ÿWPCï) „ zÖƒf.™ç±‰ÇÅ®düy©ç†A7Êø~Çúð`­"ü³fCwFI3"Ìu3úæ³—óänÞ+Æ¥W'ÓÛZ£Ž“!Tì½Õ.ŽÑ‹ì0Ž}¿ÓçëX"{~RÊ\æïÙwÚÔWva÷Ÿeþý¥Ù{±ë4Á„_“ 6U¡jËaÇ; ŽxŽåOúG‹µ[âT¬ççýgÖÝ" ïzd‚7{=Øi°YªN°TÛëmcß‘øÿðTNÄŸ`@–²»÷ ‡,/\1çÄ8Ù1Ä qжBh$k †“ÙÌV°\Åÿ‪lâ¾¥|ʦB ~cµhw’ AµO/.Ðñ{Z;ïw’Ú^¡hÀM|;«óÞ¦i ÜÿÜUšk¯L~ö ‚g–F(«ô÷žÐÅë|f)Sk‡so¨/#ÇX*—¼-ÜbïG_˜o~˜È™5£ °¼|¼¢Ž~àlç"øXzŒ¿–ÈzCW6"qÞÒ[‰l Š#˜ z£+$7 ›O>1üÙ ¡ÛÉ>«&P!»ÈäïE'h§voçUª3ª²€ávûϼ2úüíÐ_F$}Eì ªâ’THûâ?‰¯àå•ï I¤þ¦ø·rfz‹†¼èݤ(Çb#É\ %% 0 D+ 0Go U:¶ 0 ¨ð U8˜ nTÐ N$ UN& UFt ʺ N„^†UBäb&E.f0a2U>F^ „w4”¨· m¹ÐÐÑH¡éÿÿÿÿÞ‘!o%Š' Bš(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(š(8·(·(˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 5eÈÇ,,,,ÈÇ0X(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó($¡¡Ô€Xœ·XXXÔ<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT(F:2£ì$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÔ€XQ¨XXXÔÝ  ÝÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó<4šÛ 9Z+‹ Courier New «<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉDQX@<þ6X9`(CourierTTXXwþ6X@ÉüQX@(ÎáA Z‹6Times New Roman Regular´¾½Q 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular TZANNOSTzannasTabakDeJuneasPasqualeRussolillothat thatid.at DBA ha[d t]heDessesaureaffiantperjuriousPaulie govsRoviaroScherQuarlesGruazenforcementsTauro a]taffiantsa]fterA]ccordingt]heresuggest[edAhearnDeStefanoMcParlandValerio Heya"nongovernmentalSouthardw]hatw]herel]ikewisenondisclosureMcCrayGenaocompromis[ingmak[eRaddatzBarone id'dc]ourt I]fL:\JUDGES\Boudin\TEMPLATE\OPINIONS\ALDRICH.WPT<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi- ù-øÀTABLE A´è\( 9Z+&Courier Regularô5ó Z56Xy File3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ÷Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àThat€the€government€requested€the€entry€of€theÐ ° Ðsuppression€order€„„€after€its€procedural€offer€was€rejected€„„Ð †Ö Ðdoes€not€affect€our€analysis.€€The€district€court€made€clear€thatÐ \¬ Ðit€intended€to€go€forward€with€the€procedure€it€devised,€€and€itÐ 2‚ Ðalso€made€clear€that€if€each€of€the€three€individuals€identified€byÐ X ÐTzannos€as€the€only€callers€to€the€6114€line€on€August€25€were€toÐ Þ. Ðtestify€that€he€was€not€the€informant,€or€if€the€government€were€toÐ ´  Ðrefuse€to€participate€in€the€procedure,€the€consequence€would€beÐ Š Ú Ðsuppression.€€The€government's€request€merely€allowed€the€courtÐ ` ° Ðmore€quickly€to€reach€what€the€court€had€already€declared€to€be€aÐ 6 †  Ðforegone€conclusion. ÆÝ ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àIt€appears€that€the€police€searched€Tzannos's€entireÐ ° Ðresidence,€not€just€the€third€floor;€indeed,€Russolillo's€affidavitÐ †Ö Ðdescribed€381€Winthrop€Street€as€"a€one€family,€three€story,€woodÐ \¬ Ðstructure,€white€siding€with€black€shutters."ò òó ó >Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ‡ XOhXXXOhÔThe€district€court€stated:€€"I€don't€think€I€have€to€findÐ ° Ðthat€[Russolillo]€lied.€€I€can€find€that€none€of€those€three€peopleÐ †Ö Ðis€the€confidential€informant€and€that€no€other€calls€were€madeÐ \¬ Ðthat€day€and€that,€therefore,€there€is€no€basis€for€whatever€it€wasÐ 2‚ Ðand€then€I€am€going€to€suppress€it."€€ò òó óThe€court€did€not€state€thatÐ X Ðif€Tzannos€did€not€show€that€Russolillo€lied,€then€he€at€leastÐ Þ. Ðneeded€to€show€that€Russolillo€acted€with€a€reckless€disregard€forÐ ´  Ðtruth.€Ô#†XOhXX XOhœ#Ô Ñ ° Ñ †Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àAt€the€òòFranksóó€hearing€itself,€however,€the€court€providedÐ ° Ða€retrospective€account€of€its€reasons€for€granting€the€hearing:Ð †Ö ÐÌà8  àà ` àWe€have€a€record€of€people€testifying€.€.€.€theÐ 2‚ Ðconversations€did€not€take€place€at€a€particular€time.€Ð X ÐThat€is€sufficient€evidence€to€trigger€a€òòFranksóó€hearing.€Ð Þ. ÐIt€isn't€like€the€defendant€is€just€pulling€something€outÐ ´  Ðof€the€clouds.Њ ÚÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àWe€have€people€who€have€stated€under€oath€certainÐ ` ° Ðfacts.€€And€what€I€want€to€do€is€to€have€them€say€it€onÐ 6 †  Ðthe€witness€stand....€ò òó ó øÝ ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ‡ XOhXXXOhÔUnlike€òòRoviaroóó,€the€issue€here€is€not€the€suppression€ofÐ ° Ðthe€informant's€testimony,€but€rather€the€suppression€of€the€fruitsÐ †Ö Ðof€the€search€pursuant€to€a€warrant€issued€by€a€state€court€judgeÐ \¬ Ðand€presumed€to€be€valid.Ô#†XOhXX XOhœ#Ô ÔÝ ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àEven€the€tape€on€which€Tzannos€largely€relies€appears€toÐ ° Ðhave€some€technical€problems.€€For€example,€according€to€theÐ †Ö Ðtranscript,€the€tape€has€a€two„line€conversation€between€twoÐ \¬ Ðunidentified€individuals,€in€which€the€name€"Dahlia"€is€mentioned:Ð 2‚ ÐÌà8  àF:à ` àHeya.€€[inaudible].€€I€[inaudible].€€I€ain'tÐ Þ. Ð[inaudible]€that's€bad€luck.€€C€and€Dahlia.д Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àF2:à ` àDahlia.Ð` °Ð Ð  ÐÌNothing€in€the€record€explains€who€took€part€in€this€conversation,Ð  \  Ðwhat€the€conversation€was€about,€and€whether€the€conversation€wasÐ â 2  Ðactually€only€two„lines€long€or€whether€it€was€recorded€over€or€cutÐ ¸  Ðoff. Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ‡ XOhXXXOhÔThe€government€does€not€appeal€from€the€court's€rejectionÐ ° Ðof€its€initial€proposal€to€have€an€evidentiary€hearing,€ex€parteÐ †Ö Ðand€in€camera,€in€which€it€would,€inter€alia,€call€Russolillo€toÐ \¬ Ðtestify€to€the€truth€of€his€affidavit€and€to€identify€CI„1.Ô#†XOhXX XOhœ#Ô Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àThe€gender€of€the€confidential€informant€was€unspecified;Ð ° Ðfor€convenience€we€use€"he." d .Ý ƒ£ì$ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÓ  Óà  àÓÓòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡aXOhXXXOhÔà ` àOf€the€Northern€District€of€Florida,€sitting€byÐ ° Ðdesignation.Ô#†XOhXXaXOh#ÔÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€XOhXXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRXÜ3Ø'Xà3Ø' Letter3Ø'Letterÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÑ ? ÑÙ*ƒ !ÙÔ€ X³–XXXOhÔÔ€ °~&°X X³–Ôò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÑ€OYÑUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsÔ€ „Ü«„° °~&ÔÐ ° ÐFor€the€First€Circuitó óÔ€ „êä„„ „Ü«ÔÔ€ XOhX„ „êäÔÐ „Ô ÐÓÓÌÌßA€') °°` dE< ` AßÐ  à ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌNo.€05„2689Ð K › ÐÌà@ìàUNITED€STATES€OF€AMERICA,ˆÐ ÷ G  ÐÌà@””%ìàAppellant,ˆÐ £ó  ÐÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÐ OŸ  ÐÌà@` ` ìàGREGORY€F.€TZANNOS,€a/k/a€Gregory€F.€Tzannas,ˆÐ ûK  ÐÌà@<< ìàDefendant,€Appellee.ˆÐ §÷ ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<R` AßÐ S£ ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ 8ˆ ÐÓ  ÓFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€MASSACHUSETTSÐ ^ ÐÌà@@ìì*ìà[Honorable€Joseph€L.€Tauro,€òòU.S.€District€Judgeóó]Ð º  ÐÌßA€') °°` dE<e` AßÐ f¶ ÐÌà@@„„'ìàBeforeÐ K› ÐÌà@@((ìà€Lynch€and€Howard,€òòCircuit€Judgesóó,Ð ÷G Ðand€Stafford,׃`×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòSenior€District€Judgeóó.Ð Í ÐÌÌßA€') °°` dE<N ` AßÐ O Ÿ" ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àòòÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔMichael€L.€Tabakóó,€Assistant€United€States€Attorney,€with€whomÐ 4!„$ ÐMichael€J.€Sullivan,€United€States€Attorney,€was€on€brief,€forÐ  "Z% Ðappellant.Ð à"0& Ðà  àòòRichard€M.€Egbertóó,€with€whom€òòPatricia€A.€DeJuneasóó€and€òòLawÐ ¶#' ÐOffices€of€Richard€M.€Egbert,€P.C.óó,€were€on€brief,€for€appellee.Ô#† XOhXXXOh#ÔÐ Œ$Ü( ÐÌÌÔ*‹ƒ'ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ,( dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ '^"+'^" ‹‹ÐÓÓÐ SIr'Â", Àã@38950„„‰Àã@‰‹‹SÐÔ_ÔÌAugust€22,€2006Ð H(˜#. ÐÔ_ÔÐ RHC)n$/" Àã@38950 Àã@ ‹‹RÐÐ(r'Â"0  (ÐÓ  ÓÙ* !ÙòòÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÓ  ÓóóÐ  $*t%0? ÐÔ#† XOhXXXOh7 #ÔÓV ÓÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÓÓÑ8€OhXXdÖdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*ÓÓ=€OhXÐXdÐd=Óà ` àò òòòóóLYNCH,€òòCircuit€Judgeó óóó.€€This€is€the€government's€appealÐ ° Ðfrom€a€district€court's€suppression€order.Ð xÈ Ðà ` àThe€district€court€suppressed€evidence,€seized€pursuantÐ $t Ðto€a€state€court€warrant,€based€on€the€defendant's€allegations€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€affidavit€by€a€state€trooper€in€support€of€the€warrantÐ | Ì Ðapplication€contained€material€misrepresentations.€€In€essence,Ð ( x  Ðdefendant€argued,€the€affidavit€referred€to€a€confidentialÐ Ô$  Ðinformant€who€did€not€exist.Ð €Ð  Ðà ` àOver€the€government's€objections€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ,|  Ðnot€made€the€"substantial€preliminary€showing"€required€for€aÐ Ø( Ðhearing€under€òòFranksóó€v.€òòDelawareóó,€438€U.S.€154,€155„56€(1978),òòóó€theÐ „Ô Ðdistrict€court€convened€a€hearing.€€The€court€appeared€to€acceptÐ 0€ Ðthe€defendant's€representations,€and€it€rejected€the€government'sÐ Ü, Ðrequest€that€it€consider€contrary€information,€which€the€governmentÐ ˆØ Ðhad€sought€to€present€ex€parte€and€in€camera€based€on€itsÐ 4„ Ðrepresentation€that€doing€otherwise€would€endanger€the€informant'sÐ à0 Ðlife.€€Without€making€specific€findings€under€òòFranksóó,€the€districtÐ ŒÜ  Ðcourt€granted€the€motion€to€suppress.€€We€reverse€and€remand€withÐ 8!ˆ" Ðinstructions€to€deny€the€motion€to€suppress.Ð ä"4$ ÐÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÓ  ÓI.Ð $à& ÐÓÒÓòòóóA.à ` àòòThe€State€Search€Warrant€AffidavitóóÐ <&Œ!( Ðà ` àOn€August€28,€2003,€Massachusetts€State€Trooper€PasqualeÐ è'8#* ÐRussolillo€submitted€an€application€for€a€search€warrant€to€aÐ ”)ä$, Ðmagistrate€in€a€state€district€court€in€East€Boston,€Massachusetts.€Ð @+&. Ðò òó óRussolillo€included€a€fourteen„page€affidavit€in€support€of€theÐ ° Ðapplication.€€ò òó óThe€affidavit€made€the€following€assertions:€Ð \¬ Ðà ` àRussolillo€and€another€state€trooper€knew€Gregory€TzannosÐ X Ðto€be€involved€in€the€bookmaking€business€from€information€fromÐ ´  Ðpast€investigations€"coupled€with€intelligence€from€otherÐ ` ° Ðinformants"€as€well€as€from€the€confidential€informant€central€toÐ  \  Ðthis€case.€€ò òó óIn€early€July€of€2003,€Russolillo€and€another€stateÐ ¸  Ðtrooper€spoke€to€the€confidential€informant,€"CI„1."€€€CI„1€agreedÐ d´  Ðto€provide€information€to€the€troopers€only€if€hisØØ×ƒ&×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€identity€wasÐ `  Ðnot€revealed.Ô#† XOhXXXOh³#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔò òó óÐ ¼  ÐÔ#† XOhXXXOhõ#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔà ` àCI„1€told€the€troopers€that€he€was€placing€illegal€betsÐ h¸ Ðon€sporting€events€with€Gregory€Tzannos€via€telephone.€€ò òó óTheÐ d Ðinformant€said€he€had€placed€the€bets€by€calling€(617)€567„6114Ð À Ð("the€6114€line")€and€by€speaking€to€Tzannos€directly.€€ò òó óTheÐ l¼ Ðofficers€subpoenaed€the€telephone€company€and€discovered€that€thatÐ h Ðnumber€belonged€to€Tzannos€and€that€it€was€unpublished.ò òó óÐ Ä Ðà ` àThey€also€discovered€via€subpoena€that€calls€to€the€6114Ð pÀ  Ðline€had€been€forwarded€to€a€separate€number,€(617)€846„6630,€onÐ !l" Ðseveral€days€in€August.€€ò òó óThis€was€significant€because€bookmakersÐ È"$ Ðoften€used€call€forwarding€to€disguise€the€location€of€theirÐ t$Ä& Ðoperations.€ò ò€ó óThe€officers€discovered€that€the€second€phone€number,Ð  &p!( Ð(617)€846„6630,€was€registered€to€a€corporation,€DBA:€AmericanÐ è'8#* ÐEagle€Purchasing€Agents,€at€381€Winthrop€Street,€Winthrop,Ð ° ÐMassachusetts.€€ò òó óThe€person€listed€in€state€records€as€theÐ \¬ Ðcorporation's€treasurer€and€registered€agent€was€Tzannos,€who€wasÐ X Ðalso€listed€on€the€telephone€bill.ò òó ó€Ô#† XOhXXXOhR#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÐ ´  Ðà ` àRussolillo€spoke€to€CI„1€on€August€18€and€was€told€thatÐ ` ° ÐCI„1€had€placed€"several€wagers"€with€Tzannos€over€the€6114€line€onÐ  \  ÐAugust€16€and€17.€€ò òó óOn€August€20,€another€officer€spoke€to€CI„1€andÐ ¸  Ðwas€told€that€CI„1€had€placed€another€bet€with€Tzannos€that€day,Ð d´  Ðagain€on€the€6114€line.€€Ô#† XOhXXXOhÁ#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔTroopers€subsequently€conductedÐ `  Ðsurveillance€at€381€Winthrop€Street€and,€on€several€separate€days,Ð ¼  Ðobserved€vehicles€registered€to€a€Linda€Wagner;€this€wasÐ h¸ Ðsignificant€because€CI„1€had€told€police€that€Tzannos€had€aÐ d Ðgirlfriend€named€"Linda."Ô#† XOhXXXOh“ #ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÐ À Ðà ` àThe€affidavit€recounted€that€on€August€25,€2003,€CI„1€andÐ l¼ ÐRussolillo€placed€a€"controlled€call"€to€Tzannos€on€the€6114€line.€ò òó óÐ h ÐThis€allegation€is€key€to€Tzannos's€later€òòFranksóó€motion.€€TheÐ Ä Ðaffidavit€explained€that€in€a€controlled€call,€the€police€officerÐ pÀ  Ðdials€the€number,€waits€until€the€target€of€the€investigationÐ !l" Ðanswers,€hands€the€phone€to€the€informant,€and€then€watches€as€theÐ È"$ Ðinformant€speaks€to€the€target.€€CI„1€told€Russolillo€that€TzannosÐ t$Ä& Ðwas€the€person€who€answered€the€phone€during€the€controlled€call,Ð  &p!( Ðand€that€Tzannos€proceeded€to€give€a€rundown€of€the€day's€bettingÐ Ì'#* Ðâ âlines€for€baseball.ò òÔ#† XOhXXXOh"#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔó óÐ x)È$, Ðà ` àRussolillo's€affidavit€stated€that€CI„1€had€providedÐ ° Ðâ âinformation€to€Russolillo€and€other€troopers€in€the€past,€and€theÐ \¬ Ðinformation€"has€proven€to€be€reliable€and€true."€€ò òó óIt€said€theÐ X Ðtroopers€had€known€CI„1€for€more€than€two€years€and€that€they€knewÐ ´  Ðhis€identity€and€address.€€ò òó óThe€affidavit€also€gave€extensiveÐ ` ° Ðdetails€on€CI„1's€past€cooperation,€stating,€for€example,€that€CI„1Ð  \  Ðhad€identified€various€bookmakers€and€their€identities€andÐ ¸  Ðtelephone€numbers,€that€all€of€the€information€had€beenÐ d´  Ðcorroborated€by€subsequent€investigation,€and€that€past€informationÐ `  Ðfrom€CI„1€had€led€to€the€arrest,€prosecution,€and€conviction€ofÐ ¼  Ðthree€men€for€gaming€violations.€€ò òó óThe€affidavit€stated€that€CI„1Ð h¸ Ðhad€also€provided€general€intelligence€information€regarding€otherÐ d Ðcriminal€matters,€but€that€the€affiant€could€not€detail€theÐ À Ðparticulars€of€these€cases,€because€doing€so€would€compromise€theÐ l¼ Ðanonymity€of€the€informant,€making€him€"susceptible€to€physicalÐ h Ðharm€and/or€retribution."€€ò òó óIt€explained€that€Russolillo€hadÐ Ä Ð"learned€that€traditional€organized€crime€families€(such€as€La€CosaÐ pÀ  ÐNostra€or€the€Mafia)€and€other€organized€crime€groups€(such€as€theÐ !l" ÐWinter€Hill€Gang)€in€the€Boston€area€have€been€heavily€involved€inÐ È"$ Ðillegal€gaming€and€bookmaking€and€have€maintained€a€significantÐ t$Ä& Ðdegree€of€control€over€organized€bookmaking€operations."Ô#† XOhXXXOhŸ%#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔò òó óÐ  &p!( ÐÓÓB.à ` àòòThe€State€Search€Warrant,€the€Search,€and€the€Federal€Ð Ì'#* Ðà0 ` àIndictmentТ(ò#+` (#` (# ÐÌóóÓ"-Óà ` àThe€affidavit€asserted€that€CI„1's€information,€combinedÐ N*ž%- Ðwith€the€officers'€investigation,€sufficed€to€create€probable€causeÐ ú+J'/ Ðto€believe€that€Tzannos€was€violating€state€laws€forbidding€certainÐ ° Ðgaming€activities,€òòseeóó€Mass.€Gen.€Laws€ch.€271,€ðððð17„17A,€and€wasÐ \¬ Ðdoing€so€from€the€building€at€381€Winthrop€Street.€€It€sought€aÐ X Ðwarrant€to€search€that€address.€€ò òó óThe€magistrate€agreed€and€issuedÐ ´  Ðthe€warrant.€€Massachusetts€state€police€executed€the€warrant€onÐ ` ° ÐAugust€28,€2003,€and€found€a€fully€equipped€gaming€office.€Ð  \  ÐOfficers€seized€gaming€records,€$10,200€in€cash,€and€tape€recordersÐ ¸  Ðand€tapes€that€had€been€used€to€record€conversations€withÐ d´  Ðcustomers.€€ò òó óIn€addition,€police€found€and€seized€a€loaded€pistol,Ð `  Ðtwo€loaded€revolvers,€a€sawed„off€shotgun,€various€types€ofÐ ¼  Ðammunition,€three€switchblade€knives,€a€pair€of€brass€knuckles,€andÐ h¸ Ða€blowgun€with€needles.ò òó óÐ d Ðà ` àOn€June€30,€2004,€a€€federal€grand€jury€indicted€TzannosÐ À Ðon€charges€of€violating€18€U.S.C.€ðð922(g)(1),€which€prohibitsÐ l¼ Ðpossession€of€firearms€by€convicted€felons.€€ò òó óThe€indictment€statedÐ h Ðthat€the€offense€"involved€three€to€seven€firearms"€and€thatÐ Ä ÐTzannos€possessed€at€least€one€of€the€firearms€and€at€least€oneÐ pÀ  Ðpiece€of€ammunition€"in€connection€with€another€felony€offense,€toÐ !l" Ðwit:€occupying€a€place€for€registering€bets€in€violation€of€Mass.Ð È"$ ÐGen.€Laws[]€ch.€271,€ðð€17,€a€Massachusetts€offense€punishable€byÐ t$Ä& Ðimprisonment€for€a€term€exceeding€one€year."ò ò€Ð  &p!( Ðó óC.à ` àòòThe€óóFranksòò€Hearing€and€the€Suppression€Orderóóò òÐ è'8#* Ðó óà ` àOn€February€15,€2005,€Tzannos€asked€the€district€court€toÐ ”)ä$, Ðconduct€a€òòFranksóó€hearing€so€that€he€could€challenge€"the€accuracyÐ @+&. Ðand€truthfulness€of€the€affidavit."€€ò òó óIn€his€motion€papers,€TzannosÐ ° Ðargued€that€the€affidavit€had€to€be€untruthful€because€(1)Ð \¬ ÐRussolillo€swore€that€the€informant€placed€calls€to€the€6114€lineÐ X Ðon€four€particular€days,€August€16,€17,€20,€and€25,€and€spoke€toÐ ´  ÐTzannos€on€each€of€those€days,€(2)€the€defense€identified€each€andÐ ` ° Ðevery€caller€to€that€number€on€those€days€and€"ha[d]€documentationÐ  \  Ðto€back€it€up,"€and€(3)€each€and€every€one€of€those€callers€hadÐ ¸  Ðsigned€a€statement€denying€under€oath€that€he€or€she€was€theÐ d´  Ðinformant.€€ò òó óÔ#† XOhXXXOhè,#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔTzannos€argued€that€"[t]he€only€logical€conclusion€thatÐ `  Ðone€could€possibly€reach€is€that€there€was€no€informant,€or€atÐ ¼  Ðleast€that€no€informant€did€the€things€described€in€theÐ h¸ Ð[Russolillo]€affidavit."€€ò òó óÔ#† XOhXXXOhp9#ÔThus,€Tzannos€argued,€if€it€were€not€trueÐ d Ðthat€the€informant€made€gambling„related€calls€to€Tzannos€over€theÐ À Ð6114€line€on€the€four€days,€then€it€was€necessarily€true€that€noÐ l¼ Ðinformant€existed€and€that€Russolillo€had€lied.ò òó óò òó óÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÐ h Ðà ` àTzannos's€motion€was€accompanied€by€an€affidavit€ofÐ Ä Ðdefense€counsel,€ò òó ówhich€in€turn€was€supported€by€several€exhibits.€Ð pÀ  ÐThose€exhibits€included€(1)€some€handwritten€ledger€sheets,€whichÐ !l" Ðwere€seized€during€the€execution€of€the€search€warrant€at€issue,Ð È"$ Ð(2)€a€transcript€of€one€of€four€audiocassette€tapes€that€were€alsoÐ t$Ä& Ðseized€during€the€search,€and€(3)€signed€statements€fromÐ  &p!( Ðindividuals€that€Tzannos€identified,€from€the€ledger€sheets,€asÐ Ì'#* Ðâ âhaving€called€to€place€bets€with€him€on€the€four€days€in€question.€ò òó óÐ x)È$, Ðà ` àTzannos€focused€his€challenge€on€Russolillo's€allegationÐ ° Ðâ âthat€CI„1€had€made€a€controlled€call€to€Tzannos€on€August€25,€2003Ð \¬ Ðon€the€6114€line.€€Defense€counsel€represented€that€the€ledgerÐ X Ðsheets€show€that€on€August€25,€only€two€individuals,€"Jerry"€andÐ ´  Ð"Norton,"€called€to€place€bets€on€the€6114€line.€€ò òó óCounsel€furtherÐ ` ° Ðrepresented€that€the€tape€is€a€recording€of€telephone€calls€made€toÐ  \  Ðthe€6114€line€on€August€25,€2003,€and€that€a€transcript€of€thatÐ ¸  Ðtape€shows€that€only€three€people,€"Paulie,"€"Jerry,"€and€"Norton,"Ð d´  Ðmade€gaming„related€calls€that€day€to€the€6114€line.€ò òó ó€Counsel€thenÐ `  Ðattached€signed€statements€Ô#† XOhXXXOhâ;#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔfrom€"Paulie,"€"Jerry,"€and€"Norton,"Ð ¼  Ðswearing€that€"[a]t€no€time€did€I€cooperate€with€the€police,€norÐ h¸ Ðwas€I€a€confidential€informant."ò òó óÔ#† XOhXXXOh/B#ÔÔ‡XOhXX XOhÔÐ d ÐÔ#† XOhXXXOh&C#Ôò òó óà ` àIn€response€to€Tzannos's€motion,€the€government€arguedÐ À Ðthat€he€had€failed€to€meet€"the€substantial€preliminary€showingÐ l¼ Ðthat€is€a€prerequisite€to€obtaining€an€evidentiary€hearing€underÐ h ÐòòFranksóó."€€ò òó óSpecifically,€the€government€argued€in€its€reply€papersÐ Ä Ð(1)€that€there€was€no€evidence€that€the€police€had€obtained€òòallóó€theÐ pÀ  Ðtapes€and€written€records€of€Tzannos's€illegal€gambling€activitiesÐ !l" Ðon€the€days€in€question;ò ò€ó ó(2)€that€even€if€the€police€had€seizedÐ È"$ Ðevery€tape€and€record,€"that€would€not€guarantee€(nor€does€TzannosÐ $à& Ðclearly€assert)€that€those€records€reflected€every€transaction€andÐ <&Œ!( Ðphone€call€that€occurred€on"€those€datesò òó ó;ò ò€ó ó(3)€that€there€was€noÐ è'8#* Ðevidence€that€the€tape€on€which€Tzannos€heavily€relies€„„€which€hadÐ °)%, Ðno€external€markings€(other€than€a€Bates€number€added€by€theÐ \+¬&. Ðgovernment)€„„€was€actually€a€recording€of€òòallóó€the€calls€made€toÐ ° Ðhim€on€August€25,€2003€and€on€the€6114€line;€ò òó óand€(4)€that€even€ifÐ \¬ ÐCI„1€were€mistaken€about€the€date€or€phone€line,€"that€would€be€anÐ X Ðerror€on€CI„1's€part€and€òònotóó€any€indication€of€perjury€by€TrooperÐ ´  ÐRussolillo."ò òó ó€€Ð ` ° Ðà ` àThe€government€also€challenged€the€reliability€of€theÐ  \  Ðsigned€statements€from€the€bettors€Tzannos€identified,€arguing,Ð ¸  Ðinter€alia,€that€the€statements€do€not€reveal€the€true€names€of€theÐ d´  Ðpurported€affiants€(whose€names€and€signatures€were€redacted)€andÐ `  Ðdo€not€indicate€that€those€affiants€were€sworn€before€anyoneÐ ¼  Ðauthorized€by€law€to€administer€oaths.€€ò òó óEven€if€the€affidavits€wereÐ h¸ Ðgenuine,€the€government€argued,€"it€would€hardly€have€beenÐ d Ðsurprising€if€.€.€.€'CI„1'€had€denied€to€Tzannos€that€[he€or€she]Ð À Ðhad€provided€information€to€the€State€Police."€€ò òó óFinally,€theÐ l¼ Ðgovernment€argued€that€Tzannos€provided€no€reason€why€RussolilloÐ h Ðwould€have€reason€to€lie€and€no€explanation€for€how€RussolilloÐ Ä Ðcould€have€divined€the€detailed€information€set€forth€in€hisÐ pÀ  Ðaffidavit€„„€which€Tzannos€conceded,€and€the€evidence€uncoveredÐ !l" Ðduring€the€execution€of€the€search€warrant€confirmed,€was€accurateÐ È"$ Є„€if€CI„1€did€not,€in€fact,€exist.ò òó ó€Ð t$Ä& Ðà ` àIn€reply,€Tzannos€essentially€reiterated€his€claim€thatÐ  &p!( Ðhe€had€"identified€each€and€every€person€who€could€possibly€be€CI„Ð Ì'#* Ð1"€and€that€"each€and€every€one€of€these€people€has€signed€anÐ x)È$, Ðaffidavit[]€denying€.€.€.€that€s/he€is€Russolillo's€informant."€€ò òó óHeÐ $+t&. Ðoffered€in€further€support€of€this€claim€his€own€conclusoryÐ ° Ðaffidavit,€which€simply€asserted€that€the€police€"seized€everyÐ \¬ Ðsingle€paper€and€record€from€the€third€floor€of€my€home"׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€"alsoÐ X Ðseized€each€and€every€audio€cassette€from€August[]€2003,€as€well€asÐ ´  Ðall€of€the€tape€recorders€I€had."€€ò òó óHis€affidavit€also€stated€thatÐ ` ° Ðhe€"did€not€draft€any€of€the€papers€that€were€submitted€to€theÐ  \  Ð[c]ourt€on€[his]€behalf."€€His€reply€papers€were€also€accompaniedÐ ¸  Ðby€a€second€affidavit€of€defense€counsel,€which€stated:Ð d´  ÐÓÓà8 ` à7.à ¨ àI€personally€drafted€each€and€every€oneÐ `  Ðof€those€affidavits.Ðæ6` x` x ÐÌà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ’â ÐÌà8 ` à16.€à ¨ àI€listened€to€the€tapes€produced€by€theÐ >Ž Ðprosecution.€€The€vast€majority€of€the€tapesÐ d Ðare€blank.€€As€for€the€tapes€that€do€containÐ ê: Ðrecordings,€I,€with€assistance€from€Mr.Ð À ÐTzannos,€was€able€to€determine€the€dates€ofÐ –æ Ðeach€tape€by€comparing€the€conversations€onÐ l¼ Ðthe€tapes€to€the€documents€that€were€seized.ÐB’` x` x ÐÌà8 ` à17.€à ¨ àI€was€able€to€determine€which€tapesÐ î> Ðrecorded€incoming€calls€on€particularÐ Ä Ðtelephone€numbers€because€the€affidavits€stateÐ šê Ðwhich€people€called€each€number.€€For€example,Ð pÀ  ÐI€know€from€the€affidavits€which€people€calledÐ F –! Ð.€.€.€(617)€567„6114€.€.€.€.ò òó óÓyRÓÐ!l"` x` x ÐNeither€Tzannos's€affidavit€nor€that€of€his€counsel€stated€that€theÐ È"$ Ðâ ârecords€and€tapes€that€were€seized€reflected€every€gambling„relatedÐ t$Ä& Ðtransaction€and€phone€call€that€occurred€on€the€four€days€inÐ ° Ðquestion.Ð \¬ Ðâ âà ` àAfter€discussion€with€the€parties€at€a€status€conferenceÐ X Ðon€July€6,€2005,€the€district€court€granted€Tzannos's€motion€for€aÐ ´  ÐòòFranksóó€hearing.€€ò òó óThe€court€did€not€articulate€its€reasons€forÐ ` ° Ðgranting€the€hearing€and€did€not€make€any€specific€findings€of€factÐ  \  Ðat€this€time.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ò òó óÐ ¸  Ðà ` àIn€a€memorandum€filed€on€September€23,€2005,€theÐ d´  Ðgovernment€renewed€its€objection€to€the€òòFranksóóhearing.€€ItÐ `  Ðreiterated€its€earlier€argument€that€there€was€no€evidence€thatÐ ¼  ÐRussolillo€had€lied.€€It€also€explained€that€it€could€not€divulgeÐ h¸ Ðthe€identity€of€CI„1€publicly€because€doing€so€would€endanger€theÐ d Ðinformant's€life.€€It€represented€that€it€was€not€authorized€toÐ À Ðdisclose€the€informant's€name€without€permission€from€theÐ l¼ ÐDepartment€of€Justice€or€the€state€Attorney€General.€€TheÐ h Ðgovernment€offered€instead€to€prove€the€veracity€of€Russolillo'sÐ Ä Ðâ âaffidavit€and€the€existence€of€CI„1€in€an€ex€parte,€in€cameraÐ pÀ  Ðproceeding,€in€which€it€would€offer,€inter€alia,€testimony€ofÐ ° ÐRussolillo€revealing€the€identity€of€CI„1.ò òó ó€€Ð \¬ Ðâ âà ` àIn€reply,€Tzannos€agreed€to€an€in€camera€proceeding,€butÐ X Ðobjected€to€the€court's€allowing€such€a€proceeding€to€take€place€exÐ ´  Ðparte.€€ò òó óTzannos€also€requested€that€the€òòFranksóó€hearing€beÐ ` ° Ðstructured€as€a€"full€evidentiary€hearing,"€ò òó óin€which€defenseÐ  \  Ðcounsel€would€have€"the€opportunity€to€cross[„]examine€the€veryÐ ¸  Ðaffiant€whose€allegations€are€at€issue."€€ò òó óFinally,€Tzannos€statedÐ d´  Ðthat€it€was€his€intention€to€show€at€the€hearing,€inter€alia,€thatÐ `  Ð"as€a€matter€of€practice,€he€recorded€each€and€every€incomingÐ ¼  Ðcall,"€and€that€"[a]fter€a€week's€books€were€settled,€he€wouldÐ h¸ Ðerase€the€tapes€and€record€over€them."ò òó óÐ d Ðà ` àThe€district€court€convened€the€òòFranksóó€hearing€onÐ À ÐSeptember€28,€2005.€€ò òó óAt€the€start€of€the€hearing,€the€districtÐ l¼ Ðcourt€announced€a€procedure€that€neither€party€had€proposed:€Ð h ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¨ à[A]ccording€to€the€defendant's€profferÐ Ä Ðof€evidence,€there€are€three€people€[who]Ð šê Ðspoke€[to€Tzannos€on€August€25,€2003]:€Paulie,Ð pÀ  ÐJerry[,]€and€Norton.€€So€Paulie,€Jerry[,]€andÐ F –! ÐNorton€at€the€worst€come€in€and€testify€thatÐ !l" Ðthey€are€not€the€confidential€informant.€€AndÐ ò!B# ÐI€don't€have€to€hear€from€anybody€claiming€toÐ È"$ Ðbe€the€confidential€informant.ò òó óО#î%` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¨ àAnd€if€it€turns€out€that€I€think€thatÐ t$Ä& Ð[the€controlled]€call€was€not€made€to€[theÐ J%š ' Ð6114]€line€on€August€25,€2003,€I€can€determineÐ  &p!( Ðthat€there€is€no€basis€for€whatever€exists€andÐ ö&F") Ðallow€a€motion€to€suppress,€without€violatingÐ Ì'#* Ðthe€identity€of€the€confidential€informant.ò òó óÓbÓТ(ò#+` x` x Ðà ` àTzannos€made€no€objections€to€the€procedure;€indeed,€heÐ N*ž%- Ðindicated€that€the€three€individuals€had€already€been€summoned€andÐ ú+J'/ Ðthat€they€were€outside€the€courtroom€at€that€moment€and€ready€toÐ ° Ðtestify.€€The€government,€however,€was€far€less€enthusiastic.€€ItÐ \¬ Ðraised€two€main€objections€to€the€procedure.€€First,€it€argued€thatÐ X Ðthe€procedure€placed€it€in€a€double€bind:€if€one€of€the€threeÐ ´  Ðindividuals€were,€in€fact,€CI-1,€but€testified€on€the€stand€to€theÐ ` ° Ðcontrary,€the€government€would€be€placed€in€a€position€where€itÐ  \  Ðwould€be€forced€either€to€knowingly€elicit€and€condone€perjuriousÐ ¸  Ðtestimony€or€to€"out"€an€informant€and€expose€him€or€her€to€mortalÐ d´  Ðdanger.€€ò òó óAs€a€corollary€of€that€argument,€the€government€also€notedÐ `  Ðthat€"if€one€of€[the€three]€is€the€informant€and€tells€the€truth,Ð ¼  Ðthen€the€Court€is€eliciting€a€statement€that€may€get€the€personÐ h¸ Ðkilled,"€which€is€"not€[a]€procedure€that€the€government€isÐ d Ðprepared€to€participate€in."€€ò òó óSecond,€the€government€argued€thatÐ À Ðthere€was€a€"fundamental€flaw"€in€the€procedure,€which€it€could€notÐ l¼ Ðexplain€in€open€court€without€providing€information€that€wouldÐ h Ðnecessarily€divulge€CI-1's€identity,€but€which€it€could€explain€"inÐ Ä Ðone€sentence€ex€parte€[and]€in€camera."€€ò òó óThe€government€stressedÐ pÀ  Ðthat€"the€Court€would€not€come€out€with€the€truthful€and€justÐ !l" Ðresult€if€the€Court€Ô_Ôfollow[edÔ_Ô]€the€procedure€that€the€CourtÐ È"$ Ðoutlined."ò òó óÐ t$Ä& Ðà ` àThe€court€refused€to€hear€the€government's€explanation€exÐ  &p!( Ðparte€and€in€camera.€€It€also€refused€the€government's€originalÐ Ì'#* Ðproposal,€which€was€to€provide€to€the€court€evidence€of€theÐ x)È$, Ðexistence€and€identity€of€the€informant€ex€parte€and€in€camera.€Ð $+t&. ÐThe€court€stated€that€"[t]here€are€two€things€I€don't€want":€"one,Ð ° ÐI€don't€want€to€do€an€ex€parte€hearing,"€and€"two,€I€don't€want€toÐ \¬ Ðknow€who€the€confidential€informant€is."€€ò òó óIt€also€explained:Ð X ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¨ àThere€is€nothing€absolute€about€theÐ ´  Ðconfidential€informant€and€confidentiality.€€IÐ Š Ú Ðmean,€it€has€to€be€weighed€under€all€theÐ ` ° Ðcircumstances.€€Ð6 † ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¨ àI€think€my€suggest[ed€procedure]€is€aÐ  \  Ðgood€one.€€I€don't€even€want€to€know€who€theÐ â 2  Ðconfidential€informant€is.и ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¨ àI€just€want€to€know€are€these€threeÐ ŽÞ  Ðpeople€going€to€take€the€stand€and€say€theyÐ d´  Ðare€not.€€And€if€they€take€the€stand€and€sayÐ :Š  Ðthey€are€not,€then€that€is€the€end€of€it.€€IÐ `  Ðam€not€going€to€say€who€is€it.ò òó óÓºoÓÐæ6` x` x Ðà ` àThe€court€went€further.€€It€stated:€Ð ’â ÐÓÓà8 ` à[I]f€it€turns€out€that€the€defendant€putsÐ >Ž Ðthree€people€on€the€stand€and€the€tapes€verifyÐ d Ðthat€only€these€three€people€made€phone€callsÐ ê: Ðand€that's€it,€and€none€of€the€three€is€theÐ À Ðconfidential€informant,€that€is€it€as€far€as€IÐ –æ Ðam€concerned.€€I€don't€have€to€hear€any€more.€Ð l¼ ÐI€will€allow€the€motion€to€suppress.ÐB’` x` x ЀÌÓGsÓTo€the€government's€argument€that€"[t]he€issue€here€is€not€whetherÐ î> Ðthe€confidential€informant€gave€somewhat€incorrect€or€incomplete€orÐ šê Ðany€other€degree€of€defective€evidence"€but€"whether€TrooperÐ F –! ÐRussolillo€lied€under€oath,"€the€court€stated:€"I€don't€think€IÐ ò!B# Ðhave€to€find€that€he€lied.€€I€can€find€that€none€of€those€threeÐ ž#î% Ðpeople€is€the€confidential€informant€and€that€no€other€calls€wereÐ J%š ' Ðmade€that€day€and€that,€therefore,€there€is€no€basis€for€whateverÐ ö&F") Ðit€was€and€then€I€am€going€to€suppress€it."ò òÐ ¢(ò#+ Ðó óà ` àUnwilling€to€go€along€with€the€court's€proposedÐ N*ž%- Ðprocedure,€the€government€submitted€a€written€request€that€theÐ ú+J'/ Ðcourt€reconsider€its€rejection€of€the€government's€request€toÐ ° Ðproceed€ex€parte€and€in€camera.€€In€the€alternative,€the€governmentÐ \¬ Ðrequested€that€the€court€enter€an€order€suppressing€the€fruits€ofÐ X Ðthe€search€so€that€the€procedure€could€be€appealed.€Ð ´  Ðà ` àTzannos€objected€and€sought€to€question€the€threeÐ ` ° Ðindividuals,€whom€he€identified€as€Jerry€Ahearn,€Paulie€DeStefano,Ð  \  Ðand€Joseph€McParland.€€ò òó óIn€the€ensuing€colloquy,€the€court€said€thatÐ ¸  Ðit€was€willing€to€allow€the€three€individuals€to€testify,€in€partÐ d´  Ðso€that€a€record€could€be€created€for€the€appeal.€€ò òó óThe€governmentÐ `  Ðagain€objected,€stating€that€it€could€not€cross„examine€the€threeÐ ¼  Ðindividuals.€€It€then€agreed€to€stipulate€that€if€the€threeÐ h¸ Ðindividuals€were€called€to€testify,€they€would€each€testify€that€heÐ d Ðhad€called€Tzannos€on€August€25,€2003,€and€that€he€had€never€beenÐ À Ða€confidential€informant€or€made€a€controlled€call€for€Russolillo.€Ð l¼ Ðò òó óThe€government€emphasized,€however,€that€it€was€making€thisÐ h Ðstipulation€"with€the€understanding€that€for€the€reasons€previouslyÐ Ä Ðexplained€the€government€cannot€cross„examine€these€individuals€toÐ pÀ  Ðbring€out€the€truth,"€and€that€"the€government€is€not€conceding€theÐ !l" Ðtruth."€€ò òó óThe€court€then€suppressed€the€evidence€seized€pursuant€toÐ È"$ Ðthe€search€warrant.Ð t$Ä& Ðà@88)ìàII.ˆÐ  &p!( Ðà ` àWe€bypass€the€question€of€whether€Tzannos€made€theÐ Ì'#* Ð"substantial€preliminary€showing"€necessary€to€invoke€a€FranksÐ x)È$, Ðhearing.€€òòFranksóó,€438€U.S.€at€156-57.€€Instead,€we€review€de€novoÐ $+t&. Ðthe€district€court's€ultimate€decision€to€suppress€the€evidenceÐ ° Ðobtained€pursuant€to€the€warrant€at€issue.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.Ð \¬ ÐòòDessesaureóó,€429€F.3d€359,€365€(1st€Cir.€2005).€€We€also€evaluate,Ð X Ðfor€abuse€of€discretion,€the€procedure€the€district€court€used€atÐ ´  Ðthe€òòFranksóó€hearing€and€the€district€court's€refusal€to€hear,€exÐ ` ° Ðparte€and€in€camera,€the€government's€explanation€of€why€thatÐ  \  Ðprocedure€was€flawed.€€òòCf.óó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòValerioóó,€48€F.3d€58,€62Ð ¸  Ð(1st€Cir.€1995)€(noting€that€"it€is€entirely€within€the€discretionÐ d´  Ðof€the€judge€presented€with€the€request€to€decide€whether€theÐ `  Ðdisclosure€[of€a€confidential€informant's€identity]€is€necessary€inÐ ¼  Ðorder€to€determine€the€believability€of€the€testifying€officer,"Ð h¸ Ðand€reviewing€for€abuse€of€discretion€the€trial€judge's€refusal€toÐ d Ðallow€an€in€camera€hearing€to€probe€the€identity€of€the€informant).€Ð À ÐAs€always,€factual€findings€made€by€a€district€court€in€connectionÐ l¼ Ðwith€a€òòFranksóóhearing€are€reviewed€for€clear€error.€€òòId.óóÐ h ÐA.à ` àòòThe€Suppression€OrderóóÐ Ä Ðà ` à"ò òó óThere€is€.€.€.€a€presumption€of€validity€with€respect€toÐ pÀ  Ðthe€affidavit€supporting€the€search€warrant."€€òòFranksóó,€438€U.S.€atÐ !l" Ð171.€€For€this€reason,€a€defendant€must€meet€a€high€bar€even€to€getÐ ° Ða€òòFranksóó€hearing€in€the€first€place.€€In€order€for€a€warrant€to€beÐ \¬ Ðvoided€and€the€fruits€of€the€search€excluded,€the€defendant€mustÐ X Ðmeet€an€even€more€exacting€standard:€he€must€(1)€show€that€theÐ ´  Ðaffiant€in€fact€made€a€false€statement€knowingly€and€intentionally,Ð ` ° Ðor€with€reckless€disregard€for€the€truth,€(2)€make€this€showing€byÐ  \  Ða€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€and€(3)€show€in€addition€thatÐ ¸  Ð"with€the€affidavit's€false€material€set€to€one€side,€theÐ d´  Ðaffidavit's€remaining€content€is€insufficient€to€establish€probableÐ `  Ðcause."€€òòId.óó€at€156.Ð ¼  Ðà ` àOur€analysis€turns€on€the€first€two€factors;€we€do€notÐ h¸ Ðreach€the€third.Ð d Ðà ` àThe€alleged€falsehood€in€the€affidavit€is€that€TrooperÐ À ÐRussolillo€fabricated€the€existence€of€a€confidential€informant.€Ð l¼ ÐThat€Russolillo€made€the€false€statement€knowingly€andÐ h Ðintelligently€is€shown,€defendant€says,€by€his€having€stated€thatÐ Ä Ðhe€was€present€at€the€controlled€call€made€by€CI„1€to€Tzannos€onÐ pÀ  ÐAugust€25,€2003€to€the€6114€line.€€Ð !l" Ðà ` àThe€district€court's€decision€to€suppress€the€fruits€ofÐ È"$ Ðthe€search€would€be€proper€only€if€it€found,€by€a€preponderance€ofÐ t$Ä& Ðthe€evidence,€that€Tzannos€proved€three€assertions.€€First,€TzannosÐ  &p!( Ðmust€show€that€only€"Paulie,"€"Jerry,"€and€"Norton"€madeÐ Ì'#* Ðgaming-related€calls€to€Tzannos€on€the€6114€line€on€August€25,Ð x)È$, Ð2003,€and€that€therefore€CI-1€had€to€be€one€of€the€three.€€To€doÐ $+t&. Ðso,€he€must€show€that€the€audiocassette€tape€on€which€he€relied€wasÐ ° Ða€recording€of€calls€made€to€him€on€the€6114€line,€that€theÐ \¬ Ðrecording€was€of€calls€made€on€August€25,€2003,€that€òòallóó€calls€madeÐ X Ðto€the€6114€line€on€August€25€were€in€fact€recorded€on€that€tape,Ð ´  Ðand€that€the€transcript€entered€into€evidence€was€accurate€andÐ ` ° Ðcomplete.ò òó ó€€Second,€even€if€each€of€these€assertions€were€proven,€itÐ  \  Ðdoes€not€follow€that€CI„1€does€not€exist;€Tzannos€still€must€prove,Ð ¸  Ðby€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€each€of€the€threeÐ d´  Ðindividuals€is€telling€the€truth€in€denying€being€CI„1€and,Ð `  Ðfurther,€that€the€real€CI„1€did€not€provide€misinformation,€whetherÐ ¼  Ðinadvertently€or€purposefully,€to€Russolillo.€€Third€andÐ h¸ Ðultimately,€Tzannos€must€show,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,Ð d Ðthat€Trooper€Russolillo€made€a€false€statement€knowingly€andÐ À Ðintentionally,€or€with€reckless€disregard€for€the€truth.Ð l¼ Ðà ` àWe€begin€with€the€first€of€the€three€assertions€TzannosÐ h Ðmust€prove.€€Tzannos€did€not€show€that€the€tape€on€which€he€reliedÐ Ä Ðwas€actually€of€calls€made€to€the€6114€line€on€August€25,€2003.€Ð pÀ  ÐThe€tape€itself€was€unmarked,€and€nothing€in€the€transcriptÐ !l" Ðsupplied€by€Tzannos€identifies€what€number€the€callers€dialed€or€onÐ È"$ Ðwhat€date€they€called.€€The€only€proffer€Tzannos€made€relating€theÐ t$Ä& Ðthree€conversations€he€transcribed€off€of€that€tape€to€theÐ  &p!( Ðparticular€line€and€date€of€the€controlled€call€were€his€ownÐ Ì'#* Ðaffidavit,€two€affidavits€of€counsel,€and€their€accompanyingÐ x)È$, Ðexhibits.€€Counsel's€second€affidavit€stated€that,€with€Tzannos'sÐ $+t&. Ðhelp,€counsel€determined€the€date€of€the€tape€by€comparing€theÐ ° Ðrecorded€conversations€to€the€ledgers€that€were€seized,€andÐ \¬ Ðdetermined€the€line€on€which€those€conversations€had€taken€place€byÐ X Ðlooking€to€the€signed€statements€she€solicited€from€the€bettors.€Ð ´  ÐNothing€in€the€record€establishes€that€the€bettors'€statements€wereÐ ` ° Ðtruthful€or€accurate,€or€that€the€seized€documents€completely€andÐ  \  Ðaccurately€recorded€all€betting„related€transactions.€€Indeed,€whatÐ ¸  ÐTzannos€asserted€is€the€ledger€from€August€25€stated€only€thatÐ d´  Ð"Jerry"€and€"Norton"€called€to€place€bets;€it€made€no€reference€toÐ `  Ð"Paulie"€or€to€individuals€who€called€to€discuss€betting€linesÐ ¼  Ðwithout€placing€a€bet.Ð h¸ Ðà ` àFurther,€Tzannos€has€failed€to€show€(1)€that€he€recordedÐ d Ðevery€gambling„related€call,€on€every€line,€and€on€every€date€as€aÐ À Ðmatter€of€course,€(2)€that€the€four€tapes€identified€in€hisÐ l¼ Ðcounsel's€affidavit€contained€every€call€to€the€6114€line€thatÐ h ÐTzannos€recorded€on€August€25,€and€(3)€that€the€one€transcriptÐ Ä ÐTzannos€provided€of€calls€allegedly€made€on€August€25€to€the€6114Ð pÀ  Ðline€was€complete€and€accurate.€€Indeed,€while€Tzannos€stated€inÐ !l" Ðhis€pre„trial€memorandum€that€he€would€prove€at€the€òòFranksóó€hearingÐ È"$ Ðthat€he€routinely€taped€every€incoming€call,€he€never€made€thatÐ t$Ä& Ðshowing.Ð  &p!( Ѐà ` àTzannos€largely€disproved€his€own€argument.€€He€admittedÐ Ì'#* Ðin€that€same€pre„trial€memorandum€that€after€a€week's€books€wereÐ x)È$, Ðsettled,€it€was€his€practice€to€erase€the€tapes€and€to€record€overÐ $+t&. Ðthem.€€He€did€not€say€on€which€day€of€the€week€he€did€so,€orÐ ° Ðwhether€the€practice€was€irregular.€€Most€of€the€tapes€seizedÐ \¬ Ðduring€the€search€were€blank€or€unintelligible,€tending€to€disproveÐ X Ðhis€assertion€that€the€tapes€are€accurate€evidence€of€the€calls€heÐ ´  Ðreceived.׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òó óHe€did€not€show€that€the€tapes€contained€each€and€everyÐ ` ° Ðcall€made€to€him€on€the€four€dates€in€question,€let€alone€on€AugustÐ  \  Ð25Ô‡XOhXX XOhÔ.€€In€fact,€defense€counsel's€affidavit€made€reference€to€threeÐ ¸  Ðother€tapes,€allegedly€of€incoming€calls€made€by€a€number€of€otherÐ d´  Ðcallers€"on€several€days,€including€August€25,€2003."€€Tzannos€didÐ `  Ðnot€provide€transcripts€of€any€of€these€other€tapes.€Ô#† XOhXXXOh) #ÔÐ ¼  Ðòòóóà ` àNor€did€he€prove€the€accuracy€of€the€one€transcript€heÐ h¸ Ðdid€provide.€€The€transcript€itself€appears€to€end€mid„Ð d Ðconversation,€thus€suggesting€that€either€the€transcript€wasÐ À Ðincomplete€or€that€the€tape€stopped€recording€in€the€middle€of€aÐ l¼ Ðcall.€€ò òó óThese€inconsistencies€substantially€undercut€Tzannos'sÐ h Ðshowing.Ð Ä ÐÑOYÑâ âѰ°Ñâ âÑ  Ñà ` àThe€district€court€did€not€make€any€explicit€findings€ofÐ ° Ðfact€at€the€òòFranksóó€hearing.€€Nonetheless,€it€must€implicitly€haveÐ \¬ Ðfound€that€Tzannos's€evidence€was€sufficient€to€show,€by€aÐ X Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€only€"Paulie,"€"Jerry,"€andÐ ´  Ð"Norton,"€made€gambling„related€calls€to€Tzannos€on€the€6114€lineÐ ` ° Ðon€August€25.€€Given€the€substantial€gaps€in€the€evidence,€thisÐ  \  Ðfinding€was€clear€error€and€alone€provides€a€basis€for€reversal.Ð ¸  Ðà ` àThere€are€further€grounds,€however,€for€reversing€theÐ d´  Ðsuppression€order.€€Even€if€Tzannos€had€proven€his€first€assertionÐ `  Ðby€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€it€does€not€follow€that€heÐ ¼  Ðproved€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€no€confidentialÐ h¸ Ðinformant€exists.ò òó óÐ d Ðà ` àUltimately,€Tzannos€must€demonstrate,€by€a€preponderanceÐ À Ðof€the€evidence,€that€the€affiant,€Trooper€Russolillo,€rather€thanÐ l¼ Ðthe€informant,òòóó€made€a€false€statement€knowingly€and€intentionally,Ð h Ðor€with€reckless€disregard€for€the€truth.€€"Allegations€ofÐ Ä Ðnegligence€or€innocent€mistake€are€insufficient,"€òòFranksóó,€438€U.S.Ð pÀ  Ðat€171,€as€are€allegations€going€to€show€that€the€informant€relayedÐ !l" Ðmisinformation€to€the€affiant,€òòseeóó€òòid.óó€("The€deliberate€falsity€orÐ È"$ Ðreckless€disregard€whose€impeachment€is€permitted€today€is€onlyÐ t$Ä& Ðthat€of€the€affiant,€not€of€any€nongovernmental€informant.");Ð  &p!( ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòSouthardóó,€700€F.2d€1,€10€(1st€Cir.€1983)€("òòFranksóó'Ð Ì'#* Ðrequirements€cannot€be€satisfied€by€a€showing€that€an€informer€liedÐ x)È$, Ðto€an€unsuspecting€affiant,€even€when€the€lie€was€deliberate.").Ð $+t&. Ðò òó óà ` àTzannos€has€not€contested€the€accuracy€of€any€of€theÐ ° Ðsubstantive€information€provided€by€CI„1€to€Russolillo,€and€has€notÐ \¬ Ðexplained€how€Russolillo€would€have€obtained€such€detailed€andÐ X Ðaccurate€information€if€CI„1€did€not€exist.€€Nor€has€Tzannos€madeÐ ´  Ðany€showing€of€why€Russolillo€would€have€reason€to€lie.€€He€thusÐ ` ° Ðhas€not€met€his€burden€of€showing€that€Russolillo€made€a€falseÐ  \  Ðstatement€knowingly€and€intentionally,€or€with€reckless€disregardÐ ¸  Ðfor€the€truth.€€To€the€extent€that€the€district€court€heldÐ d´  Ðotherwise,€it€committed€clear€error.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€hold€that€the€court€erredÐ `  Ðin€suppressing€the€evidence.Ð ¼  ÐÓÓB.à ` àòòProblems€with€the€District€Court's€Procedure€at€theóóÐ h¸ Ðà0 ` àFranksòò€HearingóóÐ>Ž` (#` (# ÐÌÓK¯Óà ` àThe€government€also€appeals€(1)€the€district€court'sÐ ê: Ðrefusal€to€hear€the€government's€one„line€explanation€of€why€theÐ –æ Ðprocedure€that€the€court€devised€for€the€òòFranksóó€hearing€was,€in€theÐ B’ Ðgovernment's€view,€flawed,€and€(2)€the€court's€ultimate€decision€toÐ î> Ðgo€forward€with€the€hearing€without€listening€to€that€explanation.׃%@×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð šê Ðà ` àAt€the€òòFranksóó€hearing,€when€the€government€asked€toÐ ° Ðexplain€to€the€court,€in€one€sentence,€what€the€government€arguedÐ \¬ Ðwas€a€"fundamental€flaw"€in€the€court's€analysis,€the€court€refusedÐ X Ðto€hear€the€explanation€ex€parte€and€in€camera,€despite€theÐ ´  Ðgovernment's€entreaties€that€the€way€the€court€structured€theÐ ` ° Ðproceeding€would€jeopardize€the€life€of€the€informant€and€lead€toÐ  \  Ða€miscarriage€of€justice.€€The€court€in€essence€shifted€the€burdenÐ ¸  Ðof€proof€to€the€government:€short€of€proving€CI-1's€existence,Ð d´  Ðthere€was€no€way€the€government€could€disprove€the€defendant'sÐ `  Ðallegations.Ð ¼  Ðà ` àThe€court's€position€effectively€eliminated€the€privilegeÐ h¸ Ðthe€government€has€under€òòRoviaroóó€v.€òòUnited€Statesóó,€353€U.S.€53Ð d Ð(1957),׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€to€protect€the€identity€of€confidential€informants.€€TheÐ À Ðcourt's€refusal€to€hear€the€government's€explanation€and€itsÐ l¼ Ðinsistence€on€going€forward€with€the€procedure€of€its€own€devisingÐ h Ðwere€thus€an€abuse€of€discretion.Ð Ä Ðòòà ` àóóIn€oft-quoted€language,€òòRoviaroóó€stated:Ð pÀ  ÐÓÓà8 ` àWhat€is€usually€referred€to€as€the€informer'sÐ !l" Ðprivilege€is€in€reality€the€Government'sÐ ò!B# Ðprivilege€to€withhold€from€disclosure€theÐ È"$ Ðidentity€of€persons€who€furnish€information€ofÐ ž#î% Ðviolations€of€law€to€officers€charged€withÐ t$Ä& Ðenforcement€of€that€law.€€The€purpose€of€theÐ J%š ' Ðâ âprivilege€is€the€furtherance€and€protection€ofÐ  &p!( Ðthe€public€interest€in€effective€lawÐ ° Ðenforcement.€€òòІÖ` x` x Ðâ âÌÓÊ·ÓIdóó.€at€59€(citations€omitted).€€The€privilege,€while€significant,Ð 2‚ Ðis€not€absolute.€€Thus,€"[w]here€the€disclosure€of€an€informer'sÐ Þ. Ðidentity,€or€of€the€contents€of€his€communication,€is€relevant€andÐ Š Ú Ðhelpful€to€the€defense€of€an€accused,€or€is€essential€to€a€fairÐ 6 †  Ðdetermination€of€a€cause,€the€privilege€must€give€way."€€òòId.óó€at€60„Ð â 2  Ð61;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòid.óó€at€60€(holding€that€"where€the€disclosure€of€theÐ ŽÞ  Ðcontents€of€a€communication€will€not€tend€to€reveal€the€identity€ofÐ :Š  Ðan€informer,€the€contents€are€not€privileged,"€and€thatÐ æ6 Ð"[l]ikewise,€once€the€identity€of€the€informer€has€been€disclosedÐ ’â Ðto€those€who€would€have€cause€to€resent€the€communication,€theÐ >Ž Ðprivilege€is€no€longer€applicable").€€Ð ê: Ðà ` àUltimately,€òòRoviaroóó€requires€a€"balancing€[of]€the€publicÐ –æ Ðinterest€in€protecting€the€flow€of€information€against€theÐ B’ Ðindividual's€right€to€prepare€his€defense."€€òòId.óó€at€62.€€"WhetherÐ î> Ða€proper€balance€.€.€.€[requires]€nondisclosure€.€.€.€must€dependÐ šê Ðon€the€particular€circumstances€of€each€case,€taking€intoÐ F –! Ðconsideration€the€crime€charged,€the€possible€defenses,€theÐ ò!B# Ðpossible€significance€of€the€informer's€testimony,€and€otherÐ ž#î% Ðrelevant€factors."€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòMcCrayóó€v.€òòIllinoisóó,€386€U.S.€300,Ð J%š ' Ð311€(1967).€€This€court€has€stated€that€"when€the€governmentÐ ö&F") Ðinformant€is€not€an€actual€participant€or€a€witness€to€the€offense,Ð ¢(ò#+ Ðdisclosure€is€required€only€in€those€exceptional€cases€where€theÐ N*ž%- Ðdefendant€can€point€to€some€concrete€circumstance€that€mightÐ ú+J'/ Ðjustify€overriding€both€the€public€interest€in€encouraging€the€flowÐ ° Ðof€information,€and€the€informant's€private€interest€in€his€or€herÐ \¬ Ðown€safety."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòMartinezóó,€922€F.2d€914,€921€(1stÐ X ÐCir.€1991).Ð ´  Ðà ` àTzannos,€as€the€party€seeking€disclosure,€bore€the€burdenÐ ` ° Ðof€persuasion€in€this€analysis.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòGomez„Genaoóó,Ð  \  Ð267€F.3d€1,€2€(1st€Cir.€2001);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòPerezóó,€299Ð ¸  ÐF.3d€1,€3„4€(1st€Cir.€2002)€("[T]he€law€€places€the€burden€squarelyÐ d´  Ðon€the€party€seeking€disclosure€(typically,€the€defendant)€toÐ `  Ðdemonstrate€that€knowledge€of€the€identity€of€a€confidentialÐ ¼  Ðinformant€is€vital€to€the€proper€preparation€and€presentation€ofÐ h¸ Ðhis€case.").€€This€court€has€described€this€burden€as€a€"heavy"Ð d Ðone.€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòRobinsonóó,€144€F.3d€104,€106€(1st€Cir.€1998).€Ð À ÐThe€government€argues€that€Tzannos€has€failed€to€meet€this€burdenÐ l¼ Ðand€that€the€court€abused€its€discretion€in€implicitly€holdingÐ h Ðotherwise.ûÿÿdûÐ Ä Ðòòóóà ` àüÿÿdüFor€his€part,€Tzannos€offers€no€arguments€as€to€whyÐ pÀ  Ðdisclosure€of€the€confidential€informant's€identity€was€warrantedÐ !l" Ðin€this€case.€€Instead,€Tzannos€puts€all€of€his€stock€in€twoÐ È"$ Ðarguments,€of€which€we€readily€dispose.€€His€first€argument€is€thatÐ t$Ä& Ðhe€never€asked€the€court€to€order€the€disclosure€of€CI„1's€identityÐ  &p!( Ðand€thus€òòRoviaroóó€does€not€even€apply.ò òó ó€€The€court's€procedure,Ð Ì'#* Ðhowever,€placed€the€government€in€a€Catch-22:€it€could€notÐ x)È$, Ðparticipate€in€the€òòFranksóó€hearing€without€risking€exposing€itsÐ $+t&. Ðinformant€(or€suborning€perjury),€and€it€could€not€explain€to€theÐ ° Ðcourt,€beyond€the€other€arguments€it€made,€why€the€court's€analysisÐ \¬ Ðwas€flawed€without€effectively€disclosing€the€identity€of€itsÐ X Ðinformant.€€òòóóThat€the€court€did€not€require€the€government€to€sayÐ ´  Ðthe€actual€name€of€the€informant€is€of€little€significance;€it€wasÐ ` ° Ðrequiring€the€government€to€provide€information€that€would,€for€allÐ  \  Ðpractical€purposes,€divulge€the€informant's€identity.€€"TheÐ ¸  Ðprivilege€identified€in€òòRoviaroóó€protects€more€than€just€the€name€ofÐ d´  Ðthe€informant€and€extends€to€information€that€would€tend€to€revealÐ `  Ðthe€identity€of€the€informant."€€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòNapieróó,€436€F.3dÐ ¼  Ð1133,€1136€(9th€Cir.€2006).Ð h¸ Ðà ` àÔ_ÔTzannos'sÔ_Ô€second€argument€as€to€why€òòRoviaroóó€does€notÐ d Ðapply€is€that€"if€one€of€the€three€would„be€witnesses€turned€out€toÐ À Ðbe€CI„1,€then€that€witness€had€voluntarily€put€himself€in€theÐ l¼ Ðposition€of€having€to€admit€being€an€informant."€€Ô_Ôò òó óTzannos'sÔ_ÔÐ h Ðargument€rests€on€mistaken€premises:€as€we€noted€above,€the€òòRoviaroóóÐ Ä Ðprivilege€does€not€belong€to€the€informant,€but€rather€to€theÐ pÀ  Ðgovernment.€€Thus,€even€assuming€that€CI„1€was€one€of€the€threeÐ !l" Ðindividuals€identified€by€Tzannos,€so€long€as€that€individual€hasÐ È"$ Ðnot€voluntarily€disclosed€his€status€as€an€informant€to€theÐ t$Ä& Ðdefendant,€the€government€may€still€invoke€its€"privilege€toÐ  &p!( Ðwithhold€from€disclosure€the€identity€of€persons€who€furnishÐ Ì'#* Ðinformation€of€violations€of€law€to€officers€charged€withÐ x)È$, Ðenforcement€of€that€law."€€òòRoviaroóó,€353€U.S.€at€59.Ð $+t&. Ðà ` àThe€government€emphatically€argued€that€the€particularÐ ° Ðcircumstances€of€this€case€warranted€protection€of€the€informant'sÐ \¬ Ðidentity.€€It€repeatedly€stressed€during€the€course€of€the€òòFranksóóÐ X Ðhearing€and€in€its€filings€that€CI-1€would€likely€be€murdered€ifÐ ´  Ðhis€identity€were€publicly€disclosed.€€It€also€pointed€toÐ ` ° ÐRussolillo's€affidavit,€which€stated€that€"traditional€organizedÐ  \  Ðcrime€families€(such€as€La€Cosa€Nostra€or€the€Mafia)€and€otherÐ ¸  Ðorganized€crime€groups€(such€as€the€Winter€Hill€Gang)€in€the€BostonÐ d´  Ðarea€have€been€heavily€involved€in€illegal€gaming€and€bookmakingÐ `  Ðand€have€maintained€a€significant€degree€of€control€over€organizedÐ ¼  Ðbookmaking€operations,"€and€that€"compromis[ing]€the€anonymity€ofÐ h¸ Ðthe€confidential€reliable€informant€[would]€mak[e]€him/herÐ d Ðsusceptible€to€physical€harm€and/or€retribution."€€Ð À Ðà ` àAgainst€the€government's€interest€in€protecting€theÐ l¼ Ðidentity€of€the€informant,€we€must€balance€"the€fundamentalÐ h Ðrequirements€of€fairness"€and€Ô_ÔTzannos'sÔ_Ô€right€to€prepare€hisÐ Ä Ðdefense.€€òòRoviaroóó,€353€U.S.€at€60.€€Generally,€the€defendant'sÐ pÀ  Ðcompeting€interests€are€of€a€lesser€magnitude€at€the€suppressionÐ !l" Ðstage€than€at€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòJacksonóó,€918€F.2d€236,Ð È"$ Ð240€(1st€Cir.€1990)€(citing€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòRaddatzóó,€447€U.S.€667,Ð t$Ä& Ð679€(1980));€òòcf.óó€òòMcCrayóó,€386€U.S.€at€312€("[T]he€Court€in€theÐ  &p!( Ðexercise€of€its€power€to€formulate€evidentiary€rules€for€federalÐ Ì'#* Ðcriminal€cases€has€consistently€declined€to€hold€that€an€informer'sÐ x)È$, Ðidentity€need€always€be€disclosed€in€a€federal€criminal€trial,€letÐ $+t&. Ðalone€in€a€preliminary€hearing€to€determine€probable€cause€for€anÐ ° Ðarrest€or€search.").€€These€interests€are€especially€weak€here,Ð \¬ Ðwhere€the€informant€is€not€"the€sole€participant,€other€than€theÐ X Ðaccused,€in€the€transaction€charged,"€òòRobinsonóó,€144€F.3d€at€106;Ð ´  Ðwas€not€"the€only€witness€in€a€position€to€amplify€or€contradictÐ ` ° Ðthe€testimony€of€government€witnesses,"€òòRoviaroóó,€353€U.S.€at€64;Ð  \  Ðand€in€fact€had€no€involvement€whatsoever€in€the€crime€charged€„„Ð ¸  Ðto€wit,€possession€of€firearms€and€ammunition€by€a€felon,€Ô_ÔòòseeóóÔ_ÔÐ d´  ÐòòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòGrayóó,€47€F.3d€1359,€1365€(4th€Cir.€1995);€òòUnitedÐ `  ÐStatesóó€v.€òòBenderóó,€5€F.3d€267,€270€(7th€Cir.€1993).€€Nor€has€TzannosÐ ¼  Ðshown€that€the€disclosure€of€the€informant's€identity€would€allowÐ h¸ Ðhim€to€meet€his€burden€under€òòFranksóó.€€òòóóÐ d Ðà ` àTzannos€has€failed€to€show€why€disclosure€of€the€identityÐ À Ðof€CI„1€is€warranted€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnitedÐ l¼ ÐStatesóó€v.€òòBrownóó,€3€F.3d€673,€679€(3d€Cir.€1993)€("A€defendant€whoÐ h Ðmerely€hopes€(without€showing€a€likelihood)€that€disclosure€willÐ Ä Ðlead€to€evidence€supporting€suppression€has€not€shown€thatÐ pÀ  Ðdisclosure€will€be€'relevant€and€helpful€to€the€defense€.€.€.€or€isÐ !l" Ðessential€to€a€fair€determination[.]'"€€(omission€in€original)Ð È"$ Ð(quoting€òòRoviaroóó,€353€U.S.€at€60„61));€òòUnited€Statesóó€v.€òòBaroneóó,€787Ð t$Ä& ÐÔ_ÔF.2d€811,€814„15€(2d€Cir.€1986).€€The€district€court's€decision€toÐ  &p!( Ðgo€forward€with€its€own€procedure€and€to€refuse€to€hear€theÐ Ì'#* Ðgovernment's€ex€parte,€in€camera€explanation€of€why€that€procedureÐ x)È$, Ðwas€problematic€was€an€abuse€of€discretion.Ð $+t&. ÐÓ  ÓIII.Ð ° ÐÓ  Óà ` àWe€òòreverseóó€the€district€court's€order€suppressing€theÐ \¬ Ðevidence€and€òòremandóó€with€instructions€to€deny€the€motion€toÐ X Ðsuppress.