WPCh hx{wU-upx@N tU#ԕߋTJx=p 6AĎ¥'I3:EԔg8,Aa4AF=CҪ'gүPu/jgG;7*ևY4䭅_{uS2a$9%Dﷳ}ve[`uf HAێwS0sZ L_ P`O2ĬCj9(ue ܲoE!5o]myNW7~R#M5bX5vJ)vlB__l8rV-PQWl+ϏiS~ ȬT* YEi!T-xFd1i_ kysS"Y xHvB곡lre0n֨5ֵkkx`.w&Kbw mﱺM+r1D(#0 % 0 D 0GCU8U: 0 nTN5 UN7 UF ^ w 4   E f a m N/ ^1 1 b  < *[PPf-4444 BKHP LaserJet 2100 PCL6,,,,,,,,0X(#$  0  ($XXXX< 9Z+ Courier New <6X9`("Courier NewTT(:27$ !XtXXX    =XXdd=    0  <6X9`("Courier NewTTXXx6X@DQX@<6X9`(CourierTTXXw6X@QX@(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularQ 9Z+.Courier New Regularbd;Z ^#; :i+003|xTABLE AUL:\JUDGES\Boudin\TEMPLATE\OPINIONS\ALDRICH.WPT- -  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    2    _ԀTheIJalsodeniedGourdet'sapplicationsforasylum,  withholdingofremoval,andvoluntarydeparture.Gourdet's  petitiondoesnotchallengethedispositionoftheseclaims,and \ thereforewedonotdiscussthem. 2 7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    1    _ԀTheIJdistinguishedlocaldetaineesfromcriminal  deportees,suchasGourdet.  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    5    _ WenotethatElienandSettendaweredecidedpriortothe  enactmentoftheREALIDActof2005,andthereforehadabroader  scopeofreview. MACKENDYGOURDET EbelStefanieNotarinoHennesBlakeleyMukaseyremovability INAiIJKarshanIn In a]sC.F.R.ElienSettendaBarreraManzoorDep'tt]hisConteh t]hekalotmarassagross[lyinadequa[teAtt'yGen'l  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    4    _ԀTheBIA XlXXXlfurtherfoundthattherewasnoevidencethat  Haitianauthoritiesintentionallyanddeliberatelycreatedand  maintainedsubstandardprisonconditionsinordertoinflict \ torture.Instead,theevidenceshowedthattheprisonconditions 2 weretheresultofbudgetaryandmanagementproblemsinthe X country.Id.at301.#XlXX Xl#  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    3    _ԀHowever,werejectGourdet'sargument,relyingonan  overruledThirdCircuitopinion,_Lavira_v.Att'yGen.,478F.3d158  (3dCir.2007),thatspecificintenttocauseseverephysicalor \ mentalpainorsufferingcanbeestablishedthroughashowingof 2 indifferenceorwillfulblindnesstosuchharm.Thatisnotthe X law.Pierrev.Att'yGen.,528F.3d180,189(3dCir.2008)(en . banc);_Villegas_v.Mukasey,523F.3d984,989(9thCir.2008);   Pierrev.Gonzales,502F.3d109,118(2dCir.2007). F 7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    6    _Ԁ XlXXXlGourdetalsocontendsthathehasmethisburdentoshow  thattortureofcriminaldeporteesinHaitiis"routineand  widespread,"andthat,becauseofhispersonalcharacteristics,he \ ismorelikelytobesingledoutformistreatmentbyHaitian 2 authorities.However,theBIAfoundthatGourdetprovided X insufficientevidenceonthesepoints.Welackjurisdictionto . reviewthesefactualfindingsbytheBIA.Conteh,461F.3dat63.#XlXX Xl#  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    *    _ԀPursuanttoFed.R.App.P.43(c)(2),AttorneyGeneralEric  H.Holder,Jr.hasbeensubstitutedforformerAttorneyGeneral  MichaelB.Mukaseyastherespondent. ## u Xd#  7$XlXXX  =dXXdd=    **    __ԀOftheTenthCircuit,sittingbydesignation. d !XlXXX  _TRX3'X3' Letter3'Letter3'LetterT ? * ! X2XXXl #>X X2     !hUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals ; #>  FortheFirstCircuit   ; XlX   A') ` dE< ` A   No.082422 u  @"MACKENDYGOURDET, ! q @XX%Petitioner,    @tt)v. y  @DD"ERICH.HOLDER,  #  *      ׈ %u  @XX%Respondent. ! A') ` dE<|` A } @ ONPETITIONFORREVIEWOFANORDER b    `  OFTHEBOARDOFIMMIGRATIONAPPEALS 8 A') ` dE<` A 4 @'Before    @@((Lynch,ChiefJudge, u Ebel# #  **      ׀_and_ԀLipez,CircuitJudges. K A') ` dE<` A G       JeffreyB.Rubinonbriefforpetitioner. ,    StefanieNotarinoHennes,TrialAttorney,Officeof ! ImmigrationLitigation,MichaelF.Hertz,ActingAssistantAttorney " General,CivilDivision,andJohnW.Blakeley,AssistantDirector, ^ # OfficeofImmigrationLitigation,onbriefforrespondent. 4!$ *'ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,( dd ,( dd ,( dd +  #'#  SI$j( @40120@SNovember4,2009 $@ *  RHC%!+" @40120 @ R($j,  (*,X` XX* `  '"-? !h !8 l XXdd8 !   ` LIPEZ,CircuitJudge .MackendyGourdet,anativeand  citizenofHaiti,seeksreviewofadecisionoftheBoardof x ImmigrationAppeals(BIA)denyinghisapplicationforrelieffrom $t removalundertheConventionAgainstTorture(CAT).Inaddressing   claimsforCATreliefbasedonsubstandardprisonconditions,we |  havedistinguishedbetweengenerallysubstandardprisonconditions, ( x  suchasdeprivationofadequatespace,food,water,sanitationor $  exercise,andactsofmistreatmentofindividualprisonersby   prisonofficials,suchas"burningwithcigarettesanduseof ,|  electricshock."SeeSettenda_v._ԀAshcroft,377F.3d89,96(1st ( Cir.2004)(_citing_ԀInreJE,23I.&N.Dec.291,2002WL481156  (BIA2002)(enbanc)).GourdetclaimsthatheisentitledtoCAT 0 reliefbasedoncircumstancesfallingintoeachofthesetwo , categories,andthereforearguesthathehasmethisburdenunder  theCATofprovingthathe"ismorelikelythannottobetortured 4 ifremovedtotheproposedcountryofremoval."Id.at94 0 (internalquotationmarksandcitation_omitted_).    ` Relyingonsettledprecedent,weconcludethatthe 8!" generaldetentionconditionsinHaiti,althoughgrosslyinadequate, "4$ arenotsufficientlyseveretorisetotheleveloftorture.We $& likewiseconcludethattheactsofmistreatmentthatGourdetwill <&!( likelybesubjected_to_Ԁindetention,suchasroughtreatmentby '8#* policeofficers,donotamounttotorture.Finally,weconclude )$, thatwelackjurisdictiontoaddressGourdet'sremaining @+&. _contentionsthathehasmethisburdenofprovingthattortureof  criminaldeporteesinHaitiiswidespreadandthatheismore \ likelytobesingledoutformistreatmentbyHaitianauthorities X becauseofhispersonalcharacteristics.Therefore,wedenythe   petition. `     I.   \  \ ` GourdetenteredtheUnitedStatesatsometimepriorto $  2002andwasgrantedlegalpermanentresidentstatusonJanuary2,   2002.OnFebruary2,2007,federalauthoritiesfiledaNoticeto ,|  AppearchargingGourdetwithremovabilityundersection ( 237(a)(2)(B)(i)oftheImmigrationandNationalityAct(INA),8  U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(B)(i),asapersonconvictedofacontrolled 0 substanceviolation.Gourdetconcededremovabilityandappliedfor , asylum,withholdingofremoval,CATrelief,andvoluntary  departure. 4  ` AtameritshearingbeforeanImmigrationJudge(IJ), 0 Gourdetofferedhisowntestimony,thetestimonyofhismother,and   thetestimonyofMichelleKarshan,anexpertondetention 8!" conditionsinHaiti.Karshantestifiedastogeneralprison "4$ conditionsfacedbycriminaldetaineesinHaiti,aswellas $& physicalabuseinflictedonindividualdetaineesbyprison <&!( officials.Gourdetalsosubmitteddocumentaryevidenceofcurrent '8#* countryconditionsinHaiti.Atthecloseofthehearing,theIJ )$, issuedadecisionfindingtheprofferedtestimonycredible,but @+&. denyingGourdet'sapplicationsforrelief.    ` TheIJmadethefollowingfindingsoffact.Upon \ Gourdet'sreturntoHaiti,hewillbeheldasacriminaldeportee X foraperiodoftwotofourweeksinapoliceholdingcell.The   conditionsinthiscell"willbehorrible."Hewillshareaten `  bytenfootcellwithupto30men,bothdeporteesandlocal  \  detainees,andthecellwillhavenotoilet,sink,mattressorbed.   Thecellwillbehotandunsanitaryandtherewillbenoapparent d  ventilation.Nofoodormedicalcarewillbeprovided,andfood `  "maybedeliberatelywithheldtomakeconditionsharsh."    ` Inadditiontotheseabysmalprisonconditions,theIJ h foundthatindividualdetaineesmaybesubjectedtoactsof d mistreatmentbypoliceofficers.Localdetainees*! #  1      ׀heldinthecell  mayberemovedfor"torture...ofanunspecifiednature,"and l otherdetaineeswillbemadeawareofthispractice.Gourdet"may h alsobestruckbypoliceofficers,initiallyasamatterofcourse,  andpossiblylaterforotherreasonssuchasnotspeakingCreole," p  andotherdetaineesmaybedirectedtostrikeGourdet.Thepurpose !l" ofthisphysicalabuse"willbetoextortmoneyfromtherespondent "$ (and/orothercriminaldeportees)."TheIJfoundthatalthough t$& criminaldeporteeshavediedindetention,therewasnoevidence  &p!( thatGourdetwouldbekilleddeliberatelyorastheresultof '#* torture.   ` Basedonthesefindingsoffact,theIJdeniedGourdet's \ applicationforCATrelief,concludingthathefailedtoestablish X thefirstandsecondelementsoftortureundertheCAT. #  2      ׀"Foran   acttoconstitutetortureitmustbe:(1)anactcausingsevere `  physicalormentalpainorsuffering;(2)intentionallyinflicted;  \  (3)foraproscribedpurpose;(4)byorattheinstigationofor   withtheconsentoracquiescenceofapublicofficialwhohas d  custodyorphysicalcontrolofthevictim;and(5)notarisingfrom `  lawfulsanctions."Elienv.Ashcroft,364F.3d392,398(1stCir.   2004)(quotingInreJE,23I.&N.Dec.at297). h  ` Examiningtheseelements,theIJfirstfoundthatGourdet d failedtoestablishan"actcausingseverephysicalormentalpain  orsuffering."RelyingontheBIA'sdecisioninInreJE,23I. l &N.Dec.291,shedeterminedthatalthoughGourdetwould"suffer, h perhapsbothphysicallyandmentally,"uponremovaltoHaiti,the  substandardprisonconditionsinHaitididnotconstitutetorture p  undertheCAT. Shefurtherconcludedthat"[a]stotherespondent !l" beingstruckbypoliceofficersand/orotherdetaineesorinmates "4$ inthepoliceholdingcells,theCourtiscompelledtofindthat $& suchphysicalabusefallsinthecategoryofa'lesserformof <&!( cruel,inhuman,ordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,'asopposed  toanactwhichcausesseverepainorsuffering,physicalor \ mental." X  ` Second,theIJfoundthatGourdetfailedtoestablish   thattheallegedactswere"specificallyintendedtoinflictsevere `  physicalormentalpainorsuffering."Sheexplainedthatthere  \  wasnoevidencethat"theactofhittingtherespondent,ortheact   ofprovidinghimwithsubstandardprisonorholdingcellconditions d  wouldbespecificallyintendedtoinflictseverephysicalormental `  painorsuffering."Instead,shepointedtoexpertwitness   Karshan'stestimonythattheseacts"wouldbeintendedtoextort h paymentsof$3,000to$5,000fromtherespondent,and/orpossibly, d topunishhimforactsthathecommittedintheUnitedStates."  TheIJalsofoundthatGourdethadnotdemonstratedthathewould l bepersonallytargetedforactsofmistreatmentthatwould h constitutetorture.    ` Onappeal,theBIArejectedGourdet'sCATclaimfor p  substantiallythesamereasons,stating: !l"   WefindnoreasontodisturbtheImmigration "$ Judge'sfindingthattherespondentfailedto #% provethathemorelikelythannotwouldbe t$& tortureduponhisreturntoHaiti.8C.F.R.  J% ' 1003.1(d)(3).Althoughtherespondent  &p!( providedgeneralevidenceofhorribleprison &F") anddetentionconditions,hedidnotshowthat '#* itismorelikelythannotthathewillbe (#+ tortured.8C.F.R. 1208.16(c)(2).We x)$, rejectedasimilarclaimbyaHaitiancitizen N*%- whoassertedthathewouldbetorturedif $+t&. returnedtoHaitibecause,asarepatriated +J'/ convict,hewouldbesubjectedtoindefinite  detentionandimprisonmentintheHaitian  prisonsystem.SeeMatterofJE,23I&N \ Dec.291(BIA2002)(relieduponbyElienv. 2 Ashcroft,364F.3d392(1stCir.2004)). X There,notwithstandingevidenceofgross . inadequaciesinHaitianprisons,weconcluded   thatindefinitedetentionandseverely   substandardprisonconditionsdidnot `  constitutetortureunderCAT,eventhoughthey 6   mightverywellbeconsidered"cruel,inhuman,  \  ordegradingpunishmentortreatment."Id.at  2  301,304.    0 00 ` TheBIAfurtherheldthatGourdethadnotestablished d  thathewouldbespecificallytargetedforanymistreatmentby `  Haitianauthoritiesthatwouldconstitutetorture.Hehadnot   shownthathewouldbesubjectedtothetorturemethodsusedon h localdetainees,andhadnotshownanyuniquepersonal d characteristicsthatwouldcausehimtobesingledoutfortorture.   ` Gourdetfiledthistimelypetitionforreview. l    II.  h 9 ` First,GourdetcontendsthatuponreturntoHaiti,he 0 willbedetainedasacriminaldeporteeandsubjectedto   substandarddetentionconditions,andthesesubstandarddetention 8!" conditionsconstitutetortureundertheCAT.Second,heargues "4$ that,aboveandbeyondthegenerallysubstandarddetention $& conditionsinHaiti,hewillsufferactsofmistreatmentbyHaitian <&!( authoritiesthatrisetotheleveloftorture.Afterdiscussing '8#* theapplicablestandardofreview,weaddresseachcontentionin )$, turn.  @+&. Ї A.StandardofReview    ` WehavelimitedjurisdictiontoreviewGourdet'sclaim. x UndertheINA,asamendedbytheREALIDActof2005,"nocourt $t shallhavejurisdictiontoreviewanyfinalorderofremoval   againstanalienwhoisremovablebyreasonofhavingcommitteda |  criminaloffense,"includingacontrolledsubstanceoffense.8 ( x  U.S.C.1252(a)(2)(C);Silvav.Gonzales,455F.3d26,2728(1st $  Cir.2006).Thestatutecarvesoutanexceptiontothis   jurisdictionalbar,permittingjudicialreviewofaremovalorder ,|  "totheextentthatanalienraiseslegalorconstitutional ( questions."Silva,455F.3dat28;see8U.S.C.1252(a)(2)(D).   ` Thegovernmenthasagreedthatwehavejurisdictionunder 0 theREALIDAct,butonlytoreviewtheissueofwhetheran , undisputedoradjudicatedcourseofconductconstitutes"torture"  becausethisissueraisesaquestionoflaw.Singhv.U.S.Att'y 4 Gen.,561F.3d1275,1280(11thCir.2009).Inacriminalalien 0 case,"wemaynotreviewtheadministrativefactfindingsoftheIJ   ortheBIAastothesufficiencyofthealien'sevidenceandthe 8!" likelihoodthatthealienwillbetorturedifreturnedtothe "4$ countryinquestion."Id.;seealsoContehv.Gonzales,461F.3d $& 46,63(1stCir.2006)(explainingthatwelackjurisdictionto <&!( reviewthefactualfindingsunderlyingtheremovalorderina '8#* criminalaliencaseand"[t]hisproscriptionextendstoreviewof )$, theBIA'sfactualfindingsastocredibility,evidentiaryweight, @+&. andsatisfactionofacorrectlyframedburdenofproof").  Therefore,wereviewonlywhethertheundisputedandadjudicated \ courseofconductdescribedbytheBIAamountstotorture.We X reviewlegalquestionsdenovo, withappropriatedeferencetothe   agency'sinterpretationoftheunderlyingstatuteinaccordance `  withadministrativelawprinciples.Manzoorv.U.S.Dep'tof  \  Justice,254F.3d342,346(1stCir.2001)(quotationmarksand   citationomitted). d   ` Ordinarily,wereviewthedecisionoftheBIAandnot `  thatoftheIJ.Settenda,377F.3dat9293.WheretheBIA   deferredtooradoptedtheIJ'sreasoning,however,wereviewthose h portionsoftheIJ'sdecisionaspartoftheBIA'sfinaldecision. d HernandezBarrerav.Ashcroft,373F.3d9,20(1stCir.2004).   B.SubstandardDetentionConditions  l  ` Gourdetcontendsthatthegenerallysubstandarddetention 4 conditionsinHaitiamounttotortureundertheCAT.Heargues 0 thattheBIAerredinconcludingthatthedetentionconditionsdo   notsatisfythefirstandsecondelementsoftortureundertheCAT 8!" inthat(1)theyarenotactscausingseverephysicalormental "4$ painorsufferingand(2)theyarenotintentionallyinflicted.  $&  SeeElien,364F.3dat398.WeconcludethattheBIAdidnoterr <&!( infindingthatHaiti'ssubstandardprisonconditionsarenotacts '8#* causingseverephysicalormentalpainorsuffering.Becausethis )$, isanindependentbasisfordenyingGourdet'sCATclaim,wedonot @+&. addressGourdet'scontentionthathehasestablishedthatthe  substandardprisonconditionsareintentionallyinflictedon \ detaineesbyHaitianauthorities. #  3       X  ` Inthiscase,boththeIJandtheBIAreliedonInreJ   EtoconcludethatGourdetfailedtoestablishthefirstelement `  ofhisCATclaim;thatis,hedidnotestablishactscausingsevere  \  physicalormentalpainorsuffering. Theyheldthattheprison   conditionsdescribedbyGourdet,although"horrible"and"gross[ly] d  inadequa[te],"XlXX Xldidnotrisetotheleveloftorture.# XlXXXlO# `   ` InInreJE,theBIArejectedaclaimnearlyidentical   toGourdet's,holdingthatHaiti'sindefinitedetentionofcriminal h deportees,coupledwithsubstandardprisonconditionsconsistingof d overcrowdinganddeprivationofadequatefood,water,medicalcare,  sanitation,andexercise,didnotamounttotorture.InreJE, l 23I.&N.Dec.at301,304. TheBIAfirstdiscussedthe h definitionoftortureundertheCAT.TheBIAexplainedthat"[t]he  severityofthepainorsufferinginflictedisadistinguishing p  characteristicoftorture."Id.at295.Undertheapplicable !l" regulations,torture"mustcauseseverepainorsuffering,physical "$ ormental,"anddoesnotinclude"lesserformsofcruel,inhumanor  degradingtreatmentorpunishment."Id.at297(citing8C.F.R.  \ 208.18(a)(1),(2))(emphasisinoriginal); seealsoid.at298 X (discussingthecourt'sholdinginIrelandv.UnitedKingdom,2   Eur.Ct.H.R.25(1978),thatsuspectedterroristswhowere |  deprivedofsleep,food,andwaterbytheBritishArmyhadbeen ( x  subjectedtoinhumananddegradingtreatment,nottorture) .  $   ` TheBIAinInreJEheldthatthesubstandardprison   conditionsinHaitididnotconstitutetortureundertheCAT.The H  BIAfoundthatitwasclearthattheprisonconditions,although D substandard,fellwithinthecategoryof"otheractsofcruel,  inhumanordegradingpunishmentortreatment,"ratherthantorture. L Id.at304 . #  4      ׀  H   ` WehavepreviouslydeferredtotheBIA'sdeterminationin  InreJEthatprevailingprisonconditionsinHaitidonotrise P totheleveloftorture.SeeElien,364F.3dat399(affirming L BIA'sdenialofmotiontoreopenpetitioner'sclaimforCATrelief   basedonHaitiandetentionpolicy,becausepetitioner"madeno T!" attemptonappealtodemonstrateinwhatrespecthisprofferis #P$ qualitativelydifferentthanorsuperiortotheInreJE $& record");seealsoSettenda,377F.3dat96(affirmingBIA'sdenial  ofCATclaimbasedonUgandandetentionconditions,wherethe \ petitioner'scasewas"onallfourswithInreJEandElien"). #  5      ׀ X OthercircuitshavelikewisefoundtheBIA'sholdinginInreJE   deservingofdeference.See,e.g.,Pierrev.Gonzales,502F.3d `  109,121(3dCir.2007)("[W]edefertoInreJE'sinterpretation  \  of8C.F.R. 208.18(a)(5):Thefailuretomaintainstandardsof   diet,hygiene,andlivingspaceinprisondoesnotconstitute d  tortureundertheCATunlessthedeficitsaresufficientlyextreme `  andareinflictedintentionallyratherthanasaresultofpoverty,   neglect,orincompetence."(emphasisadded)).  h  ` GourdetcontendsthatInreJEanditsprogenydonot d governhiscase,becausethesedecisionsweredecidedonthebasis  ofthesecondelementoftortureundertheCAT,specificintent, l ratherthanthefirstelement,severity.Hecontendsthatno h authoritysupportstheBIA'sconclusioninhiscasethatHaitian  detentionconditionsarenotsufficientlyseveretoconstitute p  torture.Wedisagree.TheBIAconcludedinInreJEthatthe !l" substandardprisonconditionsinHaiti,although"abysmal,"didnot "$ risetotheleveloftorture.InreJE,23I.&N.Dec.at304. t$& Instead,theseconditionsfell"squarely"withinthecategoryof  &p!( "otheractsofcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentor '#* punishment."Id.Thus,wereadInreJEtoholdthatthe  substandardprisonconditionsdonotconstitutetortureboth \ becausetheyarenotintentionallyinflicted,andbecausetheyare X notactscausingseverepainorsuffering.Seeid.;seealso   Settenda,377F.3dat96(explainingthatinInreJE,"theBIA `  concludedthattheindefinitedetentionandseverelysubstandard  \  prisonconditionsdidnotconstitutetortureundertheCAT,even   thoughtheymightverywellbeconsidered'cruel,inhuman,or d  degradingpunishmentortreatment.'" (citingInreJE , 23I.&N. `  Dec._at_Ԁ301,304)). (  ` Theundisputed,adjudicatedfactsdescribedbytheBIAin  thiscasedemonstratethatuponGourdet'sreturntoHaiti,hewill 0 bedetainedasacriminaldeporteeandwillfaceovercrowding, , unsanitaryconditions,anddeprivationoffood,waterandmedical  care.Thesedetentionconditionsarenotmoresevereorotherwise 4 differentthanthosedescribedbyInreJE.See23I.&N.Dec. 0 at293.Therefore,theBIAdidnoterrinrelyingonInreJEto   concludethatHaiti'ssubstandarddetentionconditionsdonotrise 8!" totheleveloftorture.SeeElien,364F.3dat399;Settenda,377 "4$ F.3dat96.  $& C.ActsofMistreatment  <&!(  ` Gourdetfurthercontendsthathehasestablishedthatif (T#* returnedtoHaiti,hewilllikelybesubjectedtoactsof )%, mistreatmentbyHaitianauthoritiesthatrisetothelevelof \+&. torture.   ` Gourdetpointstoundisputedevidencethathemaybe \ struckbyHaitianauthoritieswhileindetention.TheIJfound X thatGourdet"mayalsobestruckbypoliceofficers,initiallyas   amatterofcourse,andpossiblylaterforotherreasonssuchas `  notspeakingCreole,"andthatotherdetaineesmaybedirectedto  \  strikeGourdet.However,theIJconcludedthat"[a]stothe   respondentbeingstruckbypoliceofficersand/orotherdetainees d  orinmatesinthepoliceholdingcells,theCourtiscompelledto `  findthatsuchphysicalabusefallsinthecategoryofa'lesser   formofcruel,inhuman,ordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,'as h opposedtoanactwhichcausesseverepainorsuffering,physical d ormental."TheIJdidnoterrinconcludingthatthiskindof  roughtreatmentbypoliceofficersisnotsosevereastoriseto l theleveloftorture.SeeInreJE,23I.&N.Dec.at298 h (notingthat"roughanddeplorabletreatment,suchaspolice  brutality,doesnotamounttotorture"(emphasisinoriginal)). #  6      ׀  p   ` Thepetitionforreviewisdenied.