ÿWPC  š|ÍGVŸlû˜àû=NìšI‘·—ù[¢Ý’nwl)׸aS ÀÏjÏÞ¡H´øw;lo[(OZ|A’$ *J¼ß¶µä¥•þn*ÿbÁÒÛ¹R¶æ B3j^;É]'Fd £œZV®§9¾£¡n£àÊh €Ðâpe’ºP” BzM»û>ddQ6ÔÚ[ èsÍ^¹0¢Õk àÒ©B=¢’Ôâ݇æ(–¬¹Ñ …œ3”û“öÇ‘í×:Úx”0ÒÌ÷OÊ)Q9ñ¿KZùí»‡êþ\ŠõÙ^/4S†-.£piËg‰k‘ØXxŽ$ÕÀ2HOêB×ë$=E&-4y É9Bb.ù€þ :Þ~ïæûcçÅwØ©¼±‰Å;B¦ì|&Ýh 9+žÕ0 uwSß¾ gžLʯ[sm²Ú­$â~S’/ÉÔWÇž7ßE€ŠŽ¯fÒy5><ǽ¬ö±/kÄÍ(ë+D짘>*Ò)6,ùNmñ\ÝÒoVó$ž¢E¸Küd„[Ô¡gÕ‹¤¬2¸¯Â”ì±ó—‹9ø:‡¢v‡o¢«¯ #¢{øçÆ@ö·º-yâßñ¥°vø#f\zº‹Ž{¿õ }N®D‡Riˆº€Ð…#!F U>g %¥ 0(« ^ Ó w@ß 4 3 B mD U:[ µ• 0DJ bŽ 0D– – bÚ Eâ Nä Ææ æ  ¬¬{µµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµ{0»«fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff Bmmmmmmmmmmm 0Š˜HP LaserJet 4 LOCAL,ü,,,,,ü0<èÀ( 9Z+&Courier RegularX($¡¡a«•)Æ IEJKTLDMUNDOSDT€U›ƒ|)Barô͉3|xU ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ,°À`   "CG Times Bold «Ý ƒ„_$ÝÔ€X¯ùXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔOf€the€District€of€Puerto€Rico,€sitting€by€designation.(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý- ù-(Ã$òòÚ  Ú*Ú  Úóó- ù- ¼Ô_ÔÝ ƒ„_ÿÝÔ€X£kXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝIn€full,€17€U.S.C.€ðð107€provides:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà ` àNotwithstanding€the€provisions€of€sections€106€andÏ106A,€the€fair€use€of€a€copyrighted€work,€including€suchÏuse€by€reproduction€in€copies€or€Ô_ÔphonorecordsÔ_Ô€or€by€anyÏother€means€such€as€criticism,€comment,€news€reporting,Ïteaching€(including€multiple€copies€for€classroom€use),Ïscholarship,€or€research,€is€not€an€infringement€ofÏcopyright.€€In€determining€whether€the€use€made€of€a€workÏin€any€particular€case€is€a€fair€use,€the€factors€to€beÏconsidered€shall€includeð!ðЀ Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€the€purpose€and€character€of€the€use,€includingÏwhether€such€use€is€of€a€commercial€nature€or€is€forÏnonprofit€educational€purposes;Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(2)€the€nature€of€the€copyrighted€work;Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(3)€the€amount€and€substantiality€of€the€portionÏused€in€relation€to€the€copyrighted€work€as€a€whole;€andÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(4)€the€effect€of€the€use€upon€the€potential€marketÏfor€or€value€of€the€copyrighted€work.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€fact€that€a€work€is€unpublished€shall€not€itselfÏbar€a€finding€of€fair€use€if€such€finding€is€made€uponÏconsideration€of€all€of€the€above€factors. ÿÝ ƒ„_$ÝÔ€X£kXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔBefore€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€in€òòCampbellóó,€several€courtsÐ ° Ðhad€suggested€that€any€commercial€use€was€presumptively€unfair.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€572,€577„78.€€As€the€Court€noted,òòóóÐ @ Ðhowever,€to€follow€such€a€presumption€would€contradict€the€examplesÏof€fair€use€provided€for€in€the€preamble€to€ðð107.€€òòId.óó€at€584.€ qÝ ƒ„_$ÝÔ€X£kXXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€photographs€such€as€these€are€generally€commissionedÐ ° Ðdirectly€by€the€model€or€the€model's€agent,€and€paid€forÏaccordingly,€these€particular€photographs€were€taken€as€a€favor€toÏÔ_ÔGiraudÔ_Ô's€agent. qÝ ƒ„_$ÝÔ€X™XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€photographs€such€as€these€are€generally€commissionedÐ ° Ðdirectly€by€the€model€or€the€model's€agent,€and€paid€forÏaccordingly,€these€particular€photographs€were€taken€as€a€favor€toÏÔ_ÔGiraudÔ_Ô's€agent. ±Ô_ÔÝ ƒ„_ÿÝÔ€X™XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝIn€full,€17€U.S.C.€ðð107€provides:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà ` àNotwithstanding€the€provisions€of€sections€106€andÏ106A,€the€fair€use€of€a€copyrighted€work,€including€suchÏuse€by€reproduction€in€copies€or€Ô_ÔphonorecordsÔ_Ô€or€by€anyÏother€means€such€as€criticism,€comment,€news€reporting,Ïteaching€(including€multiple€copies€for€classroom€use),Ïscholarship,€or€research,€is€not€an€infringement€ofÏcopyright.€€In€determining€whether€the€use€made€of€a€workÏin€any€particular€case€is€a€fair€use,€the€factors€to€beÏconsidered€shall€include„Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€the€purpose€and€character€of€the€use,€includingÏwhether€such€use€is€of€a€commercial€nature€or€is€forÏnonprofit€educational€purposes;Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(2)€the€nature€of€the€copyrighted€work;Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(3)€the€amount€and€substantiality€of€the€portionÏused€in€relation€to€the€copyrighted€work€as€a€whole;€andÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à(4)€the€effect€of€the€use€upon€the€potential€marketÏfor€or€value€of€the€copyrighted€work.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€fact€that€a€work€is€unpublished€shall€not€itselfÏbar€a€finding€of€fair€use€if€such€finding€is€made€uponÏconsideration€of€all€of€the€above€factors. ýÝ ƒ„_$ÝÔ€X™XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔBefore€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€in€òòCampbellóó,€several€courtsÐ ° Ðhad€suggested€that€any€commercial€use€was€presumptively€unfair.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€572,€577„78.€€As€the€Court€noted,òòóóÐ @ Ðhowever,€to€follow€such€a€presumption€would€contradict€the€examplesÏof€fair€use€provided€for€in€the€preamble€to€ðð107.€€òòId.óó€at€584. d(J2_$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X™XXXÔÓ  ÓòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ XñXXXÔÔ€ °ŸÈ°X XñÔÑ€ÑÑ8€¯ùXXdÈdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÙ*ƒ!Ùà@p p ìàUnited€States€Court€of€AppealsˆÐ ° ÐÔ€ „Ð_„° °ŸÈÔà@ÀÀ ìàFor€the€First€CircuitˆÐ à ÐÌÔ€„µ„„ „Ð_ÔÔ€X¯ùX„„µÔßA€y) °°` dE<_ ` AßÐ ` ° ÐÌNo.€99„2266ÌÌà@$ìàÔ_ÔSIXTOÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNðBðEZÔ_Ô,ˆÌÌà@ ìàPlaintiff,€Appellant,ˆÌÌà@tt)ìàv.ˆÌÌà@ô ô ìàCARIBBEAN€INTERNATIONAL€NEWS€CORP.ˆÌà@˜ ˜ ìà(EL€Ô_ÔVOCEROÔ_Ô€DE€PUERTO€RICO),ˆÌÌà@<< ìàDefendant,€Appellee.ˆÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<^` AßÐ _¯ ÐÌà@œ œ ìàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÌÌà@¨ ¨ ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€PUERTO€RICOˆÌÌà@¼¼ìà[Hon.€Jaime€Ô_ÔPierasÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€òòU.S.€Senior€District€Judgeóó]ˆÐ V¦ ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` d³E<­` AßÐ ®þ ÐÌà@„„'ìàBeforeˆÌÌà@ˆˆìàÔ_ÔTorruellaÔ_Ô,€òòChief€Judgeóó,ˆÐ e ÐÌà@ ìàLynch,€òòCircuit€Judgeóó,ˆÐ ¥õ! ÐÌà@” ” ìàand€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô„Gregory,׃ ×Ý ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòDistrict€Judgeóó.ˆÐ 5 …# ÐÌÌßA€y) °°` dE<Œ"` AßÐ "Ý& ÐÌÓ  Óà  àòòÔ_ÔJosÔ_Ô€Guillermo€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ôóó,€with€whom€òòÔ_ÔJosÔ_Ô€Manuel€Ô_ÔUrrutiaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔVlezÔ_Ôóó,€Ð d#´( Ðwas€on€brief,€for€appellant.Ìà  àòòJuan€R.€Marchand„Ô_ÔQuinteroÔ_Ôóó,€with€whom€òòFrancisco€Ortiz„Ô_ÔSantiniÔ_ÔóóÐ ô$D * Ðand€òòJuan€R.€Marchand„Ô_ÔQuinteroÔ_Ô€Law€Officesóó,€òòóówere€on€brief,€forÐ ¼% !+ Ðappellee.ÌÌÌßA€y) °°` dàE<Û(` AßÐ Ü(,$/ ÐÌñTñà@ðð"ìàñTññUñDecember€21,€Ô_Ô2000ñUñÔ_ÔˆÌÌßA€y) °°` d E<B+` AßÐ  C+“&3 ÐÔ_ÔñSñÓ=€£kÐXdÐd=ÓñSñÑ  ÑÓÓÙ*!ÙØØÑ8€™XXdÈXXdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÓ*°,X°` ¨ ƒX°œX*Óà ` àò òTORRUELLA,€òòChief€Judgeóó.ó ó€€This€appeal€raises€the€questionÐ ° Ðwhether€the€reproduction€of€independently€newsworthy€photographsÏwithout€permission€is€a€"fair€use"€pursuant€to€17€U.S.C.€ðð107€whenÏthose€photographs€were€acquired€and€reproduced€in€good€faith€andÏthe€work€had€already€been€distributed€on€a€limited€basis.Ìà ` àBecause€we€find€that€such€use€is€fair,€we€affirm€theÏdistrict€court's€grant€of€summary€judgment.Ìà@””%ìàò òBACKGROUNDó óˆÐ ð@  Ðà ` àAppellant€Nez,€a€professional€photographer,€tookÏseveral€photographs€of€Joyce€Giraud€(Miss€Puerto€Rico€UniverseÏ1997)€for€use€in€Giraud's€modeling€portfolio.€€Nez€thenÏdistributed€the€photographs€to€various€members€of€the€Puerto€RicoÏmodeling€community€in€accordance€with€normal€practice.€€After€theÏphotographs€had€been€taken,€some€controversy€arose€over€whetherÏthey€were€appropriate€for€a€Miss€Puerto€Rico€Universe,€based€on€theÏfact€that€Giraud€was€naked€or€nearly€naked€in€at€least€one€of€theÏphotos.€€A€local€television€program€displayed€the€photographs€onÏscreen€and€asked€random€citizens€whether€they€believed€theÏphotographs€were€"pornographic."€€Giraud€was€interviewed€by€twoÏlocal€television€stations€as€to€her€fitness€to€retain€the€MissÏUniverse€Puerto€Rico€crown.€€El€Vocero€then€obtained€several€of€theÏphotographs€through€various€means.€€Over€the€next€week,€withoutÏNez's€permission,€three€of€his€photographs€appeared€in€El€Vocero,Ïalong€with€several€articles€about€the€controversy.Ìà ` àNez€claimed€that€the€reprint€of€his€photographs€in€ElÏVocero€without€his€permission€violated€the€Copyright€Act€of€1976.€Ð `,°'2 ÐThe€district€court€applied€the€fair€use€test€of€17€U.S.C.€ðð107.ñOñ׃;×ñOññOñ׃×ñOñÝ ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р° ÐFocusing€on€the€"newsworthy"€nature€of€the€photographs,€theÏdifficulty€of€presenting€the€story€without€the€photographs,€and€theÏminimal€effect€on€Nez's€photography€business,€the€court€concludedÏthat€El€Vocero€had€met€the€requirements€of€ðð€107€and€dismissed€theÏcomplaint€with€prejudice.Ìà@””%ìàò òDISCUSSIONó óˆÐ `  Ðò òA.€€Standard€of€Reviewó óÐ ð@  Ðà ` àFair€use€is€a€mixed€question€of€law€and€fact.€€òòHarper€&Ð Ð  ÐRow,€Publishers,€Inc.óó€v.€òòThe€Nation€Enters.óó,€471€U.S.€539,€560Ð `° Ð(1985).€€When€the€district€court,€as€here,€has€found€sufficientÐ ð@ Ðfacts€to€evaluate€each€of€the€statutory€factors,€we€need€not€remandÏbut€may€determine€fair€use€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòId.óó€€Although€the€Ð @ Ðfactors€enumerated€by€Congress€in€ðð€107€are€not€meant€to€beÏexclusive,€òòóóthey€are€especially€relevant€to€the€overall€fair€useÐ ` ° Ðinquiry.€€òòId.óó€€We€thus€examine€each€factor€in€turn.€€The€ultimateÐ ð @ Ðdetermination€of€whether€a€use€is€fair€requires€a€case„by„caseÏanalysis€in€which€the€four€factors€are€to€be€"weighed€together€inÏlight€of€the€purposes€of€copyright."€€òòCampbellóó€v.€òòAcuff„Rose€Music,Ð  ð  ÐInc.óó,€510€U.S.€569,€578€(1994).Ð 0€  Ðò òB.€€The€Purpose€and€Character€of€the€Useó óÐ À Ðà ` àThe€first€factor€in€the€fair€use€inquiry€is€"the€purposeÏand€character€of€the€use,€including€whether€such€use€is€of€aÏcommercial€nature€or€is€for€nonprofit€educational€purposes."€17ÏU.S.C.€ðð107(1).€€The€focus€of€this€analysis€asks€"whether€the€newÏwork€merely€'supersedes€the€objects'€of€the€original€creation€orÏinstead€adds€something€new."€€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€579€(quotingÐ pÀ ÐòòFolsomóó€v.€òòMarshóó,€9€F.Cas.€342,€348€(C.C.D.€Mass.€1841)).€€The€moreÐ P  Ð"transformative"€the€new€work,€the€less€the€significance€of€factorsÏthat€weigh€against€fair€use,€such€as€use€of€a€commercial€nature.€Ð  !p$ ÐòòId.óóÐ °"& Ðà ` àThe€district€court€found€that€appellee€Caribbean€bothÏsought€to€"inform"€and€"gain€commercially,"€and€that€the€twoÏpurposes€offset€each€other€in€the€fair€use€analysis.€€For€aÏcommercial€use€to€weigh€heavily€against€a€finding€of€fair€use,€itÏâ âmust€involve€more€than€simply€publication€in€a€profit„makingÐ €*Ð%0 Ðventure.ñOñ׃<×ñOññOñ׃×ñOñÝ ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€584;òòóó€òòAmerican€Geophysical€Unionóó€v.€òòTexacoóó,€60Ð ° Ðâ âF.3d€913,€921€(2d€Cir.€1994)€(expressing€wariness€of€emphasis€onÏcommercial€use€because€most€secondary€users€seek€commercial€gain).ÏAfter€all,€activities€such€as€news€reporting€(which€is€explicitlyÏprovided€for€in€the€preamble€to€ðð€107)€"are€generally€conducted€forÏprofit€in€this€country."€€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€584€(quoting€òòHarperÐ € Ð  Ð&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.€at€592).€€We€agree€with€the€district€court€that€theÐ `  Ðcommercial€use€here,€however,€constitutes€more€than€mereÏreproduction€for€a€profitable€use.€€The€photographs€were€used€inÏpart€to€create€an€enticing€lead€page€that€would€prompt€readers€toÏpurchase€the€newspaper.€€Thus€El€Vocero€used€the€photograph€notÏonly€as€an€ordinary€part€of€a€profit„making€venture,€but€withÏemphasis€in€an€attempt€to€increase€its€revenue.€€òòCf.óó€òòHabermanóó€v.Ð pÀ ÐòòHustler€Magazine,€Inc.óó,€626€F.€Supp.€201,€210€(D.€Mass.€1986)Ð P Ð(pictures€not€displayed€on€magazine€cover€or€advertising,€butÏreproduced€in€regular€feature€section).€€For€this€reason,€theÏcommercial€nature€of€the€reproduction€counsels€against€a€finding€ofÏfair€use.Ìà ` àHowever,€the€district€court€also€found€that€the€picturesÏwere€shown€not€just€to€titillate,€but€also€to€inform.€€PuertoÏRicans€were€generally€concerned€about€the€qualifications€of€GiraudÏfor€Miss€Puerto€Rico€Universe,€as€is€demonstrated€by€the€severalÏtelevision€shows€discussing€the€photographs.€€This€informativeÐ '`", Ðfunction€is€confirmed€by€the€newspaper's€presentation€of€variousÏnews€articles€and€interviews€in€conjunction€with€the€reproduction.€ÏAppellee€reprinted€the€pictures€not€just€to€entice€the€buyingÏpublic,€but€to€place€its€news€articles€in€context;€as€the€districtÏcourt€pointed€out,€"the€pictures€were€the€story."€€It€would€haveÏbeen€much€more€difficult€to€explain€the€controversy€withoutÏreproducing€the€photographs.€€And€although€such€an€explanatory€need€Ïdoes€not€always€result€in€a€fair€use€finding,€òòseeóó€òòIowa€State€Univ.Ð  ð  ÐResearch€Found.óó€v.€òòAmerican€Broad.€Cos.,€Inc.óó,€621€F.2d€57,€60€n.6Ð 0€  Ð(2d€Cir.€1980),€it€weighs€in€the€favor€of€appellee.Ìà ` àThis€is€not€to€say€that€appellee's€use€of€the€photographsÏwas€necessarily€fair€merely€because€the€photographs€were€used€forÏnews€purposes,€nor€does€it€establish€a€general€"newsworthiness"Ïexception.€€€First,€the€Supreme€Court€has€specifically€frowned€uponÏsuch€an€exception.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarper€&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.€at€561€("The€factÐ à Ðthat€an€article€arguably€is€'news'€and€therefore€a€productive€useÏis€simply€one€factor€in€a€fair€use€analysis.")òòóó.€€òòóóSecond,€theÐ °  Ðproblem€with€such€an€approach€(as€the€Supreme€Court€pointed€out)€isÏthat€it€provides€an€incentive€for€the€infringer€to€create€"news,"€Ïso€that€its€infringement€falls€within€the€exception.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€atÐ `"°& Ð562.€€Were€a€"newsworthy"€use€per€se€fair,€journalists€and€newsÏphotographers€would€be€left€with€little€assurance€of€being€rewardedÏfor€their€work.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€558.€€It€suffices€to€say€here€that€ElÐ '`", ÐVocero€did€not€manufacture€newsworthiness,€as€it€sought€not€toÏ"scoop"€appellant€by€publishing€his€photograph,€but€merely€toÏprovide€news€reporting€to€a€hungry€public.€€And€the€fact€that€theÐ À+'2 Ðstory€is€admittedly€on€the€tawdry€side€of€the€news€ledger€does€notÏmake€it€any€less€of€a€fair€use.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€561€("Courts€should€beÐ @ Ðchary€of€deciding€what€is€and€what€is€not€news.").Ìà ` àRather,€what€is€important€here€is€that€plaintiffs'Ïphotographs€were€originally€intended€to€appear€in€modelingÏportfolios,€not€in€the€newspaper;€the€former€use,€not€the€latter,Ïmotivated€the€creation€of€the€work.€€Thus,€by€using€the€photographsÏin€conjunction€with€editorial€commentary,€El€Vocero€did€not€merelyÏ"supersede[]€the€objects€of€the€original€creation[s],"€but€insteadÏused€the€works€for€"a€further€purpose,"€giving€them€a€new€"meaning,Ïor€message."€€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€579.€€It€is€this€transformationÐ P  Ðof€the€works€into€news€„€and€not€the€mere€newsworthiness€of€theÏworks€themselves€„€that€weighs€in€favor€of€fair€use€under€the€firstÏfactor€of€ðð107.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€(central€inquiry€is€whether€defendant'sÐ P Ðuse€is€transformative");€òòsee€alsoóó€òòSony€Corp.€of€Americaóó€v.Ð à ÐòòUniversal€City€Studios,€Inc.óó,€464€U.S.€417,€478€(1984)€(Blackmun,Ð  p ÐJ.,€dissenting)€(key€question€is€whether€defendant's€use€"result[s]Ïin€some€added€benefit€to€the€public€beyond€that€produced€by€theÏfirst€author's€work").Ìà ` àAppellee's€good€faith€also€weighs€in€its€favor€on€thisÏprong€of€the€fair€use€test.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarper€&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.€at€562„63;Ð ð#@( ÐòòHabermanóó,€626€F.€Supp.€at€211.€€First,€El€Vocero€attributed€theÐ €%Ð * Ðphotographs€to€Nez.€Although€acknowledgment€does€not€excuseÏinfringement,€the€failure€to€acknowledge€counts€against€theÏinfringer.€€òòSeeóó€òòNarellóó€v.€òòFreemanóó,€872€F.2d€907,€914€(9th€Cir.Ð 0*€%0 Ð1989).€€Second,€El€Vocero€obtained€each€of€the€photographsÐ À+'2 Ðlawfully.€€An€unlawful€acquisition€of€the€copyrighted€workÏgenerally€weighs€against€a€finding€of€fair€use;€no€such€theftÏoccurred€here.€€òòSeeóó€òòHabermanóó,€626€F.€Supp.€at€211.€€Third,€as€theÐ Ð  Ðdistrict€court€explicitly€found,€El€Vocero€did€not€aim€to€use€theÏphotographs€to€compete€with€Nez,€nor€to€supplement€his€right€ofÏfirst€production,€as€the€photographs€had€already€been€distributedÏto€the€modeling€community.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€212.€€Finally,€appelleeÐ `  Ðasserts€that€it€believed€in€good€faith€that€the€photographs€wereÏavailable€for€general,€unrestricted€circulation€and€redistribution,Ïand€appellant€offers€little€evidence€to€rebut€this€assertion.Ìà ` àIn€sum,€the€highlighting€of€the€photograph€on€the€frontÏcover€of€El€Vocero€exposes€the€commercial€aspect€of€the€infringingÏuse,€and€counts€against€the€appellee.€€However,€the€informativeÏnature€of€the€use,€appellee's€good€faith,€and€the€fact€that€itÏwould€have€been€difficult€to€report€the€news€without€reprinting€theÏphotograph€suggest€that€on€the€whole,€this€factor€is€either€neutralÏor€favors€a€finding€of€fair€use.ñIñ€ñIñÌò òC.€€Nature€of€the€Copyrighted€Workó óÐ @" Ðà ` àThe€second€factor€focuses€on€"nature€of€the€copyrightedÏwork."€€17€U.S.C.€ðð107(2).€€Courts€have€generally€considered€twoÏaspects€of€the€work€in€evaluating€this€factor:€first,€the€extent€toÏwhich€it€is€a€creative€work€enjoying€broader€copyright€protectionÏas€opposed€to€a€factual€work€requiring€broader€dissemination,€òòseeóó€Ð `'°", ÐòòHarper€&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.€at€563„64,€and€second,€whether€it€isÐ ð(@$. Ðunpublished,€in€which€case€the€right€of€first€publication€isÏimplicated,€òòseeóó€òòid.óó€at€564.Ð ,`'2 Ðà ` àThe€district€court€suggested,€and€we€agree,€that€Nez'sÏpictures€could€be€categorized€as€either€factual€or€creative:Ïcertainly,€photography€is€an€art€form€that€requires€a€significantÏamount€of€skill;€however,€the€photographs€were€not€artisticÏrepresentations€designed€primarily€to€express€Nez's€ideas,Ïemotions,€or€feelings,€but€instead€a€publicity€attempt€to€highlightÏGiraud's€abilities€as€a€potential€model.€€òòCf.óó€òòHabermanóó,€626€F.Ð `  ÐSupp.€at€211€(reproduction€of€surrealistic€art€in€magazine,€whereÏcreativity€counted€against€fair€use€finding).€€Given€the€difficultyÏof€characterizing€the€"nature"€of€the€photographs,€we€find€that€theÏimpact€of€their€creativity€on€the€fair€use€finding€is€neutral.Ìà ` àThis€reproduction,€however,€does€not€threaten€Nez'sÏright€of€first€publication.€€Although€these€photographs€had€notÏbefore€been€published€in€a€book€or€public€portfolioòòóó,€they€wereÐ P Ðhardly€confidential€or€secret,€as€was€the€manuscript€in€òòHarper€&Ð à ÐRowóóprior€to€its€serial€publication.€€Giraud€had€commissioned€theÐ  p Ðpictures€for€the€very€purpose€of€semi„public€dissemination.€ÏMoreover,€their€release€had€created€a€scandal,€and€the€photographsÏhad€already€been€shown€on€the€evening€news€by€the€time€of€theirÏpublication€in€El€Vocero.€€Finally,€Nez€had€not€sought€to€controlÏfurther€dissemination€during€his€limited€distribution:€he€had€notÏregistered€the€copyright€prior€to€publication€in€El€Vocero,Ïrequired€recipients€to€sign€non„disclosure€or€no„resale€agreements,Ïor€even€sought€oral€promises€from€recipients€not€to€re„distributeÏthe€photographs.Ìà ` àIn€sum,€this€factor€favors€appellee.Ð À+'2 Ðò òD.€€Amount€and€Substantiality€of€the€Useó óÐ ° Ðà ` àThe€third€factor€is€the€"amount€and€substantiality€of€theÏportion€used€in€relation€to€the€copyrighted€work€as€a€whole."€17ÏU.S.C.€ðð107(3).€€However,€such€an€inquiry€must€be€a€flexible€one,Ïrather€than€a€simple€determination€of€the€percentage€used.€€òòSeeóóÐ @  ÐòòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€588„89€(acknowledging€that€for€a€parody€to€beÐ Ð   Ðeffective,€it€had€to€take€enough€material€to€evoke€the€original);Ð `°  ÐòòHarper€&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.€at€565„67€(emphasizing€the€importance€ratherÐ ð@  Ðthan€the€amount€of€material€copied)òòóó.€€The€"inquiry€must€focus€uponÐ €Ð  Ðwhether€'the€extent€of€.€.€.€copying'€is€consistent€with€or€moreÏthan€necessary€to€further€'the€purpose€and€character€of€the€use.'"€ÏòòCastle€Rockóó,€150€F.3d€at€144€(quoting€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€586„Ð 0€ Ð87).€€In€this€case,€El€Vocero€admittedly€copied€the€entire€picture;Ïhowever,€to€copy€any€less€than€that€would€have€made€the€pictureÏuseless€to€the€story.€€As€a€result,€like€the€district€court,€weÏcount€this€factor€as€of€little€consequence€to€our€analysis.€€òòCf.óóÐ pÀ ÐòòAmsinckóó€v.€òòColumbia€Pictures€Indus.,€Inc.óó,€862€F.€Supp.€1044,€1050Ð P  Ð(S.D.N.Y.€1994)€(fact€that€entire€mobile€included€in€film€did€notÏhurt€defendants).Ìò òE.€€Effect€on€the€Marketó óÐ °"& Ðà ` àThe€fourth€statutory€factor€requires€us€to€consider€"theÏeffect€of€the€use€upon€the€potential€market€for€or€value€of€theÏcopyrighted€work."€17€U.S.C.€ðð€107(4).€€The€district€court,€whenÏassessing€this€factor,€examined€"whether€[Nez's]€business€as€aÏphotographer€could€be€hurt,"€rather€than€"the€market€for€theÏpictures,"€and€concluded€that€no€evidence€of€damage€to€Nez'sÐ `,°'2 Ðoverall€business€had€been€adduced.€€We€cannot€agree€with€thisÏapproach.€€The€statute€explicitly€points€to€the€"potential€marketÏfor€or€value€òòof€the€copyrighted€workóó."€€17€U.S.C.€ðð107(4)òòóóÐ Ð  Ð(emphasis€added).€€This€statutory€language€suggests€that€we€shouldÏlimit€our€analysis€to€the€effect€of€the€copying€on€the€market€forÏthe€reproduced€photographs.€€The€overall€impact€to€Nez's€businessÏis€irrelevant€to€a€finding€of€fair€use.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarper€&€Rowóó,€471€U.S.Ð `  Ðat€568.€€In€fact,€to€the€extent€that€the€copying€damages€a€work'sÏmarketability€by€parodying€it€or€criticizing€it,€the€fair€useÏfinding€is€unaffected.€€òòSeeóó€òòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€590.€€In€short,Ð À Ðthis€factor€is€"concerned€with€secondary€uses€that,€by€offering€aÏsubstitute€for€the€original,€usurp€a€market€that€properly€belongsÏto€the€copyright€holder."€€òòInfinity€Broad.€Corp.óó€v.€òòKirkwoodóó,€150Ð pÀ ÐF.3d€104,€110€(2d€Cir.€1998).Ìà ` àOur€inquiry,€therefore,€is€restrained€to:€(i)€"the€extentÏof€market€harm€caused€by€the€particular€actions€of€the€allegedÏinfringer";€and€(ii)€"whether€unrestricted€and€widespread€conductÏof€the€sort€engaged€in€by€the€defendant€...€would€result€in€aÏsubstantially€adverse€impact€on€the€potential€market."€€òòId.óó€€InÐ Ð $ Ðother€words,€we€examine€the€effect€of€òòthisóó€publication€on€theÐ `"°& Ðmarket,€and€we€also€determine€whether€wide„scale€reproduction€ofÏprofessional€photographs€in€newspapers€(for€similar€purpoñJñsñJñes)€wouldÏin€general€affect€the€market€for€such€photography.€€As€to€theÏfirst,€we€find€little€impact€on€the€market€for€these€specificÏpictures.€€The€district€court€noted€that€the€purpose€ofÏdissemination€of€the€pictures€in€question€is€not€to€make€money,€butÐ À+'2 Ðto€publicize;€they€are€distributed€for€free€to€the€professionalÏmodeling€community€rather€than€sold€for€a€profit.ñOñ׃:×ñOññOñ׃×ñOñÝ ƒÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€fact€thatÐ @ Ða€relatively€poor€reproduction€was€displayed€on€the€cover€of€aÏnewspaper€should€not€change€the€demand€for€the€portfolio.€IfÏanything,€it€might€increase€it.€€òòCf.óó€òòAmsinckóó,€862€F.€Supp.€at€1049Ð ð @ Ð(noting€possible€increase€in€demand€after€reproduction);€òòHabermanóó,Ð € Ð  Ð626€F.€Supp.€at€212„14€(same).€€The€analysis€is€comparable€in€theÏabstract:€even€if€there€was€widespread€conduct€of€this€sort,€itÏwould€have€little€effect€on€the€demand€for€disseminated€picturesÏbecause€a€newspaper€front€page€is€simply€an€inadequate€substituteÏfor€an€8"€x€10"€glossy.Ìà ` àHowever,€the€potential€market€for€the€photographs€mightÏalso€include€the€sale€to€newspapers€for€just€this€purpose:Ïillustrating€controversy.€€It€is€true€that€El€Vocero's€use€of€theÏphotograph€without€permission€essentially€destroys€this€market.ÏThere€is€no€evidence,€however,€that€such€a€market€ever€existed€inÏthis€case.€€Nez€does€not€suggest€that€he€ever€tried€to€sellÏportfolio€photographs€to€newspapers,€or€even€that€he€had€the€rightÏto€do€so€under€the€contract€with€Giraud.€€òòSeeóó€òòRinggoldóó€v.€òòBlackÐ Ð $ ÐEntm't€Television,€Inc.óó,€126€F.3d€70,€81€(2d€Cir.€1997).€€AlthoughÐ `"°& Ðit€is€more€likely€that€other€photographers€do€engage€in€such€sales,Ïand€thus€that€widespread€conduct€of€the€type€committed€by€El€VoceroÏcould€destroy€the€newspaper€sale€market€as€a€whole,€we€note€againÐ '`", Ðthe€context€of€this€case.€€Surely€the€market€for€professionalÏphotographs€of€models€publishable€only€due€to€the€controversy€ofÏthe€photograph€itself€is€small€or€nonexistent.€€òòSeeóó€òòInfinityóó,€150Ð Ð  ÐF.3d€at€111€(the€market€must€be€"likely€to€be€developed");ÏòòRinggoldóó,€126€F.3d€at€81€(avoiding€the€problem€of€circularity€inÐ ð @ Ðthis€factor€by€considering€only€"traditional,€reasonable,€or€likelyÏto€be€developed"€markets).Ìà ` àAlthough€our€analysis€of€the€effect€of€this€reproductionÏon€the€market€is€slightly€different€than€that€conducted€by€theÏdistrict€court,€we€reach€the€same€result.€€Because€the€onlyÏdiscernible€effect€of€the€publication€in€El€Vocero€was€to€increaseÏdemand€for€the€photograph,€and€because€any€potential€market€forÏresale€directly€to€the€newspaper€was€unlikely€to€be€developed,€thisÏfactor€favors€a€finding€of€fair€use.ÌñKñà@””%ìàñKñò òñLñà@@””%ìàñLñCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ à Ðà ` àIn€sum,€the€first,€second,€and€fourth€factors€generallyÏfavor€a€finding€of€fair€use.€€The€third€factor€does€not€seemÏparticularly€relevant€in€this€context.€€Again,€we€note€that€theÏfinding€of€fair€use€always€entails€a€case„by„case€analysis,€òòseeóóÐ  !p$ ÐòòCampbellóó,€510€U.S.€at€578,€and€the€present€case€is€no€exception.€Ð °"& ÐUnauthorized€reproduction€of€professional€photographs€by€newspapersÏwill€generally€violate€the€Copyright€Act€of€1976;€in€this€context,Ïhowever,€where€the€photograph€itself€is€particularly€newsworthy,Ïthe€newspaper€acquired€it€in€good€faith,€and€the€photograph€hadÏalready€been€disseminated,€a€fair€use€exists€under€17€U.S.C.€ðð€107.€ÏAs€a€result,€we€ò òaffirmó ó€the€decision€of€the€district€court.ñNññMñÐ ,`'2 ÐñMññNñ