booker,543U.S.220(2005) . ,|  A._Apprendi_Error D  ` In_Apprendi_,theSupremeCourtheldthat [_o]ther_Ԁthan   thefactofapriorconviction,anyfactthatincreasesthepenalty h foracrimebeyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximummustbe d submittedtoajury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt.530  U.S.at490._Portes_Ԁwasconvictedandsentencedfouryearsprior l tothisdecision.Hedidnotchallengethegrandjurysfailureto h chargeaspecificdrugquantityintheindictment,nordidhe   challengethedistrictcourtsfailuretosubmittheissueofdrug p!" quantitytothejurytodecidebeyondareasonabledoubt.At #l$ sentencing,heobjectedtothequantityofdrugsthedistrictcourt $ & usedinitscalculation. t&!(  ` Wehaveheldthatmerelyobjectingtothequantityof  (p#* drugsisinsufficienttopreservean_Apprendi_claim.UnitedStates )%, v.Terry,240F.3d65,7273&n.7(1stCir.2001);UnitedStates x+&. v._LaFreniere_,236F.3d41,48(1stCir.2001).Thus,wereview  _Portes_'s_Apprendi_claimforplainerrorunderFederalRuleof \ CriminalProcedure52(b).Undersuchreview, theremustbe(1) X error,(2)thatisplain,and(3)thataffectssubstantial   rights.UnitedStatesv.Cotton,535U.S.625,631(2002) `  (quotingJohnsonv.UnitedStates,520U.S.461,46667(1997)  \  (internalquotationmarksomitted)).Ifsuchanerrorhas   occurred,wemaythen exercise[our]discretiontonoticea d  forfeitederror,butonlyif...theerrorseriouslyaffectsthe `  fairness,integrity,orpublicreputationofjudicial   proceedings.Id.(quotingJohnson,520U.S.at467).  h  ` Thepunishmentforaviolationof21U.S.C. 841(a)and d _ _Ԁ846variesinrelationtothequantityofcontrolledsubstance , involvedintheviolation.Iftheviolationinvolvedmorethanone  kilogramofheroin,thesentencingexposureistenyearstolife 4 imprisonment.Id.841(b)(1)(A).Iftheviolationinvolvedmore 0 thanonehundredgramsofheroin,thestatuteprovidesamandatory   minimumoffiveyearsimprisonmentandamaximumoffortyyears 8!" imprisonment.Forallotherquantitiesofheroin,the default "4$ provisionestablishesastatutorymaximumoftwentyyears $& imprisonment.Id.841(b)(1)_(C_). <&!(  ` Thedistrictcourtsentenced_Portes_Ԁtothirtyyears '8#* imprisonment.However,noneofthethreeheroincountsinthe )$, indictmentincludedaspecificallegationofdrugquantity. @+&. Consequently,thejurywasnotaskedtofindanyspecificquantity  ofheroin,leaving_Portes_Ԁsubject,onthebasisofthejury \ verdict,onlytothe defaultstatutorymaximumsentenceoftwenty X years.Asthegovernmentcorrectlyconcedes,thisomissionmeets   thefirsttwoprongsofplainerrorreview:therewasanerrorin `  formulating_Portes_'ssentence,andthaterrorwasobviousinlight  \  of_Apprendi_.SeeCotton,535U.S.at632.    ` Weneednotdecidewhetherthiserroraffected_Portes_'s d  substantialrightsunderthethirdprongofplainerrorreview `  because,inanyevent,theerrordidnotseriouslyaffectthe   fairness,integrity,orpublicreputationofthejudicial h proceedings.ThiscaseisstrikinglysimilartotheSupreme d Court'sdecisioninCotton.There,thedefendantschallengedtheir  sentencesonthegroundthattheindictmentchargingthemwith l conspiracytopossesscocainebasewithintenttodistributedid h notallegethethresholddrugquantitynecessarytoapplyan  enhancedstatutorypenalty.Id.at628.Althoughthedefendants p  thusshouldhavebeensubjecttoa defaulttwentyyearstatutory !l" maximum,thedistrictcourtsentencedthemtothirtyyears "$ imprisonmentbecauseevidenceintroducedattrialdemonstratedthat t$& theconspiracyinvolvedasufficientquantityofcocainebaseto  &p!( qualifyforanincreasedmaximum.Id.Thedefendantsdidnot '#* objectattrialoratsentencingtothelackofaspecific x)$, allegationofdrugquantity.Id. $+t&.  ` Applyingplainerrorreview,theSupremeCourtexplained  that,"evenassuming[defendants']substantialrightswere \ affected,theerrordidnotseriouslyaffectthefairness, X integrityorpublicreputationofjudicialproceedings."Id.at   63233.TheCourtupheldthesentenceonthegroundthatthe `  evidencethatthedrugquantityexceededthelevelrequiredfor  \  enhancementwas overwhelmingand essentially_uncontroverted_,   explainingthat [_s]urely_Ԁthegrandjury,havingfoundthe d  conspiracyexisted,wouldhavealsofoundthattheconspiracy `  involvedtherequisitedrugquantity.dId.at633;seealsoUnited   Statesv.Terry,240F.3d65,7475(1stCir.2001)(holding,inthe h alternative,thatthefailuretochargetherelevantdrug d quantitiesintheindictmentwasnotplainerrorwherethe  "uncontestedtestimonyofaDEAchemistattrialestablishedthe l quantitiesandtypesofthedrugs"dand"[_t]here_Ԁisnoquestionthat h thepetitjuryinthiscasewouldhavefound[thedefendant's]  offensestoinvolve"therequisiteamountforanincreased p  statutorymaximum). !l"  ` AsinCotton,theevidenceregardingthedrugquantity "$ forwhich_Portes_Ԁwasresponsiblewas"overwhelming"and t$& "essentially_uncontroverted_."Considerableevidencesupportedthe  &p!( factthatmorethanonehundredgramsofheroin(theamount '#* necessarytoincreasethemaximumsentencetofortyyearsunder x)$, 841(b)(1)(B))wereinvolvedineachoftherelevantcharges.With $+t&. respecttoCountFive,therewasnodisputethattheBuick  contained251.3gramsofheroin.Withrespecttotheconspiracy \ charge,thetotalamountofherointhattheagentpurchasedfrom X _Matos_ԀandtheheroinseizedfromtheBuickandOneWayneTerrace   undisputedlytotaledoverfivehundredgrams.Indeed,thedrug `  ledgersintroducedintoevidenceattrialandthecooperating  \  witnessestestimonyindicatedthatthetotalamountofheroinin   factwasoveronekilogram,whichwouldhaveraisedthemaximum d  sentencetolifeimprisonmentunder841(b)(1)(A). `   ` Although_Portes_Ԁactivelychallengedthegovernment'scase   againsthim,hefocusedonwhetherhecommittedtheoffensesand h notonthedrugquantitiesatissue.Forexample,_Portes_Ԁargued d thathewasnotinvolvedinthedrugtransactionsandthatthe  Buickwasnothis.However,hedidnotcontendthattheheroin l foundintheBuickandatOneWayneTerraceweighedlessthanthe h governmentclaimed. #  5      ׀Wethusthinkthatthesituationhereis  analogoustoCotton.Giventhatthejuryfound_Portes_Ԁguiltyof p   thechargedoffenses,italsowouldhavefoundthathiscrimes !l" involvedthe_uncontroverted_ԀdrugamountsfoundintheBuickandat  OneWayneTerraceandpurchasedbytheundercoveragent. #  6       \   ` Thus,thecourt'srelianceonthisdrugquantityin X sentencingdidnotimpairthefairness,integrity,orpublic   reputationofthejudicialproceedings.Wethereforeconcludethat `  therewasnoplainerrorinthedistrictcourt'sdecisionto  \  sentence_Portes_Ԁtothirtyyears'imprisonment.    B.BookerError  d   ` _Portes_Ԁalsocontendsthat,bysentencinghimundera ,|  mandatorySentencingGuidelinesregime,thedistrictcourtviolated ( Booker,543U.S.220,whichheldthattheSentencingGuidelinesare  advisoryratherthanmandatory.Topreservethisclaimforappeal, 0 adefendantmusthaveraisedandarguederrorunder_Apprendi_,530 , U.S.466,or_Blakely_v.Washington,542U.S.296(2004),or  challengedtheconstitutionalityofamandatoryGuidelinesregime. 4 UnitedStatesv._Antonakopoulos_,399F.3d68,76(1stCir.2005). 0 _Portes_Ԁraisednoneoftheseargumentsbeforethedistrictcourt,    andsowereviewhisclaimforplainerror.Id. 8!" @      ` Wehaveheldthatadefendanthasmetthefirsttwo   prongsofplainerrorreviewif,ashere,thedistrictcourt \ treatedtheGuidelinesasmandatoryratherthanadvisory. X _Antonakopoulos_,399F.3dat75.However,_Portes_Ԁhasfailedtomeet   thethirdprongofplainerrorreviewbydemonstratingthatthis `  erroraffectedhissubstantialrights.SeeJohnson,520U.S.at  \  46667.Thisprongplacestheburdenonadefendantalleginga   Bookererrorto"pointtocircumstancescreatingareasonable d  probabilitythatthedistrictcourtwouldimposeadifferent `  sentencemorefavorabletothedefendantunderthenew'advisory   Guidelines'Bookerregime."_Antonakopoulos_,399F.3dat75. h _Portes_Ԁhasallegednosuchcircumstances.Nothingintherecord d indicatesthatthedistrictcourtwastroubledbythesentenceit  imposedorthatitwouldhaveimposedalowersentenceifthe l Guidelineshadbeenadvisoryatthattime.Indeed,_Portes_'sBooker h claimrestslargelyonhis_Apprendi_claimthatthecourtplainly  erredinsentencinghimabovethe"default"statutorymaximum. p  Sincewehaveruledagainsthimonthatclaim,therecordisdevoid !l" ofanythingsuggestinga"reasonableprobability"thatthedistrict "$ courtwouldimposeasentencemorefavorableto_Portes_.Thus,we t$& findnoplainerrorinthedistrictcourt'sapplicationofa  &p!( mandatoryGuidelinessentencingscheme. '#*    & t III.  x)$, Ё ` Forthe_aformentioned_'tx)܁Ԁreasons,we affirm _Portes_'s @+&. sentence.   ` So_ordered.  \  `    _